AĮħ ĜĞīĭĚĢħ ġĨĥĚħĝĨĢĬ
A6O DFSUBJO )PMBOEPJT
$PPSOIFSU FO EF WSBHFO WBO [JKO UJKE
0OEFS SFEBDUJF WBO
+BBQ (SVQQFMBBS +ÛSHFO 1JFUFST
NFU CJKESBHFO WBO
3VCFO #VZT +BBQ (SVQQFMBBS
1BVM +VĒFSNBOT +ÛSHFO 1JFUFST
+VMJF 3PHJFTU +FSPFO 7BOEPNNFMF
4UJKO #VTTFMT FO (FSMPG 7FSXFZ
)JMWFSTVN
7FSMPSFO
ϛϙϚϝ
*O EF #JCMJPUIFDB %JTTJEFOUJVN /FFSMBOEJDPSVN ěĝħ
WFSTDIJKOFO QVCMJ
DBUJFT PQ IFU HFCJFE WBO EF HFTDIJFEFOJT WBO IFU SFMJHJFV[F êMPTPêTDIF
FO BSUJTUJFLF
OPODPOGPSNJTNF WBO DJSDB ϚϜϞϙ UPU PO[F UJKE %F ěĝħ
PNWBU FFO SFFLT UFLTUFEJUJFT FO FFO SFFLT TUVEJFT PWFS CFMBOHSJKLF OPO
DPOGPSNJTUJTDIF BVUFVST %F QVCMJDBUJFT WBO EF ěĝħ WFSTDIJKOFO CJK 6JUHF
WFSJK 7FSMPSFO )JMWFSTVN
BMT VJUHBWFO WBO EF $PPSOIFSU 4UJDIUJOH PO
EFS SFEBDUJPOFMF WFSBOUXPPSEFMJKLIFJE WBO IFU $PPSOIFSU $FOUSVN 7PPS
NFFS JOGPSNBUJF WFSXJK[FO XJK V HSBBH OBBS XXXDPPSOIFSUTUJDIUJOHOM
ĢĬěħ ϢϠϡϢϙϡϠϙϝϝϞϚϙ
¥ ϛϙϚϝ +BBQ (SVQQFMBBS FO +ÛSHFO 1JFUFST 6JUHFWFSJK 7FSMPSFO
5PSFOMBBO ϛϞ ϚϛϚϚ ģĚ )JMWFSTVN
XXXWFSMPSFOOM
0QNBBL 5"5 ;FUXFSL 6USFDIU
0NTMBHPOUXFSQ 'SFEFSJLF #PVUFO 6USFDIU
/P QBSU PG UIJT CPPL NBZ CF SFQSPEVDFE JO BOZ GPSN XJUIPVU XSJUUFO QFSNJTTJPO GSPN UIF QVCMJTIFS
*OIPVETPQHBWF
+BBQ (SVQQFMBBS +ÛSHFO 1JFUFST m *OMFJEJOH p Ϡ
(FSMPG 7FSXFZ m )PF [BH $PPSOIFSU [JDI[FMG %F JEFF WBO EF QBJEFJB
$ISJTUJ BMT NBUSJY WBO [JKO [FMêOUFSQSFUBUJF p ϚϜ
3VCFO #VZT m *O EF CBO WBO EF A%VZUTDIF ѮFPMPHVT 4QJSJUVBMJTNF FO
$PPSOIFSUT ASFEFMJKLF FUIJFL p ϜϞ
+ÛSHFO 1JFUFST m $PPSOIFSU FO $BMWJKO PWFS +PC %F MJKE[BBNIFJE WBO EF
WSJKF NFOT WFSTVT EF BMNBDIU WBO EF BGXF[JHF (PE p ϞϞ
+BBQ (SVQQFMBBS m 1FSGFDUJTNF FO POUIFDIUJOH %F XFMMFWFOTLVOTU WBO
$PPSOIFSU p ϠϞ
1BVM +VĒFSNBOT m $PPSOIFSU FO 4QJOP[B &FO XFSFME WBO WFSTDIJM p ϚϙϠ
+VMJF 3PHJFTU m (PVWFSOFNFOUBMJUÊ FO EJTDJQMJOF JO EF /FEFSMBOEFO &FO
GPVDBVMEJBBOTF BOBMZTF WBO $PPSOIFSUT #PFWFOUVDIU ϚϞϡϠ
p ϚϛϞ
+FSPFO 7BOEPNNFMF 4UJKO #VTTFMT m i$PPQMJFEFO EJF SFDIUWFFSEJDI
IBOEFMFO FFOQBFSu $PPSOIFSU FO IFU [FTUJFOEFFFVXTF "OUXFSQFO
PWFS IBOEFM FO SJKLEPN p ϚϝϜ
1FSTPPOTOBNFOSFHJTUFS p ϚϟϠ
0WFS EF BVUFVST p ϚϠϜ
#JCMJPUIFDB %JTTJEFOUJVN /FFSMBOEJDPSVN p ϚϠϠ
*OMFJEJOH
*O ϚϞϡϟ WFSTDIFFO WBO EF IBOE WBO %7 $PPSOIFSU ϚϞϛϛmϚϞϢϙ
IFU FUIJ
TDIF USBLUBBU ;FEFLVOTU EBU JT XFMMFWFOTLVOTUF %JU XFSL TUBBU CFLFOE BMT
EF FFSTUF FUIJDB JO FFO WPMLTUBBM $PPSOIFSU TDISFFG EF ;FEFLVOTU UPFO
IJK ϟϜ KBBS PVE XBT )FU XBT OJFU [JKO MBBUTUF CPFL NBBS UPDI EF LSPPO
PQ IFU PNWBOHSJKLF XFSL EBU IJK JO EF WPPSHBBOEF EFDFOOJB WPPSUCSBDIU
$PPSOIFSU XBT FFO BVUFVS NFU FFO [FFS CSFFE XFSLUFSSFJO MFUUFSLVOEF
UIFPMPHJF êMPTPêF 0PL XFSLUF IJK BMT WFSUBMFS WBO LMBTTJFLF FO FJHFO
UJKETF XFSLFO %BBSOBBTU TDISFFG IJK WFFM PWFS EF QPMJUJFLF FO NBBUTDIBQ
QFMJKLF BDUVBMJUFJU *O BM [JKO XFSLFO JT [JKO FUIJTDIF HSPOEIPVEJOH FO
TUFMMJOHOBNF EVJEFMJKL BBOXF[JH JO [JKO ;FEFLVOTU TZTUFNBUJTFFSU IJK [JKO
FUIJFL
%F CJKESBHFO BBO EF[F CVOEFM XFSEFO JO FFO FFSTUF WFSTJF HFQSFTFO
UFFSE PQ FFO TUVEJFCJKFFOLPNTU EJF QMBBUTWPOE PQ ϚϠ FO Ϛϡ KVOJ ϛϙϚϚ
JO (FOU %F PSHBOJTBUJF FSWBO XBT JO IBOEFO WBO EF $PPSOIFSU 4UJDI
UJOH FO EF (FOUTF (SPVQ GPS &BSMZ .PEFSO 4UVEJFT ĠĞĦĬ
XBBSCJOOFO
UVTTFO ϛϙϙϡ FO ϛϙϚϛ FFO POEFS[PFLTQSPKFDU MJFQ PWFS $PPSOIFSUT ;FEF
LVOTU 0Q EF[F TUVEJFCJKFFOLPNTU XBT EF BBOEBDIU NFU OBNF HFSJDIU
PQ EF ;FEFLVOTU 5FO CFIPFWF WBO EF[F CVOEFM XFSEFO EF MF[JOHFO IFS
XFSLU
%PPS [JKO LFV[F WPPS EF WPMLTUBBM IFFѫ $PPSOIFSU OPPJU FFO &VSP
QFFT QPEJVN CFSFJLU .BBS IJK TUPOE NFU [JKO FUIJTDIF WJTJF PQ EF WFSIPV
EJOH WBO IFU JOEJWJEV UPU (PE FO EF TBNFOMFWJOH [FLFS OJFU BMMFFO )JK
NBBLUF EFFM VJU WBO FFO CFXFHJOH EJF IBBS XPSUFMT IBE JO EF /FEFSMBOEFO
FSBTNJBOJTNF
FO JO BOEFSF MBOEFO WBO &VSPQB TQJSJUVBMJTNF OFPTUPÐ
DJTNF
%PPS [JKO QSJODJQJFFM QMFJEPPJ WPPS WPMMFEJHF HPETEJFOTUWSJKIFJE
XBT IJK JO FJHFO MBOE PNTUSFEFO $PPSOIFSUT TUSJKE UFHFO DBMWJOJTUJTDIF
MFFSTUVLLFO NFU OBNF EF MFFS WBO FSG[POEF FO QSFEFTUJOBUJF NBBLUF IFN
CJK EF HFSFGPSNFFSEFO HFIBBU 0PL CVJUFO EF MBOETHSFO[FO LMPOL LSJUJFL
#FLFOE JT EF SFBDUJF WBO $BMWJKO PQ $PPSOIFSUT TUFMMJOHOBNF %F IPPGE
UJUFM WBO EF[F CVOEFM IPVEU FFO WFSXJK[JOH JO OBBS EF POEFSUJUFM WBO FFO
QBNëFU VJU ϚϞϟϛ XBBSJO $BMWJKO $PPSOIFSU JO IFU WJ[JFS OFFNU %F WPM
MFEJHF UJUFM WBO IFU TDIPUTDISJѫ ‡ $POUSF MB TFDUF QIBOUBTUJRVF FU GVSJFVTF
ϡ
ĢħĥĞĢĝĢħĠ
EFT MJCFSUJOT RVJ TF OPNNFOU TQJSJUVFM[ 3FTQPOTF Æ VO DFSUBJO IPMBOEPJT ‡
HFFѫ BM BBO XBBS EF UFLTU PWFS HBBU 7PMHFOT $BMWJKO JT $PPSOIFSU FFO
AMJCFSUJKO JFNBOE EJF POEFS IFU NPN WBO EF SFMJHJF XBBO[JOOJHF EFOL
CFFMEFO EF XFSFME JOTUVVSU EJF OJFU BOEFST EBO HPEEFMPPT LVOOFO XPSEFO
HFOPFNE
6O DFSUBJO IPMBOEBJT ‡ %F UJUFM WBO EF[F CVOEFM JNQMJDFFSU OJFU EBU
FOLFM EF WFSIPVEJOH WBO $PPSOIFSU FO IFU DBMWJOJTNF BBO CPE LPNU
%F[F UJUFM NPFU JO CSFEFSF [FMGT NFUBGPSJTDIF [JO XPSEFO CFHSFQFO %F
TUVSFOEF JEFF BDIUFS EF CVOEFM JT EBU XF $PPSOIFSU FO WJB IFN EF WSB
HFO WBO [JKO UJKE CFUFS LVOOFO CFHSJKQFO EPPS [JKO XFSL UF DPOGSPOUFSFO
NFU XFSL WBO BOEFSFO XFSL WBO WPPSHBOHFST FO UJKEHFOPUFO XBBSPQ IJK
EJSFDU PG JOEJSFDU BOUXPPSEU PG XFSL WBO MBUFSF BVUFVST WBOXBBSVJU CF[JFO
IFU FJHFOBBSEJHF WBO $PPSOIFSU JO IFU PPH TQSJOHU 5PU EF FFSTUF DBUFHP
SJF CFIPSFO SFMJHJFV[F FO XJKTHFSJHF USBEJUJFT XBBSBBO IJK LFSOHFEBDIUFO
WBO [JKO FUIJFL POUMFFOEF IFU TUPÐDJTNF EF AQBJEFJB $ISJTUJHFEBDIUF
WBO EF (SJFLTF LFSLWBEFST NBBS FWFO HPFE EF AѮFPMPHJB %FVUTDI
UPU
EF UXFFEF MBUFSF FO [FMGT IFEFOEBBHTF êMPTPGFO BMT 4QJOP[B FO .JDIFM
'PVDBVMU )FU XFSL WBO EJF MBBUTUF WPPSBM EBO [JKO EFOLFO PWFS EF WSPFH
NPEFSOF AHPVWFSOFNFOUBMJUÊ
GVOHFFSEF BMT [PFLMJDIU CJK IFU (FOUTF QSP
KFDU PWFS EF ;FEFLVOTU
$PPSOIFSU SBBLUF EVJEFMJKL BBO WFMF AUFSF QMFLLFO WBO [JKO UJKE )FU
JT EF CFEPFMJOH WBO EF[F CVOEFM PN POT CFFME WBO EF [FTUJFOEF FFVX
OBEFS UF POEFS[PFLFO NFFS CFQBBME )PF LVOOFO XF WJB $PPSOIFSU
[JDIU LSJKHFO PQ EF HFCPPSUFQJKOFO WBO IFU NPEFSOF &VSPQB 8BU JT IFU
CFMBOH WBO [JKO XFSL WPPS IFU CFHSJKQFO WBO EJF UJKE 6JUFSBBSE JT PPL
EF JOUFSQSFUBUJF WBO $PPSOIFSUT FUIJFL POEFSXFSQ WBO EFCBU XBT IJK
SBUJPOBMJTU TQJSJUVBMJTU PG CFJEF
(FSMPG 7FSXFZ QSPCFFSU JO [JKO CJKESBHF JFUT UF [FHHFO PWFS EF êHVVS
WBO [FMêOUFSQSFUBUJF EJF CFTMPUFO MJHU JO IFU XFSL WBO $PPSOIFSU %BBS
CJK HBBU IFU FS OJFU PN IPF $PPSOIFSU [JKO JOEJWJEVFMF
[FMGCFFME DPO
TUSVFFSEF ‡ JFUT XBBSWPPS CJK BGXF[JHIFJE WBO TQPSFO WBO FYQMJDJFUF
[FMGSFëFDUJF OBVXFMJKLT BBOLOPQJOHTQVOUFO UF WJOEFO [JKO ‡ NBBS PN
FFO SFDPOTUSVDUJF WBO [JKO NFOTCFFME %F BVUFVS CFUPPHU EBU IFU JO BMMF
HFTDISJѫFO WBO $PPSOIFSU WPPSPOEFSTUFMEF IFJMTQFEBHPHJTDIF TUSFWFO
JOEFSEBBE FFO IFFM CFQBBME OPSNBUJFG HFMBEFO NFOTCFFME WFSSBBEU UF
XFUFO IFU CFFME WBO EF NFOT BMT JNJUBUPS $ISJTUJ QBFEBHPHJ )FU JT FFO
NFOTCFFME EBU WPPS $PPSOIFSU FFO SFMJHJFVTFUIJTDIF WFSCJOUFMJKLIFJE
IFFѫ %F JEFF WBO EF QBJEFJB $ISJTUJ [PBMT EJF EPPS EF (SJFLTF LFSLWBEFST
WPPS IFU FFSTU HFBSUJDVMFFSE XFSE CMJKLU BMEVT EF NBUSJY WBO $PPSOIFSUT
[FMêOUFSQSFUBUJF UF [JKO
ĢħĥĞĢĝĢħĠ
Ϣ
3VCFO #VZT CFIBOEFMU $PPSOIFSUT MJFGEF WPPS IFU TQJSJUVBMJTNF "M
PQ [O UXJOUJHTUF UPFO $PPSOIFSU IPGNFFTUFS WBO 3FJOPVE WBO #SFEFSPEF
XFSE LXBN IJK JO BBOSBLJOH NFU BVUFVST VJU EF TQJSJUVBMJTUJTDIF USBEJ
UJF -BUFS NBBLUF IJK PPL LFOOJT NFU EF ѮFPMPHJB %FVUTDI FFO UFLTU EJF
[JKO MJFWFMJOHTUFLTU [PV XPSEFO $PPSOIFSU MBT EF A%VZUTDIF ѮFPMPHVT
NFFSEFSF LFSFO QFS KBBS FO [FHU OFSHFOT iNFFS (PEMJKDLFS XBFSIFZUT
FOEF TUJDIUJOHIFu UF IFCCFO HFWPOEFO %JU BSUJLFM CFIBOEFMU EF QBSBM
MFMMFO EJF $PPSOIFSUT NPSBBMêMPTPêTDIF XFSL WFSUPPOU NFU DPODFQUFO
FO UIFNBT JO EF ѮFPMPHJB %FVUTDI )FU NBBLU FFSTU FFO BOBMZTF WBO
IFU NFOT FO XFSFMECFFME EBU JO EF ѮFPMPHJB %FVUTDI UF WJOEFO JT 7FS
WPMHFOT XPSEU $PPSOIFSUT BOUSPQPMPHJTDIF FO NPSBBMêMPTPêTDIF QPTJUJF
EBBSUFHFO BGHF[FU [PEBU FOLFMF CFMBOHSJKLF PWFSFFOLPNTUFO FO WFSTDIJM
MFO [JDIUCBBS XPSEFO 0PL MBBU IFU [JFO IPF $PPSOIFSU FMFNFOUFO VJU EF
ѮFPMPHJB %FVUTDI BBOQBTU BBO FFO WJTJF EJF EF TQJSJUVBMJTUJTDIF AHPEEF
MJKLF WPOL HFMJKLTUFMU BBO EF NFOTFMJKLF SFEF
*O [JKO CJKESBHF HBBU +ÛSHFO 1JFUFST OBEFS JO PQ IFU CFFME EBU $PPSO
IFSU FO $BMWJKO IFCCFO WBO EF #JKCFMTF IFME +PC 1JFUFST UPPOU BBO EBU
WPPS $PPSOIFSU +PC FFO JDPPO JT WBO IFU NFOTCFFME EBU IJK JO [JKO ;FEF
LVOTU FO JO EF NFFTUF WBO [JKO PWFSJHF QVCMJDBUJFT VJUESBBHU EF MJKE[BNF
NFOT EJF PQ HSPOE WBO FFO [FMG HFLP[FO SFEFMJKLIFJE EBUHFOF WFSESBBHU
XBU (PE WPPS IFN IFFѫ WPPS[JFO %F +PC EJF JO $BMWJKOT QSFLFO PWFS IFU
#JKCFMCPFL DFOUSBBM TUBBU JT EBO XFFS LFONFSLFOE WPPS IFU NFOTCFFME EBU
EF (FOFFGTF )FSWPSNFS WPPSBM JO [JKO *OTUJUVUJPOFT IFFѫ WFSXPPSE +PC
JT IJFS FFO UPPOCFFME WBO EF NFOT EJF JO EF BGXF[JHIFJE WBO (PE PQ [JKO
HFMPPG TUFVOU /JFU EF HFMJKLNPFEJHIFJE EF SFEFMJKLIFJE FO EF WSJKF XJM
TUBBO CJK $BMWJKO DFOUSBBM NBBS IFU POXBOLFMCBSF HFMPPG JO EF KVJTUIFJE
WBO (PET EPFO FO MBUFO
+BBQ (SVQQFMBBS CJFEU JO [JKO CJKESBHF FFO JOUFSQSFUBUJF WBO EF ;FEF
LVOTU )JK TUFMU EBU $PPSOIFSU [JDI JO [JKO QPMJUJFLF HFTDISJѫFO TUFSL
NBBLU WPPS HPETEJFOTUWSJKIFJE SFMJHJFWSFEF FO UPMFSBOUJF FO FFO FJOE XJM
NBLFO BBO EF HPETEJFOTUTUSJKE FO CVSHFSPPSMPH *O EF ;FEFLVOTU FFO WBO
[JKO MBBUTUF XFSLFO
MJKLU IJK FDIUFS [JKO NPFJ[BNF TUSJKE WPPS WFSESBBH
[BBNIFJE FO SFDIUWBBSEJHIFJE UF TUBLFO FO [JDI JO EBOLCBSF MJKE[BBNIFJE
POWPPSXBBSEFMJKL PWFS UF HFWFO BBO EF AIFJM[BNF LBTUJKEJOHFO WBO EF
SFDIUWBBSEJHF (PE )PF LPNU EF BMUJKE TUSJKECBSF $PPSOIFSU UPU [JKO MPG
QSJK[JOH WBO MJKE[BBNIFJE HFIPPS[BBNIFJE POUIFDIUJOH FO PWFSHBWF
)FFѫ EF PVEF $PPSOIFSU FS UFO MFTUF WSFEF NFF EBU IFU UVTTFO NFOTFO
BMNBBS PPSMPH JT
%F CJKESBHF JT BMT WPMHU PQHFCPVXE &FSTU TDIFUTU (SVQQFMBBS FFO
CFFME WBO EF KBSFO ϡϙ SBNQKBSFO EJF $PPSOIFSU EPFO XBOIPQFO BBO FFO
Ϛϙ
ĢħĥĞĢĝĢħĠ
HPFEF BëPPQ WBO EF PQTUBOE FO BBO EF IBBMCBBSIFJE WBO [JKO DISJTUFMJKL
TBNFOMFWJOHTJEFBBM 7FSWPMHFOT JT IFU EF WSBBH PG EF ;FEFLVOTU NFU [JKO
OBESVL PQ MJKE[BBNIFJE OFU BMT -JQTJVT %F DPOTUBOUJB FFO êMPTPêF WPPS
TMFDIUF UJKEFO JT FO PG EF ;FEFLVOTU XFM QBTU CJK IFU QPMJUJFLF FOHBHFNFOU
WBO $PPSOIFSU %BBSOB CFIBOEFMU (SVQQFMBBS IFU TUPÐTDIF QSPHSBNNB
WBO EF ;FEFLVOTU XBBSCJK IJK XJM BBOUPOFO EBU $PPSOIFSU Ϛ EF SFEF
OJFU [JFU BMT FFO [FMGTUBOEJH WFSNPHFO NBBS BMT FFO FJHFOTDIBQ WBO EF
TDIFQQJOHTPSEF ϛ IFU XFMMFWFO [JFU BMT FFO LVOTU EVT BMT FFO WBBSEJHIFJE
EJF NFO [JDI EPPS JOTQBOOJOH POEFSXJKT FO PFGFOJOH FJHFO LBO NBLFO
EBU IFU EBBSCJK FDIUFS OJFU HBBU PN NFOTFMJKLF [FMGWFSXFSLFMJKLJOH NBBS
PN [FMGPWFSTUJKHJOH FO POUFJHFOJOH BTDFTF FO HPETFSWBSJOH Ϝ EF HPET
FSWBSJOH [JFU BMT FFO BĒFDUJFG UPUBBMQFSTQFDUJFG EF XFSFME JT EPPS (PE
MJFGEFWPM JOHFSJDIU FO ϝ EJF (PETMJFGEF JO EF OBBTUFOMJFGEF XFFSTQJFHFME
[JFU
1BVM +VĒFSNBOT CFTQSFFLU JO [JKO CJKESBHF FFO BBOUBM WFSTDIJMMFO FO
PWFSFFOLPNTUFO UVTTFO $PPSOIFSUT ;FEFLVOTU FO 4QJOP[BT &UIJDB %F[F
WFSTDIJMMFO FO PWFSFFOLPNTUFO XPSEFO JO WFSCBOE HFCSBDIU NFU EF VJU
FFOMPQFOEF IJTUPSJTDIF DPOUFYU XBBSJO CFJEF HFTDISJѫFO UPU TUBOE LXB
NFO ;P BEFNU 4QJOP[BT &UIJDB EF HFFTU WBO EF NPEFSOF UJKE XBBSJO EF
PQLPNTU WBO EF OBUVVSXFUFOTDIBQ FO EF XJTLVOEJHF NBOJFS WBO EFOLFO
NPEFM TUBBO WPPS EF êMPTPêF UFSXJKM EF[F HFFTU OPH HFIFFM POUCSFFLU JO
$PPSOIFSUT ;FEFLVOTU 0PL XJKTU +VĒFSNBOT PQ IFU WFSTDIJM JO IPVEJOH
UFO BBO[JFO WBO IFU LMBTTJFLêMPTPêTDIF FSGHPFE 5FSXJKM $PPSOIFSU OPH
PQ FFO POQSPCMFNBUJTDIF NBOJFS VJU EJU FSGHPFE NFU OBNF EF 4UPB
LPO
QVUUFO JT EJU WPPS FFO EFOLFS BMT 4QJOP[B OJFU NFFS NPHFMJKL HF[JFO EF
USBEJUJFCSFVL EJF [JDI WBOBG %FTDBSUFT IFFѫ WPMUSPLLFO 5PU TMPU XPSEU
FSPQ HFXF[FO EBU EF PWFSFFOLPNTUFO UVTTFO CFJEFS A[FEFLVOTUFO NFU
OBNF NPFUFO XPSEFO HF[PDIU PQ IFU WMBL WBO EF QSBLUJTDIF VJUXFSLJO
HFO
+VMJF 3PHJFTU POEFS[PFLU JO IBBS CJKESBHF NPHFMJKLIFEFO WPPS FFO
XBBSEFWPMMF EJBMPPH UVTTFO 'PVDBVMU FO $PPSOIFSU %F[F EJBMPPH XBT
PPL IFU POEFSXFSQ WBO IBBS QSPFGTDISJѫ 6OJWFSTJUFJU (FOU ϛϙϚϜ
FO XBT
UPFO UPFHFTQJUTU PQ EF ;FEFLVOTU ϚϞϡϞ
WBO $PPSOIFSU
/V SJDIU [JK [JDI PQ #PFWFOUVDIU PѫF .JEEFMFO UPU NJOEFSJOH EFS
TDIBEFMJKDLF -FEJHIHBOHFST ϚϞϡϠ
)FU EPFM EBBSCJK CMJKѫ PN IFU IJT
UPSJTDIF DPSQVT WBO $PPSOIFSUT UFLTU JO EF[F WFSHFMJKLJOH DFOUSBBM UF
QMBBUTFO FO OJFU [P[FFS PN FFO PWFS[JDIU UF CJFEFO WBO EF DPNQMFYF POU
TUBBOTHFTDIJFEFOJT WBO 'PVDBVMUT EFOLFO ;PEPFOEF IPPQU [JK CJOOFO EF
/FFSMBOEJTUJFL FFO WPPS[FU UF HFWFO UPU FFO EJFQHBBOEFS SFëFDUJF PQ EF
NFFSXBBSEF WBO JEFFÌOIJTUPSJTDIF DPODFQUFO [PBMT NFU OBNF 'PVDBVMUT
ĢħĥĞĢĝĢħĠ
ϚϚ
HPVWFSOFNFOUBMJUÊCFHSJQ WPPS IFU IJTUPSJTDI MJUFSBUVVSXFUFOTDIBQQFMJKL
POEFS[PFL
0PL 4UJKO #VTTFMT FO +FSPFO 7BOEPNNFMF NBLFO HFCSVJL WBO 'PV
DBVMUT HPVWFSOFNFOUBMJUÊCFHSJQ ;JK HBBO JO IVO CJKESBHF EJFQFS JO PQ
$PPSOIFSUT LPPQNBOTFUIJFL (FEVSFOEF [JKO MFWFO IFFѫ $PPSOIFSU [JDI
SFHFMNBUJH CF[JHHFIPVEFO NFU WSBHFO PWFS FUIJFL JO EF IBOEFM ;FMG
BѪPNTUJH VJU FFO "NTUFSEBNT LPPQNBOTHFTMBDIU HJOH IFU POEFSXFSQ
IFN OB BBO IFU IBSU %SJF XFSLFO WBO EF IBOE WBO $PPSOIFSU $PNF
EJF WBOEF 3JKDLFNBO 3FDIU (IFCSVZDL FOEF .JTCSVZDL WBO UJKEMZDLF )BWF
FO %F $PPQNBO XPSEFO POEFS[PDIU NFU BMT DFOUSBMF WSBBH IFU FUIJTDIF
HFCSVJL WBO XJOTUPQCSFOHTUFO EPPS WFSNPHFOEF LPPQMJFEFO %F XFSLFO
WBO $PPSOIFSU XPSEFO WFSWPMHFOT HFQMBBUTU JO EF DPOUFYU WBO "OUXFS
QFO PQ EBU NPNFOU EÊ IBOEFMTNFUSPQPPM WBO EF /FEFSMBOEFO $PPSO
IFSUT FDPOPNJTDIFUIJTDIF HFEBDIUFHPFE LXBN OBNFMJKL OJFU [PNBBS VJU
EF MVDIU WBMMFO )JK HBBU KVJTU JO EJBMPPH NFU HFTDISJѫFO VJU IFU "OU
XFSQTF JOUFMMFDUVFMF NJMJFV XBBS WSBHFO XFSEFO HFTUFME PWFS EF TPDJBBM
FUIJTDIF JNQMJDBUJFT WBO IFU PQLPNFOE IBOEFMTLBQJUBMJTNF "BO EF IBOE
WBO 'PVDBVMUT BOBMZTF WBO IFU HPVWFSOFNFOUFMF EFOLFO QSPCFSFO #VT
TFMT FO 7BOEPNNFMF EVJEFMJKL UF NBLFO IPF EF IBOEFMBBS CJK $PPSOIFSU
FFO JOEJWJEVFMF WFSBOUXPPSEFMJKLIFJE BBOHFNFUFO LSJKHU JO GVODUJF WBO
IFU BMHFNFFO NBBUTDIBQQFMJKL CFMBOH
3FEBDUJF
*O EF TMPUSFEBDUJF WBO EF CJKESBHFO IFCCFO XJK OJFU WPMTUSFLUF SFEBDUJPOFMF
VOJGPSNJUFJU OBHFTUSFFGE 8JK IFCCFO JFEFST UBBMHFCSVJL FO XFSLXJK[F [P
WFFM NPHFMJKL HFSFTQFDUFFSE %F WPFUOPUFO FO CJCMJPHSBêTDIF WFSXJK[JO
HFO [JKO HFIBSNPOJTFFSE
%BOLXPPSE
0Q EF[F QMBBUT XJMMFO XJK EF $PPSOIFSU 4UJDIJOH FO EF 6OJWFSTJUFJU (FOU
NFU OBNF EF (FOUTF (SPVQ GPS &BSMZ .PEFSO 4UVEJFT CFEBOLFO WPPS
IVO TUFVO BBO EF PSHBOJTBUJF WBO EF TUVEJFCJKFFOLPNTU FO EF QVCMJ
DBUJF WBO EF[F $PPSOIFSUTUVEJFT 1SPG ES .JSKBN WBO 7FFO FO ES
"SJF+BO (FMEFSCMPN EBOLFO XJK WPPS IVO HSPOEJHF FO LSJUJTDIF MFD
UVVS WBO EF CJKESBHFO 0PL EBOLFO XJK 5"5 ;FUXFSL JO EF QFSTPPO WBO
-BVSJF .FJKFST WPPS EF EFTLVOEJHF PQNBBL WBO PO[F UFLTUFO FO PO[F
Ϛϛ
ĢħĥĞĢĝĢħĠ
VJUHFWFS 7FSMPSFO )JMWFSTVN
JO EF QFSTPPO WBO ѮZT 7FS-PSFO WBO
ѮFNBBU FO "OKB WBO -FVTEFO WPPS EF QVCMJDBUJF WBO PO[F $PPSOIFSU
TUVEJFT
+BBQ (SVQQFMBBS +ÛSHFO 1JFUFST
ϡ KBOVBSJ ϛϙϚϝ
ĠĞīĥĨğ įĞīİĞIJ
)PF [BH $PPSOIFSU [JDI[FMG
%F JEFF WBO EF QBJEFJB $ISJTUJ BMT
NBUSJY WBO [JKO [FMêOUFSQSFUBUJF
*OMFJEJOH
%F[F CJKESBHF HBBU PWFS $PPSOIFSUT [FMѢFHSJQ PG [FMêOUFSQSFUBUJF ;FMG
JOUFSQSFUBUJF JT FFO UFSN EJF NFEF EPPS EF IFEFOEBBHTF EPNJOBOUJF WBO
EF BOHFMTBLTJTDIF êMPTPêF PQ EF BDIUFSHSPOE JT HFSBBLU FWFOBMT UFSNFO
[PBMT [FMѢFHSJQ 4FMCTUWFSTUÅOEOJT [FMGSFëFDUJF [FMѢF[JOOJOH FO [FMѪFO
OJT EJF UPU EF[FMGEF GBNJMJF CFIPSFO )PFXFM EF QSPCMFNBUJFL WBO IFU
CFXVTU[JKO DR [FMѢFXVTU[JKO NFU OBNF JO EF IFEFOEBBHTF DPHOJUJFêMP
TPêF FFO IPU JTTVF JT FO FFO MFWFOEJHF CFMBOHTUFMMJOH WPPS EF QSPCMFNBUJFL
WBO EF QFSTPPOMJKLF JEFOUJUFJU JO EF QIJMPTPQIZ PG NJOE OJFU WBMU UF POU
LFOOFO [JKO FS IFFM XBU WPPSBM BOHFMTBLTJTDIF
êMPTPGFO WPPS XJF EF
NFU EF[F UFSNFO BBOHFEVJEF GBNJMJF WBO CFHSJQQFO IPPHTU WFSEBDIU JT FO
FFO ABDIUFSIBBMEF êMPTPêF WFSUFHFOXPPSEJHU %FSHFMJKLF CFHSJQQFO SPF
QFO OPH UF WFFM BTTPDJBUJFT PQ NFU EF OFHFOUJFOEF FO WSPFHUXJOUJHTUF
FFVXTF CFXVTU[JKOTêMPTPêF EF TQFDVMBUJFGJEFBMJTUJTDIF WBO )FHFM FOPG
EF GFOPNFOPMPHJTDIF WBO )VTTFSM PN EBBS BOEFST EBO NFU FFO CPPH
PNIFFO UF MPQFO ;P [JKO IFU WPPSBM DPOUJOFOUBBMêMPTPêTDI HFPSJÌO
UFFSEF EFOLFST [PBMT )( (BEBNFS + )BCFSNBT FO $I 5BZMPS JO XJF
EJF USBEJUJF OPH EPPSXFSLU FO IFU HFIFJMJHEF GBDUVN WBO IFU [FMѢFXVTU
[JKO IFU QBUJOB WBO FFO HFMJFGE FO HFLPFTUFSE WFSMFEFO IFFѫ CFIPVEFO
7PPS WFFM WBO EF OV UPPOBBOHFWFOEF êMPTPGFO FO XFUFOTDIBQQFST
FDI
UFS JT IFU TVCKFDU WBO EBU [FMG
CFXVTU[JKO IFU [FMG OJFU NFFS FFO WBO[FMG
TQSFLFOE HFHFWFO EBU QSJNBJS EPPS SFëFDUJF HFLFOE CFHSFQFO HFÐOUFS
QSFUFFSE LBO XPSEFO 0N LPSU UF HBBO PWFS IFU HFIFFM HFOPNFO MJKLU ‡
Ϛ
.FU IBSUFMJKLF EBOL BBO QSPG ES +BBQ WBO #FM[FO 6W"
NFWS ES "OOFLF 'MFVSLFOT
NS ES +BBQ (SVQQFMBBS ES .POJDB .FJKTJOH 6W5
QSPG ES +ÛSHFO 1JFUFST ĮĠ
#FMHJÌ
FO NFWS QSPG ES .JSKBN WBO 7FFO įĮ
WPPS IVO LSJUJTDIF PQNFSLJOHFO
BBOWVMMJOHFO FO TVHHFTUJFT
Ϛϝ
ĠĞīĥĨğ įĞīİĞIJ
[FLFS JO EF TPDJBMF XFUFOTDIBQQFO ‡ EF HFEBDIUF UF MFWFO EBU OB FFVXFO
WBO [FMѢFESPH IFU [FMG EFêOJUJFG POUNBTLFSE JT BMT FFO TPDJBMF
DPO
TUSVDUJF
)PF LPNU [PO DPOTUSVDUJF UPU TUBOE &O XJF JT EF DPOTUSVDUFVS
%BBSPWFS CFTUBBO JO êMPTPêF FO XFUFOTDIBQ WFSTDIJMMFOEF PQWBUUJOHFO
*L HB EBBS OJFU WFSEFS PQ JO NBBS CFQFSL NF FSUPF ÊÊO XFUFOTDIBQQFS UF
OPFNFO EJF NFU [JKO QVCMJDBUJFT JO EF KBSFO ϚϢϟϙϚϢϠϙ GVSPSF NBBLUF FO
UPU PQ IFEFO BDUVFFM JT HFCMFWFO )FU XBT EF TPDJPMPPH &SWJO (PĒNBO
EJF NFU [JKO CFHSJQ WBO EF [FMGQSFTFOUBUJF BMT FFO WBO EF FFSTUFO FFO
BOUXPPSE PQ CPWFOHFOPFNEF WSBHFO HBG )FU [FMG LPNU UPU TUBOE JO FFO
DPNQMFYF JOUFSBDUJF WBO QFSTPOFO FO XJK[FMG [JKO JO EBU JOUFSBDUJFWF QSPDFT
EF DPOTUSVDUFVS WBO EBU POT
[FMG ;P CFHPO EF TQFDUBDVMBJSF PQNBST WBO
IFU CFHSJQ WBO EF [FMGQSFTFOUBUJF UPU EF TUBUVT WBO FFO HSPOECFHSJQ JO IFU
IFEFOEBBHTF EFOLFO PWFS DPNNVOJDBUJFWF JOUFSBDUJF
3VJN EFSUJH KBBS MBUFS [PV WPPS[PWFS JL LBO OBHBBO MPT WBO (PĒ
NBO FO NFEF POEFS JOWMPFE WBO EF êMPTPêF WBO .JDIFM 'PVDBVMU FFO
WFSXBOU CFHSJQ UF XFUFO EBU WBO EF [FMGWPSNJOH PG TFMGGBTIJPOJOH EF
BBOEBDIU USFLLFO NBBS OV WBOVJU MJUFSBUVVS FO DVMUVVSXFUFOTDIBQQF
MJKLF HF[JDIUTIPFL FO UPFHFTQJUTU PQ EF &OHFMTF SFOBJTTBODF JL EPFM PQ
IFU CPFL WBO 4UFQIFO (SFFOCMBUU 3FOBJTTBODF 4FMG'BTIJPOJOH 'SPN .PSF
UP 4IBLFTQFBSF ϚϢϡϙ
4FMGGBTIJPOJOH TUBBU EBBSJO ‡ [PBMT FFSEFS TFMG
QSFTFOUBUJPO CJK (PĒNBO ‡ JO EF FFSTUF QMBBUT WPPS FFO QSPDFT WBO TP
DJBMF JOUFSBDUJF )FU JT HFSJDIU PQ EF WPSNJOH WBO FFO TPDJBMF
JEFOUJUFJU
FFO QFSTPOB )FU CFTDISJKѫ FFO QSPDFT WBO BBOQBTTJOH DPOGPSNFSJOH TP
DJBMJTFSJOH UFO CFIPFWF WBO IFU TPDJBMF QPMJUJFLF PWFSMFWFO WBO IFU JOEJ
WJEV .FU BOEFSF XPPSEFO TFMGGBTIJPOJOH JT FFO JOTUSVNFOU PN [JDI[FMG
TPDJBBM UF IBOEIBWFO
%BU NFU EF BBOEBDIU WPPS EF UIFNBUJFL WBO EF TFMGGBTIJPOJOH KVJTU
EF SFOBJTTBODF JO CFFME LXBN JT OJFU UPFWBMMJH BTTPDJÌSFO XF UPDI WBO
PVETIFS EF SFOBJTTBODF NFU HSPUF QFSTPPOMJKLIFEFO EJF PQ TQFDUBDV
MBJSF XJK[F DBSSJÍSF HFNBBLU IFCCFO IJTUPSJTDIF BDUPSFO WBO XJF NFU
SFDIU HF[FHE LBO XPSEFO EBU [JK JO CFMBOHSJKLF NBUF EF BSDIJUFDUFO WBO
IVO FJHFO TPDJBBMQPMJUJFLF UFHFOXPPSEJHIFJE EF DPOTUSVDUFVST WBO
IVO FJHFO QFSTPOB [JKO HFXFFTU %JF SFOBJTTBODF JT FDIUFS OJFU MPVUFS
ϛ
Ϝ
ϝ
& (PĒNBO ѮF 1SFTFOUBUJPO PG 4FMG JO &WFSZEBZ -JGF )BSNPOETXPSUI ϚϢϠϚ <ϚϢϞϢ>
4 (SFFOCMBUU 3FOBJTTBODF 4FMG'BTIJPOJOH 'SPN .PSF UP 4IBLFTQFBSF $IJDBHP-PO
EFO ϛϙϙϞ <ϚϢϡϙ>
0Q [JKO NJOTU TJOET + #VSDLIBSEUT CBBOCSFLFOEF XFSL %JF ,VMUVS EFS 3FOBJTTBODF JO
*UBMJFO Ϛϡϟϙ