Landendossier
Maleisië
Kuala Lumpur
Landendossier Maleisië | juli ’09 _______________________________________________________________________________ 1
Inhoud
1.
Basisgegevens
2.
Geschiedenis
3.
Economische situatie
4.
Buitenlandse handel
5.
Kansrijke sectoren
6.
a. Marktbenadering
b. Reglementering
7.
Zakelijke gedragscode
8.
Praktische reisinformatie
9.
Duurzaam en ethisch internationaal ondernemen
10.
Nuttige adressen
Voor al uw verdere vragen over deze markt kan u contact opnemen met uw eerste aanspreekpunt,
het provinciaal kantoor. De adressen van de provinciale kantoren vindt u in hoofdstuk 10 van dit
landendossier.
Landendossier Maleisië | september 2013 ________________________________________________________________________
Basisgegevens
1 Oppervlakte
Maleisië is een federatie die bestaat uit volgende delen:
• Malaya of West-Maleisië, gelegen op het schiereiland Melaka
• Sabah en Sarawak, gelegen op het eiland Borneo
Het land beslaat een oppervlakte van 329.750 km² en is hiermee ongeveer 10 keer zo groot als België.
Malaya grenst in het noorden aan Thailand en in het zuiden aan de stadstaat Singapore. Ten westen ligt de Straat van
Melaka die het schiereiland scheidt van het Indonesische eiland Sumatra. De Zuid-Chinese Zee scheidt het schiereiland
in het oosten van het eiland Borneo. Borneo bestaat uit de Maleisische delen Sabah en Sarawak, de onafhankelijke
staat Brunei en een Indonesisch deel (Kalimantan).
2 Landschapsstructuur
Het schiereiland Malaya bestaat vooral uit dichte jungle (in het bijzonder in het bergachtige noordelijke deel). Een
lange, vruchtbare vlakte beslaat het westelijk deel van het schiereiland, terwijl langs de oostkust de bergen steil naar
beneden gaan en de kust gevormd wordt door prachtige zandstranden.
De delen Sabah en Sarawak op Borneo zijn eveneens begroeid met een dicht oerwoud en een dicht rivierennetwerk.
Op Sabah ligt Mt Kinabalu (4101 m), de hoogste berg tussen Himalaya en Papoea Nieuw-Guinea.
Landendossier Maleisië | Basisgegevens | september 2013 _________________________________________________________ 1
3 Klimaat
Maleisië kent een tropisch klimaat, wat betekent dat het het hele jaar door heet en vochtig is. De temperatuur zakt ’s
nachts zelden onder de 20°C en klimt tijdens de dag meestal boven de 30°C.
Over het algemeen valt de regen in korte, maar hevige stortbuien, al snel gevolgd door zonneschijn. De regio kent een
moessonklimaat, maar enkel het oosten van het schiereiland heeft een echt regenseizoen (oktober-april).
4 Bevolking
Bevolkingsaantal
In Maleisië wonen 29.628.392 mensen (juli 2013) van verschillende etnische oorsprong: Malay (de inheemse Orang
Asli of en verschillende stammen in Sabah en Sarawak), Chinezen of Indiërs.
Leeftijdsstructuur
0-14 jaar:
15-64 jaar:
65 jaar en ouder:
29,6%
65,4%
5%
Jaarlijkse groeiratio
1,5472%.
Bevolkingssamenstelling
Op het Maleisische schiereiland ziet de bevolkingssamenstelling er als volgt uit:
Malay en andere inheemsen
Chinezen
Indiërs
Andere
61,4%
23,7%
7,1%
7,8%
Terwijl de politieke macht in handen van de Malay ligt, zijn het de Chinezen die de economische macht hebben.
5 Politiek systeem
Maleisië is een federale constitutionele monarchie van 13 staten en de federale districten van Kuala Lumpur, Labuan
Island en Putrajaya. De koning wordt om de 5 jaar verkozen door de 9 sultans van de sultanaten op het schiereiland.
De sultans zelf hebben een hoofdzakelijk ceremoniële bevoegdheid. Toch genieten ze vooral in de traditionele staten
een groot respect.
Een tweekamerparlement, met een Senaat en een Lagerhuis, regeert het land. Het om de 5 jaar verkozen Lagerhuis
heeft de reële macht en vormt de regering.
Op regionaal vlak heeft iedere staat zijn eigen regering, die een breed gamma van bevoegdheden heeft.
Alle burgers van 21 jaar en ouder hebben universeel stemrecht.
6 Websites
www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html
Geografie: oppervlakte, grenzen, klimaat, hoogste en laagste punt, natuurlijke rijkdommen, landgebruik,
milieuproblemen,..
Bevolking: aantal, leeftijdsstructuur, sterfte- en geboortecijfer, levensverwachting, bevolkingsgroepen, godsdiensten,
talen, geletterdheid,…
Overheid: regeringsvorm, hoofdstad, administratieve onderverdeling, nationale feestdag, korte beschrijving van de
drie machten, politieke partijen, lidmaatschap van internationale organisaties, beschrijving van de vlag…
Eveneens info over:
Economie
2 ___________________________________________________________________________
Communicatie
Transport
Het leger
Transnationale onderwerpen.
www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/malaysia/
Lonely Planet – Destination Malaysia
Dit is een elektronische versie van de fameuze “Lonely Planet” reisgidsen. Op de website vindt men onder andere
volgende zaken terug: algemene gegevens, omgeving, geschiedenis, economie, cultuur, evenementen, gegevens voor
de reiziger, geld en kosten, bezienswaardigheden,… Er is ook een link naar andere websites.
www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm
Landenfiche van het Amerikaanse ministerie van buitenlandse zaken.
Profiel: geografie, bevolking, overheid, economie.
Bevolking.
Geschiedenis.
Overheid en politieke situatie.
Eveneens info over: economie, buitenlandse betrekkingen, reis- en zakelijke informatie.
www.statistics.gov.my
Website Maleisische statistiek
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1304569.stm
Landenfiche van de BBC nieuwsdienst
www.bernama.com.my
Maleisisch nieuwsagentschap
Bronvermelding
CIA, World Factbook, http://www.cia.gov , geraadpleegd op 11/09/2013
Landendossier Maleisië | Basisgegevens | september 2013 _________________________________________________________ 3
Geschiedenis
10.000 jaar geleden was het schiereiland bewoond door de eigen Maleisische aboriginals: de Orang Asli.
Nederzettingen van deze bevolkingsgroep kan men vandaag de dag nog steeds in Maleisië aantreffen. Zo’n 4.000 jaar
geleden namen Proto-Maleiers (de voorvaderen van de huidige Malay) hun plaats in.
Op zoek naar goud trokken Indische en Chinese handelaars naar Maleisië. Het oostelijke “El Dorado” was zelfs tot in
het Romeinse Rijk bekend.
Van tijd tot tijd regeerden verschillende Zuidoost-Aziatische rijken over het schiereiland. In 1403 vestigde de
Sumatraanse prins Parameswara zich in Melaka. De strategisch gelegen stad groeide al snel uit tot de machtigste
stadstaat in de regio. De specerijenhandel vanuit de Molukken draaide op volle toeren en Melaka werd hiervoor een
belangrijke doorvoerhaven.
In het begin van de 15de eeuw bood het Chinese Rijk zijn bescherming aan tegenover de Siamese druk uit het
noorden. Met deze steun breidde de invloedsfeer van Melaka zich uit over het hele Maleisische schiereiland. In
dezelfde periode werd de islam in Melaka geïntroduceerd en verspreidde zich snel over het hele schiereiland.
1 Koloniale periode
De roem van Melaka kwam al vlug de Portugezen ter ore. Portugal toonde dan ook een bijzonder actieve interesse in
Melaka en hun zeevaarder Alfonso de Albuquerque veroverde met een vloot van 18 schepen de stadstaat in 1511. De
sultan van Melaka vluchtte naar het zuidelijker gelegen Johor. Het gevolg was dat Melaka het centrum van de
Europese aanwezigheid werd en Johor de machtsbasis van de Maleiers.
De Portugezen bleven meer dan 100 jaar in Melaka, maar hun verblijf was niet echt een succes. Ze slaagden er niet in
om ten volle te profiteren van het handelsbelang van Melaka, en genoten bovendien een kwalijke reputatie.
De Hollanders ondersteunden ondertussen de Maleisische machtsbasis in Johor en slaagden er na een bittere strijd in,
Melaka te veroveren (1641).
Het verblijf van de Hollanders duurde eveneens meer dan 100 jaar, maar net zoals de Portugese voorgangers, kon
men ook hier bezwaarlijk van een succes spreken. Ze slaagden er immers niet in om in te zien dat de sterkte van
Melaka zijn doorvoerhandel was, en poogden de handel volledig voor zich te houden. Bovendien lagen de Hollandse
belangen vooral in Batavia (Jakarta) zodat Melaka slechts een tweederangsrol speelde.
Tegen het eind van de 18de eeuw lieten de Britten hun oog op Maleisië vallen. In 1786 meerde kapitein Francis Light
aan op het eiland Penang en bezette het. Hij voerde er een politiek van vrijhandel, wat een duidelijk contrast was met
de Portugezen en Hollanders. Al snel werd Penang een nieuwe bloeiende haven.
Toen in Europa Napoleon de Nederlanden had verslagen in 1795, nam de British East India Company de administratie
over in Melaka en de andere Hollandse gebieden in de regio. Na de nederlaag van Napoleon in Waterloo kwamen
deze gebieden terug in handen van de Hollanders.
De Britten zagen ondertussen wel het strategisch belang van Maleisië in en daarom stuurden ze Sir Thomas Stamford
Raffles naar de regio om een tweede Britse basis ten zuiden van Penang te creëren. De keuze viel op Singapore. In
1826 werd Singapore een deel van de Britse Straits Settlements, die vanuit India geregeerd werden.
Onder het Britse bewind kreeg het huidige Maleisië stilaan zijn vorm. Ook de etnische smeltkroes die Maleisië
vandaag is, kwam tot stand onder de Britten: immigranten uit de Chinese kustprovincies Fujian en Guangdong werden
binnengehaald als handelaars en arbeiders in de tinmijnen. Indiërs werden aangetrokken voor de bureaucratie, de
rubberplantages en infrastructuurwerken.
Landendossier Maleisië | Geschiedenis | september 2013 __________________________________________________________ 1
De Britten droegen verder positief bij tot de uitbouw van een goede infrastructuur, een wettelijk en administratief
systeem en een systeem van vrijhandel.
Ondertussen vond de Britse avonturier James Brooke in 1838 zijn weg naar Borneo. Een rebellie van inlandse volkeren
tegen de lokale aristocratie was aan de gang. Hij hielp deze neer te slaan en kreeg in ruil het zeggenschap over (het
huidige) Sarawak. Meer dan 100 jaar regeerden hij en zijn nakomelingen als witte “radja’s” over Sarawak. Sabah werd
van persoon tot persoon doorverkocht tot het in handen kwam van de Engelsman Alfred Dent. Op deze manier
ontstond Brits Noord-Borneo.
Tegen 1913 was het Maleisische schiereiland en Noordwest-Borneo verenigd in een losse federatie: Brits Maleisië. De
kolonie bloeide en dit was vooral te danken aan de rubberplantages en tinmijnen. 40% van de rubber in de wereld
kwam uit Maleisië en het land produceerde ook 60% van de wereldproductie in tin.
2 De weg naar onafhankelijkheid
Aan de vooravond van de Tweede Wereldoorlog viel Japan het Maleisische schiereiland binnen. In twee maanden tijd
viel het hele grondgebied van Brits-Maleisië in handen van de Japanners.
Met de capitulatie van Japan in augustus 1945 erfden de Britten een land in moeilijkheden. Etnische spanningen
tussen Chinezen en inheemse Maleiers liepen hoog op. De Britten reageerden door aan elke inwoner van de Malayan
Union, dus zowel aan Maleiers, als aan Chinezen en Indiërs, gelijke rechten toe te kennen. Dit was echter niet naar de
zin van de Maleise bevolkingsgroep die in het verzet ging. De reactie van de Britten kwam er met de oprichting van de
“Federation of Malaya” in februari 1948, waardoor meer macht bij de deelstaten kwam te liggen en waarbij de
Maleiers bepaalde privileges kregen die niet werden toegekend aan de Chinezen en Indiërs. De communistische
oppositie, vooral onder leiding van Chinezen, reageerde met een guerrillaoorlog. De communisten kregen echter
weinig steun van de rest van de Maleisische bevolking. Hoewel velen onafhankelijkheid van Engeland wilden, zagen zij
een overheersing door de lokale of Peking-Chinezen nog minder zitten.
In 1955 ging Groot-Brittannië ermee akkoord dat Maleisië binnen de 2 jaar volledig onafhankelijk zou worden.
Verkiezingen in 1955 brachten de Alliantiepartij, een unie van het Malayan Indian Congress, United Malays National
Organisation (UMNO) en de Malayan Chinese Association, aan de macht.
Malaya werd op 15 augustus 1957 onafhankelijk. De nieuwe leider werd Tunku Abdul Rahman. In Singapore, dat in
1948 geen deel werd van de Federation of Malaya en een aparte kroonkolonie van Engeland, verliepen de zaken heel
wat minder vlot. In 1959 won de People’s Action Party van Lee Kuan Yew de verkiezingen. De kroonkolonie, vooral
door Chinezen bevolkt, kende echter heel wat problemen, onder andere een hoge werkloosheid en een snel
groeiende bevolking. Singapore zocht daarom toenadering tot Malaya. Malaya was hierop niet zo happig, maar zag dit
nog als een beter alternatief dan een mogelijk communistisch Singapore. Onderhandelingen startten ook met
Sarawak, Sabah en Brunei.
Maleisië ontstond uiteindelijk in 1963 na samenvoeging van Malaya, Sarawak, Sabah en Singapore. Het olierijke
Brunei haakte op het laatste moment af. Omdat Singapore niet bereid was om ook op zijn gebied privileges aan de
Maleiers toe te kennen, werd de stadstaat uit de unie gegooid in 1965.
De Maleiers, die ondanks hun numerieke meerderheid economisch serieus ondervertegenwoordigd waren, voelden
zich gefrustreerd. Dit leidde in 1969 tot etnisch geweld vooral gericht tegen de Chinezen, waarbij honderden
slachtoffers vielen. Het gevolg van de rellen was een politieke bereidheid om de positie van de Maleiers te verbeteren.
Veel Chinezen trokken als gevolg daarvan hun geld terug of ontvluchtten het land.
Na ’69 poogde de Maleisische regering een verzoening tot stand te brengen tussen economische ontwikkeling en
etnische politiek. De opgang van het Maleise ras bracht ook een heropleving van de islam met zich mee. Sommige
deelstaten probeerden zelfs de islamitische wet (sharia) in te voeren. Het probleem blijft tot op vandaag een heet
hangijzer voor de regering.
3 Hedendaags Maleisië
Dankzij de gecentraliseerde economische planning van de overheid en een diversificatie van de economie (vroeger
was men volledig afhankelijk van rubber, tin en bosbouw) werd Maleisië één van de economische successen in
Zuidoost-Azië.
2 ___________________________________________________________________________
Dit consolideerde de machtspositie van de UMNO en haar leider, eerste minister Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, die sinds
1981 ononderbroken aan de macht was tot 2003. Mahathir is de pleitbezorger van de “Aziatische waarden” en
reageert vaak heftig tegen wat hij het nieuwe westerse kolonialisme heet.
Het economisch succes van Maleisië kreeg een flinke knauw door de Aziatische financiële crisis van 1997. Premier
Mahathir en de nummer twee van het land, Anwar Ibrahim, hadden tegengestelde ideeën over de aanpak van de
crisis. Anwar wilde het strakke beleid dat het IMF oplegde volgen en economie en handel verder liberaliseren, terwijl
Mahathir voorstander was van een protectionistische aanpak.
Dit conflict weerspiegelde de kloof die tussen beide leiders groeide en leidde uiteindelijk eind 1998 tot het politieke
einde van Anwar. Hij werd ontslagen en in 1999 tot 6 jaar gevangenisstraf veroordeeld wegens (vermeende)
corruptie.
Eind 1999 kwam premier Mahathir terug als overwinnaar uit de stembusslag en op economisch vlak begon Maleisië
aan zijn herstel.
Mahathir gaf zijn voornemen een punt te willen zetten achter zijn carrière als eerste minister van dit land te kennen
en zijn aftreden en opvolging door Deputy en 'poulain' Abdullah Badawi gebeurde in 2003 op een ordelijke en door de
bevolking algemeen aanvaarde wijze. De eerste Minister had al van in het begin van zijn ambtsperiode laten verstaan
dat aan landbouw grotere aandacht zou gaan besteed worden en de aanstelling van deze invloedrijke figuur binnen de
Muslim-Malay bevolking lijkt hierin te kaderen.
In maart 2004 werd Mr. Abdullah Badawi voor een periode van 5 jaar ingezworen als eerste minister nadat zijn partij
de parlementaire en regionale verkiezingen won. In september van datzelfde jaar werd Anwar Ibrahim vrijgelaten uit
de gevangenis, nadat de rechtbank zijn eerdere veroordeling te niet had gedaan.
Verkiezingen vonden plaats op 8 maart 2008. Tijdens deze verkiezingen kreeg de partij van premier Abdullah Badawi
grote klappen. Zo verloor de National Front coalitie de meerderheid.
Onder politieke druk heeft eerste minister Badawi zijn ontslag ingediend. Mr. Najib Abdul Razak nam het roer over op
3 april 2009.
Op 5 mei 2013 vonden er parlementsverkiezingen plaats, die werden gewonnen door de partij van premier Najib
Razak.
Bronvermelding
Lonely Planet,World Guide, http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide
Wereldomroep, http://www.wereldomroep.nl
BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk
Landenweb, http://www.landenweb.net
CIA, World Leaders, http://www.cia.gov
Landendossier Maleisië | Geschiedenis | september 2013 __________________________________________________________ 3
Economische situatie
1 Cijfergegevens
BBP (2012):
304,7 miljard US $
(€ 237,1 miljard)
BBP per hoofd (2012):
10.390 US $
(€ 8.083)
Aantal inwoners (2012):
29,3 miljoen inwoners
Groei BBP:
2010
2011
2012
2013 (raming)
2014 (prognose)
2015 (prognose)
7,4%
5,1%
5,6%
4,5%
5,0%
5,2%
2010
2011
2012
2013 (raming)
2014 (prognose)
2015 (prognose)
1,7%
3,2%
1,7%
1,8%
2,0%
3,1%
Inflatie:
Werkloosheid:
2010
2011
2012
2013 (raming)
2014 (prognose)
2015 (prognose)
3,2%
3,1%
3,0%
3,0%
2,8%
2,8%
Landendossier Maleisië | Economische situatie | augustus 2013 ______________________________________________________
1
Aandeel economische sectoren in het BBP:
Landbouw, bosbouw en visserij
Industrie
Diensten
11,4%
40,2%
48,3%
Wisselkoers (22 augustus 2013):
1 MYR
€1
=
=
€ 0,22663
4,40470 MYR
Totale export en import (2012):
Export fob: 227,3 miljard US $
Import cif: 196,4 miljard US $
(€ 176,8 miljard)
(€ 152,8 miljard)
Belangrijkste exportproducten (2012):
Elektr(on)ische apparatuur
Minerale brandstoffen
Machines en mechanische werktuigen
Dierlijke en plantaardige vetten en oliën
Rubber
26,1%
20,3%
10,9%
8,6%
4,0%
Belangrijkste invoerproducten (2012):
Elektr(on)ische apparatuur
Minerale brandstoffen
Machines, mechanische werktuigen
Auto’s, tractoren, motorrijwielen, fietsen
IJzer en staal
25,6%
14,2%
11,9%
3,7%
3,1%
Belangrijkste exportbestemmingen (2012):
Singapore
China
Japan
V.S.A.
Thailand
13,6%
12,6%
11,8%
8,7%
5,4%
Belangrijkste leveranciers (2012):
China
Singapore
Japan
V.S.A.
Thailand
Bron:
15,1%
13,2%
10,3%
8,1%
6,0%
Economist Intelligence Unit
ITC, joint agency between W.T.O. and United Nations
(laatste bijwerking 22 augustus 2013)
2 ___________________________________________________________________________
Buitenlandse handel
1 Vlaamse handelsbalans met Maleisië
In 2012 overschreed de totaalhandel, som van uit- en invoer, voor het eerst nipt de kaap van € 1 miljard. In
vergelijking met 2002, het jaar waarin er voor het eerst cijfers beschikbaar waren over de handel tussen Maleisië en
Vlaanderen, is dat een toename met slechts 1/3.
In al die jaren werd de handelsbalans afgesloten in het voordeel van Maleisië en ook in 2012 was dat het geval. Wel is
sinds het mondiale crisisjaar 2009 de dekkingsgraad gunstig (voor Vlaanderen) geëvolueerd. In 2002 - 2008 bedroeg
onze uitvoerwaarde gemiddeld slechts de helft van de waarde van de goederen die Vlaanderen invoerde uit Maleisië;
in 2012 correspondeerde iedere € 100 Vlaamse uitvoer naar Maleisië met nog slechts € 135 invoer. Dat is de voor
Vlaanderen gunstigste verhouding tot op heden. In 2009, het jaar waarin Vlaanderen zijn kleinste handelstekort met
Maleisië realiseerde, stond tegenover € 100 uitvoer nog € 145 invoer.
In € miljoen
Export
Var in %
Import
Var in %
Handelsbalans
2008
312,4
2009
302,0
-3,33%
439,9
-24,70%
-137,9
2010
395,0
30,81%
534,3
+21,48%
-139,3
2011
386,8
-2,09%
558,9
+4,61%
-172,2
2012
431,9
11,66%
581,9
+4,11%
-150,0
584,2
-271,8
BRON: Instituut voor de Nationale Rekeningen (NBB), verwerking cel Kennisopbouw Flanders Investment & Trade
Handel Vlaanderen - Maleisië
(€ miljoen)
700,0
600,0
500,0
400,0
uitvoer
300,0
invoer
200,0
100,0
0,0
2010
2011
2012
BRON: Instituut voor de Nationale Rekeningen (NBB), verwerking cel Kennisopbouw Flanders Investment & Trade
Landendossier Maleisië | Buitenlandse handel | augustus 2013 ______________________________________________________ 1
2 Vlaamse uitvoer naar Maleisië (2012)
€ 431,9 miljoen (49ste exportmarkt)
Als exportmarkt voor Vlaanderen presteerde Maleisië in 2012 duidelijk bovengemiddeld: we noteren een toename
van 11,66% (Maleisië), tegenover een gemiddelde stijging van 4,78% in Azië en plus 2,57% wereldwijd. Was de
Maleisische markt in 2011 nog goed voor 0,14% van de totale Vlaamse uitvoer, dan is dat aandeel in 2012 opgelopen
tot 0,15%. Niettemin is Maleisië één plaats gezakt op onze ranglijst van afzetmarkten voor de Vlaamse export.
Na 5 maanden in 2013 heeft Vlaanderen al voor bijna € 280,84 miljoen naar Maleisië uitgevoerd. Dat betekende een
forse toename van maar liefst 54,5% tegenover de overeenstemmende periode in 2012, een stijging die uitsluitend
kan toegeschreven aan een exportpiek bij koperproducten, die ineens ook afgetekend het belangrijkste exportproduct
zijn geworden met een aandeel van 38,1% in het tussentijdse exporttotaal. In 2012 was dat aandeel na 5 maanden
met 0,17% nog verwaarloosbaar klein geweest. Als exportbestemming van Vlaanderen bezette Maleisië na 5
ste
maanden weer de 48 stek en had het een inbreng van 0,23 % in de Vlaamse totaaluitvoer.
Met in 2012 een exportportefeuille van € 431,9 miljoen speelde Vlaanderen als leverancier een rol van 0,28% in de
e
Maleisische totaalimport. Dat marktaandeel maakt van Vlaanderen de 25 leverancier van Maleisië na Nieuw-Zeeland
(€ 556,1 miljoen) en voor Oostenrijk (€ 406,1 miljoen).
Wereldwijd importeerde Maleisië in 2012 voor € 153 miljard aan goederen: op het wereldvlak bezette het daarmee de
25e plaats onder de importerende landen, met een aandeel in de mondiale invoer van 1,06 % achter de naam (na
Zwitserland en voor Polen).
Uitvoersectoren
Sectorale uitvoer naar Maleisië
(2012, in % van totaal)
onedele metalen
5,58%
overige
13,88%
voeding, dranken
6,48%
kunststof, rubber
8,81%
houtpulp, papier,
karton
9,35%
chemie, farmaceutica
38,74%
machines, elektrisch
materieel
17,16%
BRON: Instituut voor de Nationale Rekeningen (NBB), verwerking cel Kennisopbouw Flanders Investment & Trade
In totaal lag de Vlaamse export in 2012 € 45,1 miljoen (of +11,66%) hoger dan in 2011. De grootste impact hadden
twee sectoren die in 2011 nog terreinverlies leden: chemie en farma (2011: - 7,17%; 2012: +26,10% of + € 34,6
miljoen) en ook de sector van houtpulp, papier en karton (2011: - 48,19%; 2012: +120,25% of + € 22 miljoen).
Exportsucces was ook weggelegd voor de branches van machines en elektrisch materieel (+3,72% of + € 2,7 miljoen),
kunststoffen (+4,43% of + € 1,6 miljoen) en enkele kleinere branches uit het taartsegment ‘overige’: dierlijke
producten (+ 35,86% of + € 3,2 miljoen) en textiel (+74,80% of + € 2,1 miljoen).
De export van voeding en dranken, in 2011 nog fors gestegen met bijna 55%, viel in 2012 licht terug (-3,04%). De
uitvoer van onedele metalen (in 2011 nog + 21,76%) kreeg in 2012 een steviger klap: -35,25% of - €13,1 miljoen. De
kleinere sector van het vervoermaterieel, in 2011 nog goed voor een uitschieter van € 13,3 miljoen, zag in 2012 zijn
export terugvallen met zowat 1/3.
2 ___________________________________________________________________________
Uitvoerproducten
Belangrijkste Vlaamse exportproducten naar Maleisië (2012):
-
farmaceutica
meststoffen
papier- en kartonwaren, cellulose
machines en mechanische werktuigen
elektrische machines
3 Vlaamse invoer uit Maleisië (2012)
13,93%
12,99%
9,20%
8,59%
8,56%
€ 581,9 miljoen (45ste leverancier)
De Vlaamse invoer uit Maleisië kende zijn piek in 2008 (€ 584,2 miljoen), maar liep in 2009 zware averij op (-24,70%).
Na drie opeenvolgende jaren van groeiende import, waarbij het zwaartepunt lag in 2010 (+21,48%), heeft onze invoer
uit Maleisië in 2012 weer het peil van 2008 bereikt. Was de groei in 2011 nog benedengemiddeld (slechts +4,61% voor
Maleisië, tegenover +14,31% voor onze gemiddelde leverancier), dan scoorde onze invoer uit Maleisië in 2012
(+4,11%) een beetje beter dan gemiddeld (+1,36% ). Daarmee steeg Maleisië meteen drie posities op de ranking van
leveranciers voor Vlaanderen. Met een totale waarde van € 581,9 miljoen vertegenwoordigde onze invoer uit Maleisië
in 2012 0,20% van de totale Vlaamse invoer. Een jaar eerder was dat nog 0,19%.
Aan de invoerzijde ging het een stuk minder hard tijdens de periode januari - mei van 2013: Vlaanderen importeerde
voor € 241,4 miljoen uit Maleisië, wat maar 2,5% meer was dan in 2012 na 5 maanden. Voorlopig blijft Maleisië
e
daardoor onze 45 leverancier.
In 2012 beliep het aandeel van de Vlaamse import (€ 581,9 miljoen) 0,33% in de Maleisische totaalexport. Dat maakte
e
van Vlaanderen de 36 klant van Maleisië na Papoea-Nieuw-Guinea (€ 528,2 miljoen) en voor Spanje (€ 394,4
miljoen).
e
In 2012 exporteerde Maleisië wereldwijd voor € 177 miljard aan goederen. Het werd daarmee de 24 wereldexporteur
met een aandeel in de totale wereldgoederenuitvoer van 1,24% (na Thailand en voor Zwitserland).
Invoersectoren
Sectorale invoer uit Maleisië
(2012, in % van totaal)
overige
19,91%
machines, elektrisch
materieel
32,67%
chemie, farmaceutica
7,34%
minerale producten
7,63%
kunststof, rubber
16,66%
textiel
7,74%
hout(waren),
houskool
8,05%
BRON: Instituut voor de Nationale Rekeningen (NBB), verwerking cel Kennisopbouw Flanders Investment & Trade
Dat de Vlaamse invoer uit Maleisië in 2012 4,11% (of € 23 miljoen) hoger noteerde dan in 2011, komt grotendeels op
het conto van twee sectoren: machines en elektrisch materieel (+29,4% of + € 43,2 miljoen) en textiel (+72,65% of
+ € 19 miljoen). Was de eerstgenoemde sector in 2011 al goed voor een kwart van het invoertotaal, dan is dat aandeel
Landendossier Maleisië | Buitenlandse handel | augustus 2013 ______________________________________________________ 3
inmiddels opgelopen tot zowat 1/3. Alle overige grote sectoren gingen er op achteruit. Bij de kunststoffen en de
houtwaren bleef het verlies beperkt tot minder dan 2%; een forse achteruitgang was er echter voor de sectoren van
minerale producten (-37,11% of - € 26,2 miljoen) en chemie en farmaceutica (-26,91% of - € 15,7 miljoen). Bij de
kleinere sectoren vermelden we een verhoogde invoer van vervoermaterieel (+26,08%, wat een eerste stap mag heten
richting herstel, nadat in 2011 ruim 70% verloren ging) en onedele metalen (+20,15%, waarmee het verlies van 2011
goedgemaakt werd). Het gros van de kleinere sectoren presteerde echter slechter dan in 2011. Opvallend slecht
vergaat het de invoer van voeding en dranken uit Maleisïe: van € 4,2 miljoen in 2010 (en € 3,6 miljoen in 2011) naar
nog slechts € 0,6 miljoen in 2012.
Invoerproducten
Belangrijkste Vlaamse invoerproducten uit Maleisië (2012):
elektrische machines
rubber
machines, apparaten
hout, houtskool
minerale brandstoffen
-
21,31%
12,35%
11,35%
8,05%
7,62%
4 Gewestelijke verdeling Belgische uitvoer naar Maleisië (2012)
In 2012 wist Vlaanderen als enige Belgische regio zijn uitvoer naar Maleisië op te drijven. Daarmee werd Vlaanderen
goed voor ruim 90% van het Belgische exporttotaal. Wallonië en Brussel zagen hun export teruglopen, tot onder het
niveau zelfs van 2010.
Aandeel Vlaanderen in Belgische uitvoer naar Maleisië
(€miljoen)
600
500
400
89,06%
90,31%
88,26%
300
Vlaanderen
200
België
100
0
2010
2011
2012
BRON: Instituut voor de Nationale Rekeningen (NBB), verwerking cel Kennisopbouw Flanders Investment & Trade
UITVOER
Waarde (in miljoen EUR)
Aandeel
Aandeel
Variatie in %
2010
2011
2012
2011 in %
2012 in %
2010-2011
2011-2012
Vlaanderen
395,0
386,8
431,9
88,26%
90,31%
-2,09%
11,66%
Wallonië
46,9
48,2
45,0
11,00%
9,40%
2,77%
-6,71%
Brussel
1,6
3,3
1,4
0,74%
0,29%
99,27%
-57,71%
443,6
438,2
478,2
100%
100%
-1,20%
9,12%
TOTAAL BELGIË
4 ___________________________________________________________________________
INVOER
Waarde (in miljoen EUR)
Aandeel
Aandeel
Variatie in %
2010
2011
2012
2011 in %
2012 in %
2010-2011
2011-2012
Vlaanderen
534,3
558,9
581,9
93,31%
93,05%
4,61%
4,11%
Wallonië
26,3
37,2
40,4
6,20%
6,46%
41,04%
8,66%
Brussel
3,6
2,9
3,1
0,49%
0,50%
-18,46%
6,88%
564,2
599,0
625,4
100%
100%
6,16%
4,40%
TOTAAL BELGIË
BRON: Instituut voor de Nationale Rekeningen (NBB), verwerking cel Kennisopbouw Flanders Investment & Trade
5 Belgische in- en uitvoer van diensten
Tot vandaag is het nog niet mogelijk om over diensten gewestelijke in- en uitvoerstatistieken te publiceren.
Op het Belgische niveau zijn er wél cijfers beschikbaar, geput uit de betalingsbalans van de Nationale Bank.
In wat volgt, gaat het dan ook telkens over de Belgische buitenlandse handel van diensten, niet over de Vlaamse.
In 2012 exporteerde België wereldwijd voor 75,73 miljard euro aan diensten. Dat was € 6,64 miljard meer (+9,61%)
dan in 2011 (69,09 miljard euro).
De invoer van diensten in België kwam datzelfde jaar uit op 70,99 miljard euro, een toename met € 6,08 miljard
(+9,37%) tegenover 2011 (€ 64,91 miljard).
De dienstenbalans bleef in 2012 voor een comfortabele € 4,74 miljard in het groen, een surplus dat nog ruim een half
miljard euro (€ 556 miljoen) hoger lag dan in 2011, toen de dienstenbalans ook al 4,18 miljard euro overschot had
laten optekenen.
In 2012 maakten diensten 23,86% uit van de Belgische totaaluitvoer (van goederen en diensten samen). 76,14% ervan
was voor rekening van goederen. Bij de invoer lag de verhouding licht anders: 22,18% voor diensten en 77,82% voor
goederen.
e
Op de wereldmarkt voor diensten stond België in 2012 op een 15 plaats als exporteur met een aandeel van 2,15% van
e
de werelduitvoer; ook als importeur werd ons land 15 , met 2,19% van de mondiale dienstenimport achter zijn naam.
Belgische uitvoer van diensten naar Maleisië
Gegevens van de Nationale Bank wijzen uit dat België in 2012 voor net geen € 93 miljoen aan diensten naar Maleisië
uitvoerde (€ 92,96 miljoen). Dat was 13% meer dan in 2011, maar kwam bijlange niet in de buurt van het exportcijfer
in 2010, toen we er nog voor een 205 miljoen euro aan diensten aan Maleisië verkocht kregen.
e
Daarmee stond het Zuidoost-Aziatische land als afzetmarkt op de 55 plaats met een aandeel van 0,12% in de totale
Belgische uitvoer van diensten in 2012 (na Pakistan en voor Angola). Al raakte de transportsector de 10% exportwinst
in 2011 weer kwijt in 2012 (-11,2%), toch bleef hij op 1, goed voor bijna 30% van de dienstenexport naar Maleisië.
Kortbij volgden andere commerciële diensten met een aandeel van net geen 28% (waartoe o.a. horen
driehoekshandel, PR, reclame-, marktonderzoek en adviesdiensten, accountancy en juridisch advies, onderzoek en
ontwikkeling, transacties tussen filiaalbedrijven, architectuur- en engineering...) en communicatie (16,25%).
Landendossier Maleisië | Buitenlandse handel | augustus 2013 ______________________________________________________ 5
SECTOREN (in 1.000 EUR)
Transport
Andere commerciële diensten
Communicatie
Bouwsector
Financiële diensten
2010
28.322
152.842
11.836
1.746
2.158
2011
31.333
19.777
12.187
1.676
3.096
2012
27.819
25.825
15.104
8.267
5.368
% aandeel 2012
29,92%
27,78%
16,25%
8,89%
5,77%
Overige diensten
8.614
13.975
10.580
11,38%
Totaal diensten
205.518
82.044
92.963
100%
Bron: Nationale Bank van België (NBB), verwerking cel Kennisopbouw Flanders Investment & Trade
Belgische invoer van diensten uit Maleisië
Net als de afgelopen jaren bleef ook in 2012 de dienstenbalans positief (+20 miljoen euro).
België importeerde voor een kleine € 73 miljoen uit Maleisië, wat meteen een stijging inhield van dik 1/5 (+21,46%)
e
tegenover 2011. Maleisië was in 2012 de 63 leverancier van België met een aandeel van 0,10% in de totale
diensteninvoer (na Slovenië en voor Kenia).
Ook qua import stond transport vooraan, met een aandeel van een kleine 40% in de Belgische invoer van diensten uit
Maleisië (39,6%). Ook andere commerciële diensten bezetten bij de invoer de tweede plaats met 28% aandeel in het
totaal, met ver dáárachter reisverkeer (9,2%).
SECTOREN (in 1.000 EUR)
Transport
Andere commerciële diensten
Reisverkeer
Informatica en berichtgeving
Communicatie
2010
43.620
12.186
6.089
2.128
8.776
2011
27.779
14.251
6.416
2.391
3.555
2012
28.930
20.518
6.747
6.270
5.468
% aandeel 2012
39,64%
28,11%
9,24%
8,59%
7,49%
Overige diensten
3.759
5.699
5.055
6,9%
Totaal diensten
76.558
60.091
72.988
100%
Bron: Nationale Bank van België (NBB), verwerking cel Kennisopbouw Flanders Investment & Trade
Maleisië en de wereldhandel voor diensten
In 2012 voerde Maleisië wereldwijd voor 32,7 miljard euro (USD 42 miljard) aan diensten in.
Dat invoerbedrag zette het land op de 29e plaats op in de wereldranglijst met dienstenimporteurs met een aandeel
van 1,01% in de mondiale diensteninvoer.
Met in 2012 zowat 93 miljoen euro uitvoer aan diensten erheen tekende Belgïe als leverancier voor 0,28% van het
Maleisische invoertotaal aan diensten wereldwijd.
In 2012 exporteerde Maleisië voor 29,2 miljard euro (USD 37,5 miljard) aan diensten naar de wereldmarkt en werd
e
daarmee de 31 exporteur van 0,86 van de totale wereldexport.
Als exportmarkt voor diensten die Maleisië in 2012 uitvoerde, stond België – met net geen 73 miljoen euro aan import
– in voor 0,25% van de Maleisische totaaluitvoer.
BRON:
Instituut voor de Nationale Rekeningen (NBB)
(laatste bijwerking Statistiekdienst 26 augustus 2013)
6 ___________________________________________________________________________
Kansrijke sectoren
Energy & Clean Technology
Oil & Gas
Malaysia’s oil reserves are the third highest in the Asia – Pacific region after China and India. Petroleum Nasional
Berhad (PETRONAS), which ranks among the largest companies in the world, responsibly manages and adds value to
Malaysia’s oil & gas resources as well as ensures the orderly and sustainable development of the country’s petroleum
industry.
In the last 30 years, the oil and gas sector has been the cornerstone of Malaysia’s growth, contributing approximately
20% of the national GDP.
As natural gas consumption growth in Asia continues to outstrip global demand by a wide margin, Malaysia is making
a strong play to not only secure its own domestic supply of the gas but to establish itself as a regional transportation
and trading centre.
By 2020, the oil & gas sector is estimated to contribute US$ 41.1b in GNI and create approximately 52,300jobs within
the sector.
The Belgian Trade Commission will participate with a country pavilion at OGA 2015.
OIL & GAS ASIA 2015
Date: 5-7 June, 2015
Venue: Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre.
MALAYSIA’S ENERGY PROFILE
Energy Source
Petajoules
2000
Petroleum products
820
2005
Average Annual
Growth Rate (%)
% of Total
2010
1.023,10 1.372,90
2000
2005
2010
8MP
9MP
65,9
62,7
61,9
4,5
6,1
Natural Gas
161,8
246,6
350
13
15,1
15,8
8,8
7,3
Electricity
220,4
310
420
17,7
19
18,9
7,1
6,3
Coke & Coal
41,5
52
75
3,4
3,2
3,4
4,6
7,6
100
100
100
5,6
6,3
3,3
4,2
TOTAL
Per capita Consumption
(gigajoules)
1.243,70 1.631,70 2.217,90
52,9
62,2
76,5
Table 1 - Final Energy Demand by source, 2000-2010
The primary energy demand for Malaysia is expected to grow robustly for the next few decades; projected to grow at
a rate of 3.6% per year through to 2030, and to nearly triple its 2002 value to reach 139 million tonne of oil equivalent
(Mtoe) in2030.
Landendossier Maleisië | Kansrijke sectoren | september 2013 september ’13 __________________________________________ 1
Among fossil fuels, coal will achieve the fastest growth rate of 9.8 % per year, while natural gas and oil are expected to
grow at annual rates of 3.0% and 2.7% respectively.
Although oil and gas will remain as the major source of energy, the Government’s priority is to achieve a better fuel
mix as coal has a high pollution index and gas is a depleting resource. Hydro power and renewable energy sources will
be given more attention in the country’s future energy programme.
Total final energy demand is expected to grow at an annual rate of 3.9% during the same period, to reach 99 Mtoe in
2030 from 33 Mtoe in2002. The industrial sector will become the largest consumer of energy through to 2030,
followed closely by the transport sector. Oil is expected to maintain the highest share in total energy demand;
accounting for 50%of the total final energy demand.
Due to limited indigenous fossil fuel resources and the fast growth of energy demand, Malaysia is expected to be a net
energy importer before 2020; the net import dependency is expected to reach 28% by 2030.
GREEN TECHNOLOGY
This started in 2000 when the Government launched its plans for renewable energy, in particular biomass and biogas,
as the fifth fuel policy, to avoid dependence on oil, gas, hydro and coal.
In 2006, The National Biofuel Policy was introduced to pave the way for extensive development of the biofuels
industry.
The country’s five- year plans, the Seventh to Nine Malaysian Plan, spanning 15 years, from 1996 to 2010, emphasizes
on energy efficiency and on generation of renewable sources in an effort to reduce the rapid depletion of other fuel
sources.
The Malaysian Government announced recently its determination that Green Technology shall be a driver to
accelerate the national economy and promote sustainable development by launching The National Green Technology
Policy.
The National Green Technology Policy
Definition of Green Technology
Green Technology is the development and application of products, equipment and systems used to conserve the
natural environment and resources, which minimizes and reduces the negative impact of human activities.
Green Technology refers to products, equipment, or systems which satisfy the following criteria:
- it minimizes the degradation of the environment\
- it has zero or low green house gas (GHG) emissions
- it is safe for use and promotes healthy and improved environment for all forms of life
- it conserves the use of energy and resources
- it promotes the use of renewable resources.
Four Pillars of the National Green Technology Policy
 Energy
Seek to attain energy independence and promote efficiency utilisation
 Environment
Conserve and minimize the impact on the environment
 Economy
Enhance the national economic development through the use of technology
 Social
Improve the quality of life for all.
Objectives
The objectives of this Policy are as follows:
 To minimize growth of energy consumption while enhancing economic development;
2 ___________________________________________________________________________
 To facilitate the growth of the Green Technology industry and enhance its contribution to the national
economy;
 To increase national capability and capacity for innovation in Green Technology development and enhance
Malaysia’s competitiveness in Green Technology in the global arena.
 To ensure sustainable development and conserve the environment for future generations; and
 To enhance public education and awareness on Green Technology and encourage its wide spread use.
The four key areas of growth are:
 Energy Sector
 The Supply Sector
Application of Green technology in power generation and in the energy supply side management, including
co-generation by the industrial and commercial sectors; and
 Energy Utilization sector
Application of Green Technology in all energy utilization sectors and in demand side management
programmes
 Buildings
Sector
Adoption of Green Technology in the construction, management, maintenance and demolition of buildings.
Waste and waste management sector
Technology in the management and utilisation of water resources, waste water treatment, solid waste and sanitary
landfill; and
Transport Sector
Incorporation of Green Technology in the transportation infrastructure and vehicles, in particular, biofuels and public
road transport
Strategic Trusts
The key challenge faced by the Malaysian Government in going green has been the absence of an institution tasked
solely to drive green technology. Realizing this, the Government recently formed the Green Technology Division under
The Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water to be the key coordinator and facilitator for the green
technology roadmap together with its national policy.
The five main trusts of this policy are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Formation of a Green Technology Council chaired by the Prime Minister or his Deputy. This council will have
ten to twelve members from various ministries to discuss green technology issues and to provide a national
strategic focus and plan.
To provide conducive environment for green technology development either in the manufacturing or service
sectors
Intensify human capital development in green technology which is crucial in its development.
Training and education programmes, provision of financial and fiscal incentives for students who pursue
Green Technology disciplines, implementation of retraining programmes, grading and certification for the
semi-skilled labour to meet the demands of the Green Technology industry are some of the ways the
Government will adopt to address this issue.
Intensify green technology research and innovations through provision of financial grants to public and
private sector, establishment of a coordinating agency for research, development and innovations and smart
partnerships between the government, industries and research institutes.
Promotion and public awareness programs to educate the public on their important roles they play towards
the success of green technology development.
Renewable Energy
Malaysia is fortunate to have a tropical climate that is hot and humid throughout the year, with annual rainfall
exceeding 2000mm and average temperatures of 30 – 35 Celsius. In addition, equally distributed solar radiation
contributes to sustainable growth in the agricultural sector. Thus, we not only have various types of biomass material
– residues from palm oil, rice mills and wood considered to have potential for RE resources in Malaysia, but also hydro
and solar power.
Landendossier Maleisië | Kansrijke sectoren | september 2013 september ’13 __________________________________________ 3
Although consumption of RE is expected to grow all over the world, its share in the global energy mix, including those
of this country, are unlikely to increase significantly in the short and medium term but its contribution as a solution
towards sustainable development in the future cannot be discounted.
Major obstacles hindering the growth of RE in Malaysia is that RE projects are expensive and ROI takes a long time.
Financing is also difficult as banks are reluctant to give out loans to a relatively new industry.
Biomass
Palm Oil waste
Total planted area of oil palm in Malaysia increased from 2.02 million hectares in 1990 to 4.24 million hectares in
2007. It has been planned to increase to 4.6 million hectares by 2010. This is mainly due to the high demand of Crude
palm oil (CPO) in local and international markets.
Given that oil palm is the number one agricultural crop in Malaysia and that its waste amount to 17 million tonnes of
oil palm empty fruit branches and 4.5 million tonnes of the oil palm trunks yearly which in turn contributes to the
highest amount of greenhouse gas emissions, the Government has targeted this industry for RE projects in the
agricultural sector. It is estimated that a total of about 3441 MW of electricity could have been generated from the
hugh amounts of solid waste from the empty fresh fruit bunches (772 MW), mesocarp fibres (1462 MW), shells
(737MW) and POME ( 471 MW).
Currently there are 8 established projects using empty fresh fruit branches (EFB) as fuel to generate RE and
connected to the grid. 5 are located in Sabah with a total grid capacity of 45 MW and 3 in Peninsular Malaysia with a
total grid capacity of 24 MW.
A constant threat to the environment as the raw effluent if discharged into the river will destroy all aquatic life in it.
The Department of Environment (DOE) is constantly monitoring the quality of the mill effluent to ensure that it is safe
for discharge into its water sources.
The natural digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluents takes about three months and produces a large quantity of biogas
containing about 65% methane, a GHG. Most mills in Malaysia can support a 4MW plant to use the biogas to generate
electricity or to fuel its boilers.
In Malaysia, with the exception of the project by Biotec International Sdn Bhd, two other projects have been
established so far using POME as the fuelsource: FELDA Serting Hilir Mill at Jempol and Bell Eco Power in Johor.
Off these three projects, only Bell Eco Power’s 1.7 MW plant is connected to the Grid.
Rice husk and paddy straws
Total planted area in Malaysia for paddy in 2000 was 600,287 hectares producing about 2.0 tonnes a year. In 2007 it
increased marginally to 670,618 hectares producing 2.5 million tonnes of paddy per year.
Paddy is planted in two seasons in Malaysia, thus paddy straws and rice husks are generated as biomass residue only
during the harvesting and milling process.
In 2007, out of the 2.5 million tonnes of paddy produced, it is estimated that 510,837 tonnes of rice husk and 928,795
tonnes of paddy straw were biomass by products, which if the entire residue is exploited can have the potential to
generate a total of 168 MW of electricity, 78MW from rice husk and 90MW from paddy straws.
Wood residues
Total forest area in Malaysia is about 5.9 million hectares, but only 1.29 % of this total is available for logging.
Wood industries mainly refer to the logging industry, saw milling industry, the panel product industry, the moulding
industry and the furniture industry.
These industries generate different types of biomass residues, namely sawdust, off-cuts and wood bark.
4 ___________________________________________________________________________
Under the newly launched National Timber Industry Policy (NATIP), the Malaysian Timber Industry Board has farmed
out loans to 14 companies to join the programme to establish 375,000 ha forest plantation that will yield 5 million cu
m of timber annually.
In addition, other value-added products such as biocomposites, pulp and paper, biofertilizers and green chemicals are
potential areas for further development..
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
A survey in 2007 reveals that each Malaysian produces 0.8 – 1.5 kg of rubbish a day.
It is estimated that currently, Malaysia produces about 20,000 tonnes of municipal waste per day. With the everincreasing population, Malaysia faces an imminent waste disposal problem. Major obstacles that the Government will
have to overcome is to implement a coordinated system of waste separation. The issue of incinerating the waste is a
sensitive one due to pollution emissions. Past technologies introduced in this sector have not been too well received
(as in the case of Broga Incineration Plant using Japanese technology ).
Solar
Presently, solar energy applications in Malaysia are oriented towards the applications on domestic hot water system,
water pumping, drying of agricultural products, photovoltaic for remote applications, building integrated photovoltaic
(BIPV) systems and products as well as daylightling. It is estimated that the market for solar energy technologies in
BIPV, solar water heating in hospitals and hotels, and solar drying of agricultural products is RM 10b.
Photovoltaic (PV) Industry
Grid-connected PV in Malaysia enjoys the following benefits:
-
Permission to connect such power generating equipment to the TNB’s (Malaysia’s National Electric
Company) low voltage distribution supply network. (240/415 volts 1 phase/3 phase)
Net metering for TNB “purchase” of the PV generated electricity. Under these conditions the PV generated
electricity sale equates at the same rate it sells its electricity to customers.
Investment in renewable energy for own use can benefit from Capital Allowance and Investment Tax
Allowance with 26% (2008) and 25% 2009.
MBIPV project through Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) has proposed to the Government for PV incentives to be
enhanced through the National Budget to make it more attractive for Malaysians to invest in PV systems.
Over the last two years the annual installed PV capacity in Malaysia was in average 1 MWp to 1.5 MWp, including offgrid PV applications, which represent approximately 70% of the total installed PV capacity.
Several initiatives in off-grid PV applications mainly by Governmental agencies include projects for rural electrification
in Sabah and Sarawak, island electrification with hybrid systems (Pulau Kapas).
Today grid-connected BIPV applications are under the supervision of MBIPV Project and concentrated mainly in the
Klang Valley due to better appreciation of the technology by the urbanites.
The National SURIA 1000 is the anchor program of the MBIPV Project. SURIA 1000 is a capital-based financial incentive
program designed following Germany’s and Japan’s famous pioneering solar PV Rooftop and Sunshine programs.
The successful SURIA 1000 is unique as it is based on a bidding process; the process awards the bidding to those who
request for the least financial support from the Government. The total target capacity for the SURIA 1000 program is
1,200 KWp.
At the end of 2007, the grid connected cumulative installed BIPV capacity in Malaysia surpassed the 700 KWp level
and the off-grid market is estimated to be 5-6 MWp cumulative installed PV capacity. The realistic target until 2020 is
to install 20 MWp cumulative installed grid-connected capacity, however the technical potential for grid-connected PV
in the built environment was estimated to be at least 7,500 MWp (in 2007).
Landendossier Maleisië | Kansrijke sectoren | september 2013 september ’13 __________________________________________ 5
It is important when developing the market to follow a realistic learning curve and to address the current industry
capabilities in the design of a policy. The scenario for the post MBIPV Project (2010 onwards) proposes that the
Malaysian PV industry (service providers and manufacturers) should become competitive before a following highimpact (eg feed-in tariff) PV program is introduced. Otherwise, Malaysia will not benefit from the investment into PV
and justification for the PV program to benefit the local stakeholder is very difficult.
The PV industry has two to five years (2010 to 2012/2015) to build capacity and become competitive in the local and
international market.
The market size will increase in due course in Malaysia. Off-grid PV will be the majority of PV applications and may
exceed 2 MWp annual installed PV capacity by 2010 onwards due to increasing support from Government on rural
electrification, but will otherwise dwindle as Malaysia targets itself to become a developed nation by 2020.
Wind- powered Energy
In 2010, TNB and Impsa of Argentina forged an alliance to hopefully create the country’s first independent power
producer (IPP) run by wind powered turbines.
The 50:50 joint venture conducted studies to see if Malaysia has enough wind to turn the fan blades of the wind
turbines at selected locations with maximum wind tower height of 100m.The wind farm must be in windy area with a
minimum wind speed of 7m per second and areas include Mersing in Johor, Kuala Trengganu in Trengganu, Kota
Kinabalu in Sabah, Pula Langkawi and all along the Malaysian- Thailand boarder.
It cost between US 2.5 million (RM 6.25million) and US 2.5 million (RM8.68 million) to generate between 1MW and
2.5MW of wind power.
TNB currently pays IPPs at an average rate of 25 sen per kilowatt/hour compared to its cost of 17 sen per kilo
watt/hour.
The project was shelved as the study concluded there were no suitable area to locate the wind turbines.
Meanwhile, Singapore based Eco Tower Sdn Bhd will be making a US 80 million investment in the state of Pahang to
manufacture wind towers for the international market which includes US, Europe and China. Its annual capacity will
be 800 wind towers and the plant is scheduled to start operations in the first quarter of 2011.
Nuclear Energy
Malaysia is keen to look at South Korea for small nuclear reactors as a source of energy.
40% of South Korea’s energy needs were being provided by nuclear power by small- scale reactors which were safe
and could be located next to urban areas. They have a capacity of between 200MW and 300 MW.
In South East Asia, neighbouring countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand have declared to go nuclear for
electricity.
As Malaysia runs out of oil, it will have to use all other energy resources or a combination of these for the production
of electricity.
To produce 1000MW you either use 30 tonnes of uranium or 2 million tonnes of coal.
Hence, by 2030, it is anticipated that Malaysia will have a commercial nuclear plant to generate electricity.
Malaysia’s exposure to nuclear technology started way back in 1972 with the establishment of Nuclear Malaysia.
Achievements include the SINAGAMA irradiation plant, polymer laboratory, incineration plant, radioactive waste
treatment plant, research reactor, isotope production facility, electron beam facility, secondary standards laboratory,
rubber latex radiation vulcanization plant are both used for research and commercialization.
Currently they have approximately 4,000 customers from the government and private sector.
6 ___________________________________________________________________________
Solid Waste Management
As landfills in the vicinity of cities and towns run out, hauling garbage too far away landfills can be very expensive.
Besides, direct land filling of raw garbage can cause global warming, besides polluting the ground water.
Previously Malaysia did not have the technology to reduce its dependence on landfills. This has changed when
Malaysia Nuclear Agency, a governmental agency, with its long-standing experience in managing radioactive waste,
has developed a sustainable and affordable waste treatment technology. Collaborating with Recycle Energy Sdn Bhd
and funded by The Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) as well as MTDC R&D Grants, they
established their first commercial plant with 700tonne/day capacity in Semenyih and fully commissioned in 2009 to
serve the Kajang and Semenyih area. The plant also generates as much as 5MW RE energy and connected to the grid.
Only 20% of the processed garbage needs to be landfilled, thus reducing emissions to the environment tremendously.
The locally designed plant, with technical support from India using RDF- reuse fuel, costs around RM 170 million as
compared to an imported one, which may run into RM 1 b for the same capacity.
Water Resources
Malaysia’s high abundant rainfall averages 3,000mm annually, the equivalent of 990 billion cubic meters of water over
the country.
It has an extensive river system consisting of more than 150 rivers that provide the country with more than 25,000
cubic meters of renewable water per capita per year.
The Water Resources Master Plan, which started in 1996 and ongoing, will see the development of water resources
for the country up tom 2050, as involving 62 major water transfer projects, including new dams, raising existing ones,
new treatment plants, interstate water transfer and identifying catchment areas for development.
During the same period, the Government approved two legislations that transformed the way Malaysia manages its
water services: The SPAN Act which outlines the roles, functions and scope of work to be undertaken by the National
Water Services Commission of SPAN and the Water Services Industry Act or WISA which has provisions to cover
economic, technical and social protection of consumer interests.
Water utilities and services are the responsibility of the State Governments.
The operations are carried out by fully owned state corporations ie Water Works Department or the Water Division of
the Public Works Department or by organizations where the State Government has a vested interest.
The exception is the Selangor State Government who privatized their water operations to
SYABAS (distribution) and ABASS, SPLASH and PUNCHAK NIAGA for water treatment.
In the past all treatment projects are of conventional nature. However to-date more advanced treatment processes
are looked into ie membrane filtration. Emphasis is also centered on the choice of the most appropriate water
treatment chemical to treat a specific type of raw water.
Biofuels
The Biofuels Industry Act 2007 was established to ensure an orderly development of the biofuel industry in this
country. The Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities has taken over the task of issuing biofuel
manufacturing licenses from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry since Nov 1 2008.
Major issues hindering the development of the industry include logistics, infrastructure cost and blending facilities.
Palm-based methyl esters need to be transported from the factory to a blending depot where it is mixed with diesel
before the blend would be sent to the petrol stations. In Malaysia, the biodiesel industry has to reckon with some of
the lowest fuel prices in its region due to Government subsidies.
Oil palm has the highest oil yield per hectare of all vegetable feedstocks, seven times greater than that of soybean s
and three times that of rapeseed. An ideal palm oil price for producing bio-diesel would be below the price of
petroleum diesel by at least US200 per ton.
Landendossier Maleisië | Kansrijke sectoren | september 2013 september ’13 __________________________________________ 7
The Government also aims to develop Malaysia’s niche in palm oil technology and commercialize it. The MPOB is
responsible for most of the biotechnical advances and product development in the palm oil and biofuel industries. The
processes for making low pour point palm biodiesel and methyl esters are just a few technologies licensed by MPOB.
Methyl esters have performance characteristics similar to those of petroleum diesel without the environmental
detriment of sulphur emission. New energy standards, such as those in the European Union, are making the export of
methyl ester increasingly attractive to palm oil companies.
Another major problem that biofuel producers will have to face is the compliance with the EU directive to set
sustainable criteria for biofuel where material used should start by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 35%
by November 2010 and increased to 60% by 2018. Currently the EU have assigned a GHG savings of only 19% for palm
oil producers.
However GHG savings could go up to 60% if palm millers adopt the methane gas capture technology. A few Malaysian
mills are already using such technology.
Ethanol production is commercially insignificant in Malaysia. There is an opportunity for ethanol production from
palm oil biomass but the technology is yet to be commercialized. Ethanol consumption is unlikely as retail gasoline
prices are subsidized.
According to the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry Board (MPOB), about 12 biodiesel plants have been completed. The total
combined capacity is about 1.5 million tons. In 2008, bio-diesel output increased by only 5% due to high prices for
feedstock but this will change when prices of feedstock comes down thus ensuring manufacturers better margins. The
companies that make the most profit are those that have a product-mix which includes production of Vitamin E ( a
derivative from crude palm oil), carotene and glycerine (a co-product).
Another four plants with a combined capacity of 190,000 tons are expected to commence commercial production by
the end of 2009. The MPOB has worked with the Ministry of Plantation Industries & Commodities as well as Malaysian
plantation companies to begin oil palm plantation overseas in Indonesia, Latin America and West Africa. This will
further increase the supply of palm oil for Malaysian palm oil biodiesel companies.
Due to volatile palm oil prices, the Government has started to look at a promising alternative feedstock, jatropha. It
has excellent small-scale potential but needs more research before it can be cultivated on larger-scale area. The
Government has allocated funds to facilitate research and development of the crop.
MPOB is tasked with to carry out performance tests on jatropha-based biodiesel. The Malaysian Rubber board is to
engage in seed breeding and the National Tobacco Board is to gauge the suitability of cultivating jatropha in the
northern part of the country. A few private companies are planning to invest in jatropha cultivation but the impact on
the biofuel sector should not be significant in the next two years.
In the near term, domestic consumption of biodiesel will be low and most of the production will be exported, mainly
to the European Union and United States.
Biodiesel plants in operation in Malaysia
1. Carotino Sdn Bhd ( Johor)
2.
Malaysia Vegetable Oil Refinery Sdn Bhd (Johor)
3. PGEO Bioproducts Sdn Bhd (Johor)
4. Vance Bioenergy Sdn Bhd(Johor)
5. Mission Biotechnologies Sdn Bhd (Selangor)
6. Carotech Bio-Fuel Sdn Bhd ( Perak)
7 Lereno Sdn Bhd (Perak)
8. Golden Hope Biodiesel Sdn Bhd (Pulau Carey)
9. Golden Hope Biodiesel Sdn Bhd (Teluk Panglima Garang)
10. Zoop Sdn Bhd (Selangor)
11. Global Bio-Diesel Sdn Bhd ( Sabah)
12. SPC Bio-Diesel Sdn Bhd (Sabah)
8 ___________________________________________________________________________
Motor vehicles
Number of new motor vehicles registered from 1996 to 2008
Motorcycles
4.475.675,00
42.8%
Cars
5.215.718,00
49.89%
99.052,00
0.95%
430.006,00
4.11%
234,63
2.24%
10.455.083,00
100.0%
Busses, Taxis
Goods Vehicles
Others
Total
Source: Malaysia Road Transport Department
Malaysian Automotive Association (MAA) Forecast of Vehicle Sales
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Passenger vehicles
497.459
436.800
44.900
459.550
482.300
506.415
Commercial vehicles
50.656
43.200
44.100
45.450
47.700
50.085
Total
548.115
480.000
490.000
505.000
530.000
556.500
12.5%
-12.4%
2%
3%
5%
5%
Growth
PROTON, Malaysia’s first national car manufacturer started its R&D activities on NGV cars in 1966. In 2009 this year,
PROTON will begin mass production of the SAGA NGV model using the CAMPRO 1.6l engine (developed by PROTON
itself). The first batch of 500 units will be targeted for taxis.
PROTON has signed a multi – layer collaboration with HONDA, which entailed not only cross-platform development
but would also allow PROTON to play a role in the global supply chain.
With this collaboration, PROTON hopes to launch its first hybrid car in 2014.
It is highly unlikely that Malaysia will go towards the development of a complete electric car due to the high costs of
putting up the infrastructure, which the Government will have to bear, to support these vehicles. The question of
logistics and viability will also have to be looked into. If at all electric cars will be introduced on the road, it is most
likely that it will be for a designated town /area, which will deem it more manageable, rather than for the whole
country.
The Government announced the framework for The National Automotive Policy (NAP) on October 29, 2009. A total of
18 new policies and measures covering licensing, duties, incentives, technology and environment, safety and
standards were introduced.
The Malaysian Green Building Index
Malaysia’s first certification tool that will provide guidelines for environment-friendly buildings, The Green Building
Index (GBI), developed by the Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM) and the Association of Consulting Engineers
Malaysia (ACEM), is to promote sustainability in the building environment and raise awareness about environmental
issues.
Buildings will be awarded the GBI Malaysia rating based on six key criteria:
- Energy efficiency
Landendossier Maleisië | Kansrijke sectoren | september 2013 september ’13 __________________________________________ 9
Indoor environment quality
Sustainable site planning and management
Materials and resources
Water efficiency and
Innovation
-
A building with GBI ratings is built using eco-friendly elements and strictly no plastic and paint with toxic elements. So
far good examples of green buildings are the Zeo Building in Cyberjaya and the Securities Commission in Kuala
Lumpur.
The DBKL (City Hall Kuala Lumpur), the Petaling Jaya City Council, PWD Building, the Federal Territories Ministries and
the Housing and Local Government Ministry have expressed its interests in going green. However GBI currently
certifies only new buildings as it carries out assessment at design stage and also completion of the building. GBI is in
the process of developing the rating tool for existing buildings seeking renovation and refurbishment. This is expected
to be completed by end 2009.
In order to promote and test its (GDI) tools, Greenbuilding Index Sdn Bhd, a wholly owned subsidiary of PAM and
ACEM, is in the process of signing MOU’s with foreign universities in encouraging the students to use the Malaysian
GBI in their projects. The three initial universities targeted are University of Tasmania, Australia, Universiti Putra
Malaysia (UPM) and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The latter two are selected as both of them have eminent green
advocates like Dato’ Prof. Ar Dr Elias.
The Government, on his part, has announced its decision that all new government buildings (which includes schools,
th
hospitals and police quarters) to be built under the 10 Malaysian Plan (2011 -2015) must have at least one green
feature.
The Cabinet has already directed the Public Works Department to incorporate energy-efficient lighting and airconditioning systems in new buildings.
Energy Efficiency (EE) in Industry
The promotion of EE in Malaysian industries started and has been brought about by the Malaysian Energy Efficiency
Improvement Project (MIEEIP) funded by the United nations Development Programme, the Global Environmental
facility, the Malaysian Government and the private sector. The project’s total sum was USD 20.79 million and was
implemented form July 2000 up to July 2007.
The overall project was to establish an institutional focus, responsibility and capacity within the Malaysian
Government to identify barriers to improving efficiency in industry and assist in removing them. Simultaneously,
capacity was established to provide EE services to all sectors of the national economy, but in particular to the
industrial sector, so that as barriers are removed, the capability is there to capture efficiency opportunities.
th
The 10 Malaysian Plan (2011-2015) the implementation of EE programmes will focus on energy saving features in
the industrial and commercial sectors.
GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES FOR GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA)
Pioneer Status and Investment Tax Allowance
Companies generating energy from renewable sources such as biomass, hydro power (not exceeding 10 MW) and
solar power are eligible for the Pioneer Status and Investment Tax Allowance as follows:
1.
Pioneer status with tax exemption of 100% of statutory income and the incentive period extended from 5 to
10 years; or
2. Investment Tax Allowance of 100% on the qualifying capital expenditure incurred within a period of 5 years
with the allowance to set-off against 100% of statutory income for each year of assessment.
Companies which incur capital expenditure for energy conservation for own consumption:
Investment Tax Allowance be increased to 100% of the qualifying capital expenditure incurred within 5 years. The
allowance to be set-off against 100% of statutory income for each year of assessment.
10 __________________________________________________________________________
Sales Tax and Import Duty Exemption
Companies generating RE can enjoy import duty and sales tax exemption on imported machinery, equipment,
materials, spare parts and consumables used directly in the generating process. For locally purchased machinery,
equipment, materials, spare parts and consumables, full exemption is given on sales tax.
Applications will be processed by MIDA who will than forward it to the Ministry of Finance for approval. The Royal
Malaysian Customs will be the implementing body for any exemptions granted.
Small Renewable Energy Power Programme (SREP)
Launched in 2001, the Programme is among the steps taken by the Government to encourage and intensify the
utilisation of Renewable Energy in power generation. This is in line with the Government’s efforts to develop RE as the
fifth fuel source under the country’s Fuel Diversification policy, as stipulated in the objectives of the Third Outline
Perspective Plan for 1001-2010 (OPP3) and the Eighth Malaysian Plan.
Small power generation plants which utilize RE can apply to sell electricity to the Utility through the Distribution Grid
System. Project developers are required to negotiate directly with the relevant Utility on all aspects of the SREP,
including the selling price negotiated under the Renewable Energy Power Purchase Agreement (REPPA).
The RE electricity producers will be given a license for a period of 21 years, effective form the date of commissioning
of the plant. Under this SREP, the types of RE allowed include biomass, biogas, municipal waste, solar, mini-hydro and
wind.
Maximum capacity of a small RE plant designed for sale of power to the grid must be 10MW. A power plant can be
more than 10MW in size but the maximum capacity allowed for power export to the distribution grid must not be
more than 10MW.
A Special Committee on Renewable Energy (SCORE) has been set up by the Government to coordinate and implement
its policies and strategies pertaining to RE development in Malaysia.
List of SREP projects with REPPA signed (as of August 2009):
Company
Town/ State
MW
Fuel Source
REPPA date
Jana Landfill
Selangor
2
Biogas (LFG)
Jan.2002
TSH Bioenergy
Tawau
10
EFB
Dec. 2001
Alaf Ekspresi
Tawau
10
EFB
Jan. 2003
Naluri Ventures
Johor
9
EFB
Nov. 2001
Seguntor Bioenergy
Sandakan
10
EFB
Oct. 2007
Kina Biopower
Sandakan
10
EFB
Oct. 2007
Recycle Energy
Selangor
5,5
municipal waste
June. 2004
Esadi Power
Sabah
2,5
mini hydro
July. 2005
Esadi power
Kota Marudu
4,5
mini hydro
July. 2005
Esadi power
Kundasan
2
mini hydro
July. 2005
MHES Asia
NS
10
EFB
Sept. 2005
Sunquest
NS
5
EFB
June.2004
Pahang
4
mini hydro
Nov. 2006
AMDB
Landendossier Maleisië | Kansrijke sectoren | september 2013 september ’13 _________________________________________ 11
I.S. Energy
Kelantan
2,8
mini hydro
Oct. 2006
Sabah
5
EFB
Aug. 2003
Gunong Medan Hydro
Selangor
3
mini hydro
May. 2008
Renewable Power
Selangor
2
mini hydro
Mar. 2007
Johor
1,7
Biogas (POME)
June. 2008
Kalansa Energy Corp
Bell Eco Power
Department of Environment
For vehicles using natural gas or bi-fuel vehicles:
1.
2.
3.
Exemption of import duty and tax for conversion kit.
Keeping the price of natural gas at a 50% discount to gasoline.
Road tax reduction schemes.
- 50% for mono-gas vehicles (only use natural gas).
- 25% for bi-fuel vehicles (use petrol and natural gas).
The New National Automotive Policy ( NAP)
New measures for the promotion of hybrid and electric vehicles:
Investments in the assembly or manufacture of hybrid and electric vehicles will be granted:
- 100% ITA or PS for a period of 10 years.
- customized training and R & D grants in addition to existing grants
- 50% exemption on excise duty for locally assembled/manufactured vehicles or provision of grant under the
Industrial Adjustment Fund (IAF)
- PS of 100% for 10 years or ITA of 100% for 5 years for the manufacture of selected
Critical components supporting hybrid and electric vehicles, such as:
Electric motors
Electric batteries
Battery Management System
Inverters
Electric air conditioning
Air Compressors
-Additional attractive, customized incentives will be considered based on proposed
activities.
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT
In addition to the R&D carried out by companies and Institutions directly involved in this sector ie TNB, MPOB the
following are some Governmental Agencies and Universities lending support in conducting R&D in RE. They are mainly
funded by the Government through MOSTI and the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE).
The Belgian Trade Commission will be participating with a country pavilion at IGEM 2014.
th
THE 5 INTERNATIONAL GREENTECH & ECO PRODUCTS EXHIBITION & CONFERENCE MALAYSIA
Date: October, 2014
Venue: The Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biodiversity
15,000 known species of flowers
286 mammal species
150,000 invertebrate species
1,000 butterflies
12,000 moth species
over 4,000 marine fish species
12 __________________________________________________________________________
Malaysia’s biotechnology agenda will be spearheaded by BioValley Malaysia, a project that involves the development
of a centralized area offering “a world-class facilities and infrastructure”.
The 484-hectare project was launched in 2003 in a special area of the Malaysian Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) is
expected to generate USD 10.5-12.2 billion investments during the next ten years.
However, at present, the Malaysian Government acknowledges three main areas which hinders its biotechnology
growth: little R&D expertise in general, acute shortage of experienced workers in the biotechnology sector and the
domestic market is too small to attract major foreign investments.
Malaysia is still lagging behind some Asian countries as far as biotechnology is concerned. Japan, Taiwan and Korea
appear to be well ahead with new start-ups and private sector investments. Indonesia is planning a Bio-Island in
Rempang Island which is expected to be completed by 2008. Over the next five years, Singapore’s government will be
managing around USD 700 million to develop Singapore into a biomedical Asian hub.
Malaysia has to position itself as a regional exporting base, since India is already the first choice as a service hub and
China the preferred manufacturing hub.
Any policies implemented by the Government will have to address these key issues.
The National Biotechnology Policy
The National Biotechnology Policy envisions That biotechnology will be a new economic engine for Malaysia . The
policy aims to build a conducive environment for R&D and industry development.
The National Biotechnology Policy focuses on nine sectors:
1.
Agriculture Biotechnology Development
Transform and enhance the value creation of the agricultural sector through biotechnology
2.
Healthcare Biotechnology Development
Capitalise on the strengths of biodiversity to commercialise discoveries in natural products as well as position
Malaysia in the bio-generics market.
3.
Industry Biotechnology Development
Ensure growth opportunities in the application of advanced bio-processing and bio-manufacturing
technologies.
4.
R&D and Technology Acquisition
Establish Centres of Excellence, in existing or new institutions, to bring together multidisciplinary research
teams in coordinated research and commercialization initiatives. Accelerate technology development via
strategic acquisitions.
5.
Human Capital Development
Build the nation’s biotech human resource capability in line with market needs through special schemes,
programmes and training.
6.
Financial Infrastructure Development
Apply competitive “lab to market” funding and incentives to promote committed participation by academia,
the private sector as well as government-linked companies. Implement sufficient exit mechanisms for
investments in biotech.
7.
Legislative and Regulatory Framework Development
Create an enabling environment through continuous reviews of the country’s regulatory framework and
procedures in line with global standards and best practices. Develop a strong intellectual property protection
regime to support R&D and commercialisation efforts.
8.
Strategic Positioning
Establish a global marketing strategy to build brand recognition. Establish Malaysia as a center for Contract
Research Organisations and Contract Manufacturing Organisations.
Landendossier Maleisië | Kansrijke sectoren | september 2013 september ’13 _________________________________________ 13
9.
Governmental Commitment
Establish a dedicated and professional Implementing agency overseeing the development of Malaysia’s
biotech industry.
The Implementation of the Policy
The implementation of the National Biotechnology Policy encompasses three main phases:
Phase I ( 2005-2010) – Capacity Building
Establishment of advisory and implementation Councils.
Establishment of Malaysian Biotech Corporation
Education and training of knowledge workers
Development of legal and IP framework
Business Development through Accelerator Programmes
Build Malaysia branding
Initial job and industry creation in agricultural biotech, healthcare biotech, industrial biotech and bio-informatics.
As a start, resources will be put into developing three Centres of Excellence. The Center of Excellence for
agricultural biotechnology will be focused around MARDI
(Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute) and UPM ( Universiti Putra Malaysia).
The Center of Excellence for genomics and molecular biotechnology will be focused in UKM (Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia)
The Center of Excellence for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals will be built in the original biovalley site in Denkil.
These Centers will become anchors and attract the set-up of other institutions and in future, will be linked up with
other bionexus centers all around the country in a network of collaboration and exchange of ideas.
The Government will be structuring dedicated grants for biotech R&D and commercialization, including financial
support in patent application. To assist R&D ventures further , a fund will be established to assist in the training
costs of skilled workers and the hiring of researchers.
To increase excess to funds for biotech companies, venture capital participation will be strengthened and entry to
the capital markets will be enhanced.
AS off now, Malaysia is still a minor venture capital destination and account for only 1%of Asia Pacific venture
capital funding.
Phase II (2011-2015) – Science to Business
Develop expertise in drug discovery and development based on natural resources
New products development
Technology acquisition
Intensify investment promotion and spinning-off of companies
Strengthen branding
Develop capability in technology licensing
14 __________________________________________________________________________
Knowledge- intensive jobs creation
Phase III (2016-2020) – Global Presence
Consolidate strengths and capabilities in technology development
Further develop expertise and strength in drug discovery and development
Strengthen innovation and technology licensing
Promote global Malaysian companies.
To ensure that its strategies for biotechnology development keep up with the times and with the competition, the
National Biotechnology will be reviewed on a regular basis.
Incentives offered to approved biotechnology companies by the Malaysian Government
To support the objectives and aspirations of the biotechnology policy, approved biotechnology companies will be
eligible for the following tax incentives:
1.
Incentives for the Holding Company
A Holding Company holding at least 70% of an approved biotechnology company can claim:
- Group relief: whereby its income can be offset by losses incurred by its approved subsidiary biotechnology
company; or
- Deduction for the investment in its approved subsidiary biotechnology company against its profits.
2.
Tax exemption for biotech companies
Approved biotechnology companies will be eligible for:
a.
b.
Pioneer Status: 100% income tax exemption for a period of up to 10 years; or
Investment tax allowance: 100% of qualified investment over a period of 5 years can be set off
against profits ( This incentive is not available if holding company incentives have been claimed;
3.
Dividends distributed from tax exempt biotechnology companies will be treated as tax exempt income for its
shareholders;
4.
Import duty and sales tax exemption on approved biotechnology equipment and materials
5.
Double deduction for qualified expenditure on R&D;
6.
Double deduction for qualified expenditure on export promotion.
HALAL FOOD INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
Defination Of Halal
Hallal is about everything from the food the muslims consume to the business conduct to the transactions that they
perform in their daily lives.
This report focuses on hallal food.
Landendossier Maleisië | Kansrijke sectoren | september 2013 september ’13 _________________________________________ 15
It is the responsibility of a muslim to ensure that what he practices and consume is clean, hygienic and not detrimental
to his health or his well-being and in accordance to Islamic laws.
The Market
World Muslim Population 2006
Africa
442.9 million
Asia
1,060.6*
Europe
50.7
North America
7.1
South America
3.1
Oceania
0.6
Total
1,565.0 million or 24.7% of the world total population.
* including 16.0 million from Malaysia
The global halal food market is estimated at RM 500 billion a year spread over 112 countries. The two biggest markets
are Southeast Asia and Middle East.
The Malaysian Halal Food Industry
The Malaysian halal food market is estimated at RM 1.5 billion per year.
Malaysia only began to focus on the halal food industry in 2004 when the Government decided to embark on the
HALAL FOOD HUB project – to become the leader in the global halal food industry. For this, the Government allocated
RM 95 million and the creation of the Halal Industry Development Corporation - HCD, a central agency to drive and
govern best practices in the development of the halal industry.
Under the Third Malaysian Industrial Master Plan (IMP3) 2006-2020, one of its objectives is to make Malaysia the
“Global Halal Hub” for the production and trade in halal products and services.
The Government through The Ministry of Agriculture and the Department of Veterinary Services have identified few
potential areas that will eventually be developed as Halal Food Industrial Zones. These areas are located in the states
of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Kedah, Malacca, Perak and Pahang.
It is planned that hypermarkets will initially be the main buyer of goods manufactured in these industrial zones.
Hypermarkets, an important link in the distribution food chain, are increasing their halal compliance in their business
expansion plans. Already more than 90% of their food products on their shelves are halal certified. It is estimated that
the growth for halal food products in this segment increases by 10-20% yearly. They also play an active role in
exporting these products for their operations overseas ie Carrefour and Tesco.
One major obstacle hampering the growth of the halal food industry is the lack of local supply of halal raw materials,
especially meat products. More than 70% of the raw materials for food processing are imported. The Ministry of
Domestic Trade and Industry, local State Governments and the Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA), a
subsidiary of the Ministry of Agriculture are assisting potential distributors and manufacturers to maximize local
(halal) sourcing.
Malaysian Halal Certification
First introduced in 1996, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) is responsible for issuing Halal
Certificates to manufacturers and exporters of food products and other products used by muslims, food premises and
abattoirs after fulfilling the necessary requirements.
The issuance of Halal Certificates is in accordance with Malaysian Standards (MS 1500:2004) and is an ISO-compliant
standard thus making it readily acceptable in the industry.
Currently there are over 33,000 companies, food and non-food, certified by JAKIM.
16 __________________________________________________________________________
Incentives In The Halal Manufacturing Sector
The Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) offers special incentives for halal food production.
Companies that invest in halal food production and have already obtained halal certification from the Department of
Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) are legible for Investment Tax Allowance of 100% of qualifying capital
expenditure within a period of five years.
This is to encourage new investments in halal food production, especially for the export market, as well as increase
use of modern and state-of-the-art machinery and equipment.
Additionally, there is the offering of double deduction (for purposes of income tax computation) of expenses incurred
by companies in obtaining halal certification. This is designed to enhance competitiveness of Malaysian companies in
the global halal products market.
Small and medium enterprises (SME) have excess to special grants offered by the government for business planning,
development and promotion of halal products.
Market development and promotion
In addition to the incentives, Government institutions also collaborate further to support Malaysian companies to
market development programmes to promote halal products.
The Malaysian External Trade Development Cooperation (MATRADE), Small and Medium Industries Development
Cooperation (SMIDEC) and the Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA) assist and ensure Malaysian
companies have a presence in international halal trade fairs, assist SMEs to market their products to hypermarkets
and provide business matching services between international buyers and our sellers.
Halal logistics and infrastructure
Malaysia’s Northport is the premier port for the handling of halal food and halal products. Over 80 shipping lines
currently use the port in the transport and logistics chain for halal products from manufacturers to the international
market.
Northport is now collaborating with the Port of Rotterdam, the sole certified Halal Hub in the world for the moment
and is the gateway to some 50 million muslims in Europe.
Apart from this, there is also the weekly offering of the “Halal Express” by Malaysian International Shipping
Corporation Bhd (MISC) which was introduced to cater to and in anticipation of the increase in volume and movement
of halal products that demand specialized transport and logistic services.
Halal food trends
There is an increasing demand for halal fast food and halal convenience food. This is not only seen as a Malaysian
muslim consumer trend but a worldwide one.
Busy lifestyles and time-challenged schedules for the younger generation of muslim consumers who are becoming
more savvy will certainly drive up demand for these products.
The Belgian Trade Commission will participate with a country pavilion at MIHAS 2014.
th
THE 11 MALAYSIAN INTERNATIONAL HALAL SHOWCASE
Date: 2-6 April, 2014
Venue: Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre
st
There will also be a seminar on Muslim Finance in AWEX Head Office, Brussels, from 9-21
AWEX cellule economie musulmane.
May, 2014 organised by
HEALTHCARE
Malaysia has the highest standard of healthcare in SEA after Singapore, and is expected to grow from around US$ 10
billion in2010 to US$ 25 billion by 2015 and US$ 24 billion by 2020.
This significant growth is driven by:
-rising affluence and an elderly population
Landendossier Maleisië | Kansrijke sectoren | september 2013 september ’13 _________________________________________ 17
-increased awareness and demand for private healthcare
-higher medical tourism spending.
Healthcare growth opportunities
Medical devices - in-vitro diagnostic devices, single use devices, high value medical devices contract manufacturing,
medical equipment supply chain orchestration, medical equipment refurbishing and medical furniture and hardware.
Health services – private hospitals, medical tourism, diagnostic services for telemedicine, health metropolis, wellness
& healthcare centre.
Pharmaceutical – generic drugs and clinical research.
18 __________________________________________________________________________
Marktbenadering
Malaysia’s economy is based on SME’s which is quite similar to Belgium’s position.
Hence we believe the ideal market approach will be for these companies to cooperate through niche “cluster”
organizations ie biotechnology, IT, aeronautical and medical incubators.
This will enable Belgian companies and vice versa Malaysian ones to have easy excess to market information
exchange cutting downtime to establish one’s product and /or services in this market.
Once established, the pipeline may be tapped into by all Belgian companies in their respective field of interest.
For individual companies who prefer to be on their own, seeking out a competent Malaysian agent to represent them
for this market is important as some products could require registration with local authorities. Most of the time, the
registration exercise can only be done by the appointed Malaysian company ie drug registration, standards
registration.
Policies & Incentives
In order to promote foreign investments and priority industries, a wide range of tax incentives have been offered to
investors, such as those under the Promotion of Investments Act 1986. Of particular focus are projects that are capital
intensive, with high value-added content and involve new and emerging technology. These incentives have evolved to
cater to new investment trends, which include companies wishing to locate their Operational Headquarters (OHS),
International Procurement Centres (IPCs), Shared Service Centres (SSCs) and Regional Distribution Centres (RDCs) in
the city centre. An example of this is the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Malaysian status:
- To attract world-class technology companies while grooming the local information and communications
technology (ICT) industry
- To focus on ICT and ICT-facilitated businesses that develop or use multimedia technologies to produce and
enhance their products and services
- Selected incentives offered are
*Pioneer Status: 100% exemption from taxable statutory income for 5 years.
*Investment Tax Allowance
*Freedom to source capital and borrow globally
*Duty-free importation of multimedia equipment
Liberal equity policy allows foreign investors to hold 100% equity in all investments of new projects and expansion
/diversification projects by existing companies.
Employment of Expatriate policy allows companies with foreign paid-up capital of above US$ 2m up to 10 expatriate
posts.
In the past, investors have expressed concerns about the bureaucracy and long wait time to obtain licenses and
permits for business activities in Malaysia. To mitigate this concern, the government established a Special Task Force
to Facilitate Business or PEMUDAH in 2007 to create a better business environment.
PEMUDAH introduced a series of changes to improve the situation such as online one-stop centers for business
licensing, new company incorporation and simultaneous registrations.
These changes have resulted in a more simplified process for investors and at the same time reducing business
licensing compliance costs.
Landendossier Maleisië | Marktbenadering | september 2013 _______________________________________________________ 1
These efforts have resulted in a rise in investor confidence for Malaysia. The IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook
2012 ranks Malaysia 14th in terms of its ability to create and sustain a globally competitive business environment,
overtaking economies such as Australia, Mainland China, Japan and India.
Free Trade Zones In Malaysia
There are two types of Free Zones in Malaysia:
FREE INDUSTRIAL ZONE (FIZ)
An area declared by the Minister of Finance under Section 3 (1) of Free Zones Act 1990- designed mainly to promote
manufacturing industries producing goods mainly for export.
Minimal Custom control
Deemed to be a place outside Malaysia and is free from application of Customs Act 1967, Excise Act 1976, Sales Tax
Act 1972 and Service Tax Act 1975 except in respect of prohibition of imports and exports under section 31 of the
Customs Act 1967.
FREE COMERCIAL ZONE (FCZ)
An area declared by the Minister of Finance under section 3 (1) of the Act
 Designed mainly to promote entreport trade.
 Caters for commercial activities which includes:
 Trading, bulk breaking, grading, repacking, relabelling and transit.
 Present policy; retail activity allowable in FCZ with condition.
 Approval from Minister under section 6A of the Act.
All free zones come under the jurisdiction of the Royal Malaysian Customs and its operations within the FIZs will be
controlled by the relevant Zone Authorities.
FREE INDUSTRIAL ZONES - FACILITIES AND INCENTIVES
Exemption from Custom Duties
Manufacturers in FIZ are granted exemption from customs duty, sales tax, excise duty and service tax. However, the
raw materials/components and machinery imported into the country are subject to certain conditions.
Raw Materials/Components Eligible for Exemption
Exemption is given to all raw materials/components which are directly used by manufacturers in FIZ during the
manufacturing process of the approved products in their manufacturing license ie from the initial stage right up to the
finishing stage where the final product is packed and made ready for export. This includes the packaging materials, ie
casing for camera and calculator.
The raw materials/ components which are not directly used in the manufacturing process of the approved products
cannot enjoy this facility. Goods falling under this category includes fuels, office furniture and equipment,
construction materials, food and drinks, vehicles, employee uniforms etc.
Machinery/ Equipment Eligible for Exemption
Under the present structure of Custom Duties Order 1996, most of the machinery/equipment are non-dutiable. This is
in line with the Government’s policy to encourage and to provide incentive to the manufacturing sectors.
The machinery/equipment which are still dutiable and used directly in the manufacturing process of approved
products beginning from the initial stage right up to the finishing stage where the final product is packed and made
ready for export are eligible for exemption/ free from custom duties.
All machinery and equipment must be new and unused which includes testing equipment, tools, quality control
gadgets, labeling machines, workbench, weighing scales, spare parts, replacement machinery, grinding stones and
welding shields.
FARMING OUT/SUB-CONTRACT WORK
Farming out or sub-contract work of semi-finished goods and raw materials from one factory to another factory for
further reprocessing. After the permitted period the manufactured goods together with the waste must be returned
to the sender.
2 ___________________________________________________________________________
The approval of the State Director of Customs must be obtained for farming out activities as follows:
 From FIZ to another FIZ
 From FIZ to Licensed Manufacturing Warehouse (LMW)
 From FIZ to factory in the Principal Customs Area.
 Company is required to submit bankers guarantee and monthly returns to the Customs.
INTERNATIONAL PROCUREMENT CENTRE (IPC)
The Company is allowed to bring in raw materials, components, or finished products without payment of customs
duties into Free Zones, Licensed Manufacturing Warehouses or Public/Private Bonded Warehouses for repacking,
cargo consolidation and integration before distribution to the final consumers.
Conditions for exemption are stipulated by Ministry of International Trade and industry (MITI).
The term ‘International Procurement Centre’ refers to a locally incorporated company whether local or foreign owned
which carries on a business in Malaysia to undertake procurement and sales of raw materials, components and
finished products to its group of related and unrelated companies in Malaysia and abroad. This would include
procurement and sales from local sources or from third countries.
Application for an approved IPC should be submitted to the Ministry of International Trade and Industry.
If the IPC company has to operate within a FIZ, application for approval should be submitted to Treasury (Tax Analysis
Division), Kuala Lumpur.
The Malaysian Franchise Association was formed in 1994 to support the implementation of the Government
programme to promote entrepreneurship through franchising. The formation of MFA was indeed timely as to
promote the development of franchising in Malaysia.
MFA will serve as a resource centre for both current and prospective franchisors and franchisees, as well as for media
and public.
With the formation of MFA, it is hoped that the environment, which is conducive to the expansion of franchising in
Malaysia, can be created.
Through the work of the committee, the MFA is committed to continue advancement of franchising in Malaysia.
Direct selling continues to be popular in Malaysia, even amongst the younger generation, due to the established brand
reputation of major players within the channel, for instance Amway,Avon, Cosway, Elken and Herbalife.
All these direct selling players provide a wide range of healthcare products, as well as health supplements and beauty
products.
Being a very competitive market, direct selling companies must practice the strategy of being an innovative direct
selling with the constant revision of its product range.
Direct selling will continue to be a well-known retail channel in Malaysia.
While direct selling is expected to increase over the next five years, the continuous launch of new innovative products
will be crucial to determine the success of these companies.
Besides, multi- level marketing, rewarded by a good compensation scheme, will be another factor driving the growth
of direct selling in this country.
At the retail end, there is an emerging middle class.
The new middle –class is often cited as essential for economic and stability. It drives domestic demand and represents
a considerable source of spending power. This segment of the population is on the rise as developing markets
experience explosive growth.
Landendossier Maleisië | Marktbenadering | september 2013 _______________________________________________________ 3
Since 1992, Malaysia has been an upper middle -income nation. Companies must act to offer and create attractive
products and services, establish a presence and build market share and scale. This has also reflected in the increasing
demand for international consumer goods.
In Malaysia, similar to the rest of the world, social media and the internet’s role is increasing its importance on brand
awareness, customer acquisition and customer retention.
4 ___________________________________________________________________________
Invoerreglementering
1 Pharmaceutical Regulations
The National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (NPCB), formally known as the National Pharmaceutical Control
Laboratory, was set up in October 1978 under the quality control activity of Pharmacy and Supply Programme. This
institution was established to implement quality control on pharmaceutical, medicinal, cosmetic and beauty products.
The infrastructure and facilities were designed to meet the requirements for testing and quality control activities.
Beginning 1985, NPCB was given the task of ensuring quality, efficacy and safety of these products through the
registration and licensing scheme. This is achieved through evaluation of scientific data and laboratory tests on all
products before they are marketed. A system to monitor products in the market was set–up. Information on drugs to
the medical profession and consumer was made available through the drug information service.
SIRIM Berhad is a wholly-owned company of the Malaysian Government under the Ministry of Finance Incorporated.
With over 40 years of experience and expertise, SIRIM has been the government’s mandated machinery for research
and technology development.
As the national standards development agency, SIRIM plays an active role in international standards development.
They coordinate the country’s participation in international standardisation activities, where Malaysia is a
participating member in over 80 ISO Technical Committees and Subcommittees.
They have six core businesses:
 Research and Technology Development
 Design and Engineering Consultancy and Services
 Standards and Quality
 Technology Commercialisation
 Certification, Inspection and Testing Services
 Quality Training, Consulting and Advisory Services.
2 Food Safety in Malaysia
The importation of food from foreign countries is overseen by the
Ministry of Health (food inspectors at entry points)
Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) for meat
Fishery Department for life fish and fish
Legal Mandate:
Food Act 1983, Gazetted on 10 March 1983
Food Regulations 1985, gazetted on 26 September 1985
Enforced together on 1st October 1985.
3 Phytosanitory Regulations
In Malaysia, The Department of Agriculture (DOA), Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia is responsible for developing the
administrative requirements for the implementation of the Guidelines for Wood Packaging Materials (WPM) in
International Trade (IPSM 15), issued by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC).
The DOA, which is also the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) for Malaysia, is also responsible in ensuring
that there is a system for the export of WPM from Malaysia. DOA is also assisted by other Government Agencies ie
The Malaysian Timber Industry Board to draft the standards.
Landendossier Maleisië | Invoerreglementering | september 2013 ____________________________________________________ 1
To facilitate the efficient implementation of this standard, the DOA has registered about 39 fumigation companies
under the WPM programme. Currently the companies are using methyl bromide fumigation for the treatment of
WPM.
4 Malaysian Intellectual Property Corporation
The Ministry of Domestic Trade Malaysia recently privatized the patent services to this Company.
Malaysia is a member state of the Paris Convention. As such, those wishing to register a patent in Malaysia (that has
already a registration in any of the member states) the cost will be around US 500. For non-members, there will be
additional cost.
Concerning protection it is important to note that in Malaysia, recognized enforceable rights by the patent owner can
only be carried out when the patent is approved.
Foreign patent agents cannot deposit a patent in Malaysia. They must go through a Malaysian patent agent.
5 Contactgegevens Cel reglementering Flanders Investment & Trade
Wenst u meer informatie of heeft u een vraag betreffende de export van uw goederen of diensten, aarzel dan niet een
email te sturen met een duidelijke omschrijving van uw vraag naar [email protected]
U kan de Cel ook telefonisch bereiken op de nummers 02 504 57 39.
Landendossier Maleisië | Invoerreglementering | september 2013 ___________________________________________________ 2
Zakelijke gedragscode
1 Codes of behavious
-Take off your shoes before entering someone’s home. Also take them off when entering a mosque or a Hindu or
Buddhist temple
-Always greet people with your right hand, the left hand is considered unclean. Malaysians usually shake hands
followed by a gesture of placing your right hand on your heart as a sign of respect.
-When meeting people with titles before their name such as ‘Dato’, ‘Datuk’, ‘Datin’, ‘Tan Sri’, or ‘Tun’, it is customary
to address them by their title.
-Exchange of business cards is of major importance. Always keep business cards with you.
-Be wary when inviting Malay people to events or establishments that may serve pork or alcohol. When hosting an
event, try to separate the Halal and the non-Halal sections of catering.
Landendossier Maleisië | Zakelijke gedragscode | september 2013 ____________________________________________________ 1
Praktische reisinformatie
1. Air
Malaysia Airlines
Within Malaysia Tel: +6 01 300 88 3000; outside Malaysia Tel: +6 03 784 33 000
Website: www.malaysiaairlines.com
Air Asia
Website: www.airasia.com
Firefly (a subsidiary of Malaysia Airlines)
Tel: +603-7845.4543
Website: www.flyflyz.com.my
Berjaya Air
Tel: +603-2119.6616
Website: www.berjaya-air.com
Malaysia Airlines Swings (for flights in Borneo only)
Within Malaysia Tel: +601 300 88 3000; outside Malaysia Tel: +603-7843.3000
Website: www.maswings.com.my
2. Bus
Bus travel in Malaysia is economically and generally comfortable and seats can be reserved. The main operator is
Konsortium Transnational Berhad
Tel: 1300 88 8582 running services under:
-
Transnational Tel: +1300 88 8582 ; www.transnational.com.my
Plusliner Tel: +6 03 4047 7905; www.plusliner.com.my
Cityliner Tel: =1300 88 8582; www.cityliner.com.my
For journeys on the longer domestic routes in peninsular Malaysia and to Singapore
-
Aeroline Tel: +603 6258 8800 (7.30am to 7.30pm); www.aeroline.com.my
Supernice Tel: +6 04 331 6359; www.supernice.com.my
Transtar Tel: +603- 2141 1771; www.transtar.com.sg
3. Money matters
Master Card and Visa are the most widely accepted brands in Malaysia.
Banks will accept credit cards for over-the-counter cash advances or you can make ATM withdrawals.
Many banks are also linked to international banking networks such as Cirrus, Plus and Maestro allowing money
withdrawals from overseas savings account. Online purchases work normally outside of Europe.
(Attention for Maestro users: Belgian banks have blocked Maestro for withdrawals and payments outside of Europe.
You can, however, request the temporary activation of the Meastro function online. To do so, you need to have a PC
banking contract and your bank card must be valid for at least another three months).
You can of course also directly contact your bank and ask them personally to unblock Maestro for usage outside of
Europe. Submit your request in good time: at least three bank working days before your departure.
Landendossier Maleisië | Praktische reisinformatie |september 2013 _________________________________________________ 1
The Malaysian Ringgit (MYR) is made up of 100 sen. Coins in use are 5, 10, 20, and 50 sen. Notes come in RM 1, RM5,
RM 20, RM 50 and RM 100.
Calculating into Euros will be easy, just divide everything by 4.
Conversion 1Euro + =4.00MYR (June 2012).
ATMs are quite easy to find. Look for them at the entrance of banks, in hotel lobbies, in malls and in large department
stores. It is not common to see them on the street or in supermarkets. Visa, MasterCard, Meastro, Cirrus an dPlus are
available on some of the ATMs but not all.
*Extracted from the hand book “SURVIVAL KIT for the Belgian Business Man and Student travelling to Malaysia ”. For
more details, kindly refer to this hand book which printed by the Embassy of Belgium, Malaysia and is readily available
at the Embassy upon request.
4. Public Holidays
January
February
April
May
August
September
October
November
December
01 Tuesday
24 Thursday
28 Monday
01 Friday
11&12 Monday & Tuesday
01 Monday
01 Wednesday
09 Thursday
20 Monday
24 Friday
8&9 Thursday & Friday
15 Thursday
02 Monday
16 Monday
15 Tuesday
01 Friday
15 Friday
25 Wednesday
26 Thursday
27 Friday
New Year’s Day
Birthday of Prophet Muhammad
Thaipusm*
Federal Territory Day
Chinese New Year*
Easter Monday
Labour Day
Ascension Day
White Monday
Wesak Day
Hari Raya Puasa***
Assumption Day
Merdeka Day*
Malaysia Day
Hari Raya Haji**
All Saints’ Day
King’s Day
Christmas Day
Boxing Day
In replacement of Deepavali (2/11)
*When a holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the next working day will be a holiday
** Subject to change
2 ___________________________________________________________________________
Duurzaam en Ethisch Internationaal Ondernemen
1. Corporate Governance
In 2000, Malaysian companies introduced the idea of a “Malaysian code on Corporate Governance” which was
subsequently drawn up in cooperation with political leaders.
The code established the principles of good governance and describes the kinds of structures and processes that
companies should try to achieve.
Starting from 2007, it has been made mandatory for public listed companies to disclose at least a statement on their
CSR activities in financial year end allowing shareholders and the general public to judge for themselves the conduct
of these companies .
At the same time, in its 2007 budget, the Government established a CRR fund, with an initial sum of RM 50m to jointly
finance selected CSR projects.
Many NGOs have been supporting these responsible companies.
The stock exchange, therefore, is one of the most powerful forces driving CSR in Malaysia.
It has also created a number of awards for good practices in the area of CSR and given out in an effort to raise
awareness of social responsibilities:
- Prime Minister’s CSR award
- ACCA Malaysia Sustainability Reporting Award ( ACCA MaSRA)
- ANSTED Social Responsibility External Award (ASRIA)
- StarBiz – ICR Malaysia CR Award.
Networks devoted to responsible corporate management such as UN Global Compact and ICR Malaysia also champion
the idea of CSR in Malaysia.
The public sector promoted CSR as well. For years, policymakers have lent their support to such values as
sustainability and environment protection. The Government is putting these concepts into practice through publicprivate partnerships; it also created the new Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water.
State-owned enterprises have established guidelines for their conduct.
For example, the enterprises that make up the state-run Kazanah holding company affirmed their social responsibility
in a publication entitles “Silver Book – Achieving Value through Social Responsibility”.
International organizations are playing an important role in the further expansion of CSR .
The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (KAS) in Malaysia has developed the county’s first certification course for CSR
managers. Beginning 2010, the foundation’s partner of many years, The Malaysian Institute of Management (MIM)
will offer the course as part of its programme.
The Institute plans to train about 60 managers each year.
The German Chamber of Commerce Abroad (AHK Malaysia) is promoting this topic within the frame work of the EUMalaysia Chamber of Commerce and Industry (EUMCCI). The EUMCCI CSR Committee includes representatives of
European and Malaysian Companies. The gaol is to raise public awareness of CSR in Malaysia.
It is also interesting to note that Universiti Putra Malaysia conducted a survey on the effects of CSR on the market
place.
Economic responsibility attributes has the most significant impact on consumers’ buying behavior, followed by
philanthropic responsibility, ethical responsibility and finally legal responsibility.
Results also show that the majority of corporations that started their CSR in community development chose to do so
with education-related matters especially targeting the child community.
Child-friendly CSR is especially relevant in an upper middle income country like Malaysia with a child population of 9.5
million under the age of 18.
They are seen as the consumers of today, customers of tomorrow and the citizens of the future.
Landendossier Maleisië | DEIO |september 2013 __________________________________________________________________ 1
The business sector is expected to take a more active role in nation building. Hence a majority of CSR initiatives and
programmes are associated with the Government’s agenda.
2. 1MALAYSIA
1Malaysia is an on-going programme designed by Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak on 2010, calling for the
cabinet, governmental agencies, and civil servants to more strongly emphasise ethnic harmony, national unity and
efficient governance.
The national campaign includes the setting up of
1Malaysia Clinics – to provide basic healthcare. Malaysian are charged RM 1 for such services.
1Malaysia email – the Governments social networking programme in which free email accounts
are given to the public to talk to the Government.
1Malaysia Peoples’ Grocery Stores – The 1Malaysia franchise was aimed at allowing the low income
to have excess to cheaper groceries.
1Malaysia Youth Fund – to provide financial support for young people to undertake creative projects
1Malaysia Foundation- to increase public awareness and community development.
1Malaysia Discount Card (KADS1M)
KADS1M is one of the Government’s efforts to lessen the cost of living, especially for students. It is being promoted
also as a form of CSR for participating companies. It is one of the platforms provided by the government to encourage
private sector involvement in projects that contribute to the well being of society.
3. Malaysia Truly Asia
The nation’s tagline is “Malaysia Truly Asia” and true to its slogan, it is house to a unique potpourri of Asian cultures –
Malay, Chinese, Indian – along with a many indigenous groups on Borneo Island.
In 2011, a total of RM 24.7 million tourists visited Malaysia, generating a revenue of RM58.3b for the country.
The Government, through the Ministry of Tourism, has invested heavily, and will continue to do so, on “Malaysia Truly
Asia” tagline. One of their focus is on conservation and has achieve hugh success in private sector CSR participation.
PETRONAS, the national oil company, involves itself in several CSR projects. One of which was the creation of the
National Symphony Hall located in the Twin Towers. At the time of its creation, it was enthusiastically welcomed by
the music fraternity and the public in general as a major contribution towards performing arts. The National
Symphony Orchestra, which includes many foreign musicians , till today continues to elevate the quality of life of
many Malaysians.
AirAsia, Malaysia’s budget carrier, formed the AirAsia Foundation for the preservation of ASEAN heritage and
leadership. One of its creation is the Social Enterprise Award which aims to support businesses that exist primarily to
help the under privileged. The profits gained from it are reinvested into community projects to fulfil their social goals.
2 ___________________________________________________________________________
Nuttige adressen
1 Flanders Investment & Trade
Provinciaal Kantoor Antwerpen
Lange Lozanastraat 223, bus 3
2018 Antwerpen
Tel: 03/260 87 22
E-mail: [email protected]
Provinciaal Kantoor West-Vlaanderen
VAC Jacob van Maerlant
Koning Albert-I-laan 1.2 bus 21
8200 Brugge (St Michiels)
Tel: 050/24 74 10
E-mail: [email protected]
Provinciaal Kantoor Oost-Vlaanderen
Huis van de Economie
Seminariestraat 2
9000 Gent
Tel: 09/267 40 80
E-mail: [email protected]
Provinciaal Kantoor Limburg
Research Campus
Kempische Steenweg 305, bus 201
3500 Hasselt
Tel: 011/29 20 80
E-mail: [email protected]
Provinciaal Kantoor Vlaams-Brabant
VAC Leuven - FIT
Diestsepoort 6 - bus 21
3000 Leuven
Tel: 016/66 56 00
E-mail: [email protected]
Landendossier Maleisië | Nuttige adressen | september 2013 _______________________________________________________ 1
Hoofdzetel
Zenith-gebouw
Koning Albert II-laan 37, 1030 BRUSSEL
Tel: 02/504 87 11
Fax: 02/504 88 99
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.be
Contact:
Sabine Vincke*, Area Manager Zuid-Oost Azië & Oceanië
Kristof Cuvelier, Assistant Area Manager Asia-Pacific
Tijl Vanpraet, Assistant Area Manager Asia-Pacific
Conny De Keukeleire, Assistant Area Manager Asia-Pacific
*speciaal bevoegd voor Maleisië
2 Flanders Investment and Trade in Maleisië
Dhr. Eric de Lame, Handelssecretaris
C/o Embassy of Belgium
Walloon Trade Commission
Suite 10-03, 10 th Floor
Menara Tan & Tan
207 Jalan Tun Razak
50400 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: +60 3 2168 8895/96/97
Fax: +60 3 2168 8900
E-mail: [email protected]
3 Belgische diplomatieke vertegenwoordiging in Maleisië
Belgische ambassade te Maleisië
Suite 10-02 (10th Floor)
P.O. Box 10 - 02
Menara Tan & Tan
207, Jalan Tun Razak
50400 Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Tel: +60 3 21 620025
Tel: +60 12 267 31 12 Noodnummer buiten de openingsuren
Fax: +60 3 21 620023
E-mail: [email protected]
De heer Marc Mullie, Ambassadeur
4 Ambassade van Maleisië in België
Ambassade van Maleisië in België
Tervurenlaan 414A
1150 Sint-Pieters-Woluwe
Tel : 02/776 03 40
Fax: 02/762 50 49
E-mail: [email protected] (trade)
[email protected]
Z.E. Zainuddin Bin Yahya, Ambassadeur
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Singapore en Maleisië: Twee toegangspoorten tot

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VK GROUP, opgericht in 1952, is een toonaangevend Belgisch

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Name Affiliation Albert van Dijk Australian National University

Energy. Anytime. Anywhere.

Landenstudie Maleisië (PDF, 4.05 MB)