Module 21 模組21 Welfare of Working Animals 役用動物的動物福利 This module will enable you to 本模組將使您能夠 • Identify different species of working animals and their working conditions闡明不同的役用動物物種 和他們的工作狀況 • Identify problems affecting welfare闡明影響福利 的問題 • Suggest short-term and long-term improvements and alternatives建議短期和長期的改進措施和替 代方案 • Understand the benefits of increased working animal welfare, to the owner and environment暸 解動物福利工作的增加對飼主和環境的好處 Introduction簡介 • At least 400 million draught animals大約4億頭役用 動物 – Used by at least 2 billion people in about 30 countries分佈在大約30個國家供給20億人使用 – Saving at least 20 billion tons of petrol節省200億 公噸的汽油 • Purpose of working animals役用動物的用途 – Agriculture農業 – Hauling carts拖曳動物運貨車 – Power to devices為設備提供動力 – Carrying loads on back在背上裝載運送貨物 – Herding, guarding, hunting放牧，守衛，狩獵 5 1 3 4 2 Ruminants 反芻動物 • Water buffalo水牛 • Cattle牛 – Mithan/Gayal米山牛/大額牛 – Bali cattle巴里島牛 • Yak犛牛 Water buffalo水牛 • Main purposes 主要目的 – Milk, meat牛奶，肉 – Work勞動 • Humid tropics潮濕的熱帶 – Access to water necessary接近生活所必 需的水源 – Long hooves are well suited for work in wet conditions長的蹄 很適合在潮濕的條件下工作 – Slow animal行動緩慢的 動物 Cattle牛 • Non-humped: Temperate regions 無瘤的:溫帶地區 • Humped/Zebu: Warm • Multipurpose animals-climate high nutritional demands 有瘤的/犛牛:溫暖的氣候 多種用途的動物，因而在營養上有較高 的需求 • Common use of oxen牛隻 的一般使用 • Lameness跛 • Sores from wooden yokes木製牛軛造成的疼痛 Yak 犛牛 • Used for milk, hair, riding and as pack animal in high mountain regions of Asia 在亞洲的高山地區用於供應牛奶、毛，騎乘和當馱獸 • Steep terrain 陡峭的地形 • Coldness – long hair寒冷- 長毛髮 • Crossed with cattle for lower regions與牛橫渡 到更低的地區 Camelidae 1 駱駝科 1 • Camels駱駝 – One-humped dromedary 單峰駱駝 – Two-humped bactrian 雙峰駱駝 – Extreme temperatures極 端溫度 • Cutaneous pads皮膚肉 墊 • Hump駝峰 • Physiology生理學 • Llamas美洲駝 – Pack animals馱運貨物的動物 Camelidae 2 駱駝科 2 Used for 用途 • Transport of goods and people運輸貨物和人 • Draught拉車 • Milk, meat, hides, hair牛奶，肉，皮革，毛髮 Welfare problems福利問題 • Harness and saddle wounds挽具和馬鞍造成的創 傷 • Nose injuries鼻子傷害 Horses馬 • Open grassland 開放的牧場 • Social species 社會性的物種 • Flight instinct 逃跑的本能 Problems:問題 • Lameness跛 • Sores from harnesses, saddles 來自挽具的疼痛，馬鞍 Donkeys & Mules (donkey x horse) 驢和騾 ( 驢x馬) Elephant 大象 • Trained wild animals 訓練野生的動物 –Breeding繁殖 –Training訓練 • Ceremonial / tourist / timber logging禮儀/旅遊/木 材砍伐 • Problems問題 –Skin皮膚 –Feet腳 –Nutrition/teeth營養/牙 齒 Dogs 狗 • • • • • Herding放牧 Guarding守衛 Hunting狩獵 Draught拉曳 Other: Guide, police, rescue其他：嚮導， 守衛，援救 Husbandry assessment 飼養業評估 Broad range of species, climate, traditions and resources廣泛的物種， 氣候，傳統常規和資源 Good husbandry practices 1 良好的飼育實施方法 1 • Social behaviour社會行為 – Keeping of social animals in groups成 群社會動物的保存 – Ensure adequate mother-offspring contact保證足夠的母親子女間的接觸 • Locomotory behaviour移動的行為 – Limited tethering有限的拴繩 – Housing in pens, paddocks居住在圍欄 小牧場 Good husbandry practices 2 良好的飼育實施方法 2 • Comfort behaviour舒適的行為 – Provide wallows – elephants, buffaloes 提供打滾的地方─大象，水牛 – Allow grooming behaviour允許理毛行 為 – Groom animals照料動物 Good husbandry practices 3 良好的飼育實施方法 3 • Feeding behaviour飼養行為 – Adequate quality and quantity of food and water食 物和水有足夠的質量和數量 – Adequate access to food (trough length, no bullying)足夠的靠近食物(飼料槽的長度，沒有恃強 欺弱的行為) • Resting behaviour休息行為 – Shade, shelter陰涼處，遮蔽處 – Soft lying area柔軟的橫臥地區 – Adequate space足夠的空間 Problems when working 工作時的問題 • Overworking / insufficient rest工作過度/不足的休息 • Overloading / inadequate loading technique超載/不適當 的裝貨技術 • Inadequate equipment (cart, harness)不適當的裝備〈馬 車，挽具〉 • Inhumane handling無人情味的管理 • Working whilst in poor health, too young健康不佳的情況 下工作，太年輕 • Road accidents交通事故 • Seasonality of work工作的季節性 • Lack of health care缺乏保健 How to assess problems 如何評估問題 • Questioning the owner詢問飼主 • Assessment of harness and cart 挽具和馬車的評估 • Assessment of the animal動物的評估 Harness挽具 Saddle 馬鞍 • Ideal attachment Collar馬 軛 Breeches 馬褲 • Four-wheeled and two-wheeled vehicles 四輪和兩輪的運載工具 – Swingle tree馬車前端繫拖曳繩之橫木 – Wheels slightly forward, weight further back 車輪移稍微向前一點，載重則在往後移一些 Animal-based parameters 動物的參數 • Behaviour e.g.行為的參數，例如： – Dragging of feet, staggered walking拖著腳走，難以相信的步 行 – Dull behaviour遲鈍的行為 – Increased avoidance distance to humans增加能躲避人類的 距離 • Pathology e.g.病理學的參數，例如： – Skin lesion score皮膚損害的傷痕 – Nasal/ocular discharge鼻/眼睛流出分泌物 • Physiology e.g.生理學的參數，例如： – Pulse rate脈搏比率 – Respiration呼吸 – Rectal temperature直腸的溫度 Health and welfare problems 健康福利問題 • • • • • • Lameness跛 Body sores身體的疼痛 Body condition身體的狀態 Heat stress熱緊迫 Infectious diseases傳染病 Disposal when old / diseased當年老/害病時的處 置 Lameness: Foot care 跛：足部的照護 Lameness assessment 跛足的評估 • Hoof蹄 – Overgrown生長過快 2 – Too short太短 – Cracks裂縫 – Thrush/Canker蹄叉腐疽/ 潰瘍 • Arthritis/Tendonitis關節炎 • Injuries傷害 4 • Farriery – shoeing給動物 釘蹄鐵 1 3 Skin lesions 皮膚損害 Saddle • Common causes 常見的原因 – Harness挽具 – Saddle馬鞍 – Tether/hobble拴繩 /跛行 – Beating鞭打 • Prevention預防 • Treatment對待 Harness Tether Tethering and hobbling 繫拴和捆綁兩腳 • Health and welfare problems 健康和福利問題 – Pain痛苦 – Lesions損害 – Infections傳染 – Fractures 骨折 – Restricted behaviour 受限制的行為 • Reasons for problems原因 – Material物質因素 – Location of tether/hobble拴繩/ 馬鞍的位置 – Lack of supervision缺乏管理 Body condition身體狀況 Assess here • Quantity of food 食物的數量 • Quality of food 食物的品質 • Access to food 取得食物的方式 • Endoparasites 體內寄生蟲 • Teeth牙齒 • Other disease其他疾病 由此評估 Heat stress 熱緊迫 • Signs of heat stress熱緊迫的跡象 – Panting, laboured breathing 氣喘，吃力的呼吸 – Wide open nostrils, droopy lowered head 完全打開鼻孔，頭垂的很低 – Dull behaviour遲鈍的行為 – Higher heart rate更高的心率 – Increased body temperature增加的體溫 – Less elastic skin – ‘pinch test’皮膚彈性差─‘夾痛測試' Heat stress 熱緊迫 • Prevention預防 – No overworking in hot conditions 在熱的情況下不工作過度 – Access to water取用水的方式 – Shady resting places遮蔭休息的地方 • Treatment處理 – Pouring buckets of water over animal 在動物的上方傾倒大量的水 Infectious diseases 傳染性的疾病 • Tetanus破傷風 • Rabies狂犬病 • Trypanosomiasis錐蟲病 Disposal of old/sick animals 年老/生病動物的處裡 • Unable to work無法工作 • Poverty: owners hope animal might recover 貧困，因此希望它可以恢復健康 • Cultural objection to euthanasia對安樂死的道德異議 • No value沒有價值 • Indifference: left to die 冷漠:讓它自然老死 – Dealer – transport – slaughter 經銷商 - 運送 - 宰殺 – Lack of alternatives?有無其他替代方案? – Lack of knowledge about alternatives 對其他的選擇缺乏足夠知識 Underlying causes of welfare problems 福利問題的潛在原因 • Poverty – only source of income貧困 唯一的收入來源 • Lack of knowledge/awareness缺乏知識 /體認 • New systems/species新的系統/物種 • Attitude態度 • Lack of responsibility缺乏責任感 Short-term solutions 短期的解決方法 • • • • • Treat lesion/animal治療傷口/動物 Trim feet修剪足部 Rest animal讓動物休息 Take the animal to hospital帶動物到醫院 Make immediate improvements to equipment 對裝備做立即的改善 • Make vehicles more visible讓運輸車輛更顯而 易見 • Euthanasia安樂死 Long-term solutions 長期的解決方法 • Owner education and attitude 飼主教育和態度 • Training of farrier 訓練蹄鐵匠 • Field-based vets and technicians 以田野為主的獸醫師及動 物健康技師 • Health care programmes, e.g. deworming 福利照護計畫，例如驅蟲 Long-term solutions 長期的解決方法 • Change of whole system 改變整個系統 – Improved designs, such as head tethers, new harnesses改善設計，例如頭套繩，新的挽具 – Four-wheel carts, improved carts 四輪的牛車，已改進的牛車 – Optimal adapted species / breed 最適應的種類/物種 • Education of children教育小朋友 Working animals versus mechanisation: Costs & benefits 役用動物 vs. 機械化:成本與利益 ANIMALS: Better welfare動物:較佳的福利 COST花費 Humans人類 Animals動物 BENEFIT獲益 Money, effort金 Increased work quantity 錢，成果 and quality增加工作的數 量和品質 Less suffering較少痛苦 Environment環境 Increased feed Use of working animals – for animals增加 less petrol使用役用動 食物給動物 物 – 消耗較少石油 Working animals versus mechanisation: Costs & benefits 役用動物 vs. 機械化:成本與利益 MECHANISATION機械化 COST花費 BENEFIT獲益 Humans人類 Expensive, dependency, Much increased work fewer jobs昂貴的，依賴的，quantity and quality增 較少的工作 加很多的工作量和品質 Animals動物 Fewer used – less suffering使用較少 – 較 不會遭受痛苦 Environment環境 Use of non-renewable energy, soil damage使用 無法更新的能源、土地受 傷害 Case 1: Design of a participatory extension programme in South Africa 案例1: 設計一個在南非可供人們參予的延伸性計畫 • Before intervention在介入之前 – Situation analysis: rapid appraisal &/or animal-based approach 應用快速的估量以及/或者以動物-為基礎的方法來分析情勢 – Cost/benefit analysis成本/利益分析 – Ranking of welfare objectives為福利目標訂定順序 • Intervention介入 – Participatory and proactive參予和活動前 – Motivational aspect specific for target group 目標族群所特有的誘導動機觀點 • After intervention介入之後 – Direct evaluation of ongoing project直接評估現行的計畫 – Review after a while過一陣子後在進行回顧 Case 2: Mobile donkey clinic in west Kenya (i) 案例2:肯亞西部的移動式驢子診所(i) • Health care project 100 90 健康照護計畫 80 • Worming of all donkeys將所有驢子的驅蟲計 • No significant difference in body condition between donkeys that had been visited before, and those not visited before沒有發現任何顯著的身 60 50 Prevalence (%) 劃 70 40 30 20 Location visited before 10 0 1,00 2,00 3,00 Body condition score 身體狀況評分 (BCS) 4,00 not visited before Case 2: Mobile donkey clinic in west Kenya (ii) 案例2:肯亞西部的移動式驢子診所(i) • Owner education:飼主 80 的教育: • Head instead of foot tether使用頭部頸栓(頭套)而不 60 是足部頸栓(腳鏈) 足部嚴重受傷的案例顯著減少，甚 % of donkeys • Significantly fewer donkeys with severe foot lesions and more without any lesions seen at locations which were visited before在探訪過地區發生爐子 40 20 Location visited before 0 not assessed none mild Foot lesions足部傷口 severe not visited before Case 3: Ox carts in Madagascar (i) 案例3: 馬達加斯加的牛車(i) • Rural transport programme農村的運輸計畫 – ‘Ban traditional ox carts – use pneumatic tyres instead’ ‘禁止傳統的牛車(牛或馬拉的運貨車) – 充氣的 輪胎’ – Protect roads保護道路 – Improve animal welfare改善動物福利 Case 3: Ox carts in Madagascar (ii) 案例3: 馬達加斯加的牛車(ii) • Local people: Traditional carts because:當地人： 傳統的牛車因為: – Cheaper, more easily available便宜，更容易取得 – Puncture-free, long lasting輪子不易被戳破，使用時限 很長 – Very good braking system煞車系統非常好 – High clearance for poor roads行駛在品質不良的道 路也能保持的很乾淨 – People can hear them民眾很容易能聽見它們 Summary 總結 • Special needs of species物種的特殊需求 • Common problems一般性問題 – Ignorance of owners忽略飼主 – Overwork工作過量 – Malnutrition營養失調 – Parasitic disease寄生蟲疾病 • Prevention and treatment--education預防 和處理--教育 • Human – animal – environment人類 – 動 物 –環境 Further Reading 延伸閱讀 • DE ALUJA, A.S., 1998: The Welfare of Working Equids in Mexico. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59, 19-29 • KAUSHIK, S.J., 1999: Animals for work, recreation and sport. Livestock Production Science 59, 145-154 • HOVELL, G.J.R., 1998: Welfare considerations when attaching animals to vehicles. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59, 1117 • HADRILL, D., 2002: Horse Health Care. ITDG Publishing, UK • LEGEL, S., 1989: Nutztiere der Tropen und Subtropen, Hirzel, Leipzig, Germany • MCCRINDLE, C.M.E. & MOOROSI, L.E. 1999: Extension to improve the welfare of traction animals. In: STARKEY, P. AND KAUMBUTHO, P. (Eds.) Meeting the challenges of animal traction. IT Publications, UK Further Reading 延伸閱讀 • PATHEK, B.S. AND GILL, B.S., 1984: Management and utilization of cattle for work. In: Animal Energy in Agriculture in Africa and Asia, FAO Anim. Prod. Health Paper 42, Rome • RAMASWAMY, N.S., 1998: Draught Animal Welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59, 73-84 • SHERMAN, D.M., 2002: Tending Animals in the Global village: A Guide to International Veterinary Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA Further Reading 延伸閱讀 • Draught Animal News, Edinburgh, UK, http://www.vet.ed.ac.uk/ctvm/Welcome%20page/Publications/D AN/DANFP.HTM • Animal Traction Network for Eastern and South-East Asia: www.atnesa.org • World Association for Transport Animal Welfare and Studies (TAWS): http://www.taws.org • Animal Traction websites: http://www.animaltraction.com
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