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C
D
1
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1
G2
1
G1
1
trise=4ns, tfall=6ns
0
0
G3
W1
W3
trise=7ns, tfall=4ns
E
0
F
W4
G4
0
trise=7ns, tfall=4ns
0
G
H
1
0
0
1
G5
trise=7ns, tfall=4ns
W5
0
G6
1
W6
D
W1
W2
W3
H
W6
W5
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18 20
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W1
W2
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0
9
6
12
15
18 20 21 (ns)
delay defect size
H
W6
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shrinkage
growth
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p6
appearance
disappearance
a
b
c
d
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