New College English Book Two 2015/10/1 New College English 1 Unit 8 Creativity 2015/10/1 New College English 2 Useful information (1) • Creativity is a rather vague ability that usually implies originality and imagination. Although one normally associates creativeness with artists and poets, people of all ages can demonstrate creativity in a wide variety of ways. – A child can create an imaginary village from an odd assortment of sticks and stones. – A factory worker can solve a complex mechanical problem in an inventive fashion. – An advertising agent can think up an inexpensive and humorous way to reach a new clientele. 2015/10/1 New College English 3 Useful information (2) • As a general rule, creativity does not necessarily require sophisticated skills or great intelligence. The creative process often involves intuitive perception, "lateral thinking", and experimentation by trial and error. In other words, a creative person might guess at a possible solution, pull in comparisons from totally unrelated fields, and accept mistakes as a normal part of problem-solving. Are there situations or attitudes that inhibit or prevent creativity? – Teachers who regard energetic and inquisitive children as "naughty" probably discourage creativity. – A boss who feels threatened by employees questioning old ways and who calls suggestions a "nuisance" is not favoring creativity in the workplace. – Parents who expect their children to draw or paint like great masters will not tolerate "messy" or "ugly" artwork. 2015/10/1 New College English 4 Useful information (3) • Education --- Chinese and Western--- involves learning skills and acquiring a body of knowledge in many fields. This aspect of education does not enhance creativity which is generally considered to be one of the key aims of Western education. – Certainly since the 1960s in the United States, Canada and Australia increasing efforts have been made to integrate strategies into the educational system that help children to learn "by doing", by "hands-on" class work and by special "projects". – All of these student-centered activities are designed to teach children to draw conclusions from their own observations or from those of their group and especially to learn how to research a topic on their own. • Science fairs and science Olympics encourage middle school and high school students to invent all kinds of things. – Children are also expected to ask questions and to work independently at a very young age.Creative writing classes allow children to write short stories and novels. The quality may be questionable, but the aim is to give students total freedom to 2015/10/1 New College English 5 experiment. Useful information (4) • An educational system that fosters creativity presupposes the positive value of individualism. Cultures that stress collectivism and group solidarity may not place great importance on individual expressions of creativity. – Societies or institutions based on a hierarchical distribution of power may regard individual creativity as irrelevant and destabilizing. • Strategies that encourage children to experiment and think for themselves are often criticized because they slow down the learning process and the acquisition of skills. – In other words, they are considered to be inefficient. Certainly they do imply a tolerance for guess work, errors and imperfection. 2015/10/1 New College English 6 • Part One Preparation 1. What Is Creativity? “Being creative" means one can think of things that others cannot. "Being creative" means one can solve problems in a simple and original way. "Being creative" means one can think and do things in an unusual way. – Being creative is not limited to scientists or artists. Actually, ordinary people also do creative work in their lives. It is carried on all the time by amateur inventors who find new and more convenient ways of doing everyday things. For example, the paper clip was invented by a man who kept losing his paperwork. Thanks to his own invention, he's now very well organized. 2015/10/1 New College English 7 • 2. Creativity and Inventions The typewriter replaced pens and pencils and enabled people to write much more quickly and much more neatly. • The calculator replaced mental calculations, tables and the abacus. The results are more accurate, the problems can be done more quickly, and complex operations with large sums can be done easily. • The lightbulb replaced candles, lamps and torches. Electricity can be used at any time of the day or night. With electric lights, people no longer had to depend on sunlight. • The ballpoint pen replaced pen and ink. It is more convenient, easy to carry and often neater. • The refrigerator replaced other ways of preserving food such as ice, salt and drying. It enables people to keep vegetables and other fresh for many days. 2015/10/1 New foods College English 8 3. What's My Line? 1) ACTRESS 4) BUTCHER 2015/10/1 2) WAITER 5) BANKER New College English 3) ARTIST 6) ACTOR 9 Part Two Listening Activities Listening 1 • Vocabulary: proceed v. 继续进行；做下去；开始 track n. 路；轨迹；跑道；行程 the finish line n.终点线 wander v. 徘徊 participant n. 参加 者；参与者 proficient adj.熟练的；精通的 original adj.最初的；有独创性的；新颖的 2015/10/1 New College English 10 • Tape script (1) In China, education is considered a race. Students have to begin as early as possible and have to proceed as quickly as possible along the track. The education system is considered to be successful when many students have reached the finish line as quickly as possible. In America, we recognize the race too, but we feel that the students should have a chance to wander much more, even if not all of them reach the finish line. As a result of their wandering, some of the participants may have more to offer by the end of the race. 2015/10/1 New College English 11 Tape script (2) • The advantage of the Chinese way is that more students become proficient and reach the finish line. The disadvantage is that they may have less to say or to show once they get there. The disadvantage of the American way is that many students never finish the race. The advantage is that some who do go “all the way” have very interesting and original things to say when they get there. (169 words) 2015/10/1 New College English 12 • Answers: Exercise 1 1) race 2) as early as possible; as quickly as possible 3) wander; more to offer 4)proficient 5) less to say or to show 6)finish the race; 7)have very interesting and original things to say • Exercise 2 For reference only: – Yes, I agree. In China, there are so many people participating in the race, and it is not possible to allow students to follow their own paths. Everyone has to take the same examinations, so they want the best preparation possible. The size of the population, the limited number of universities, and the examination system are the causes of the differences between 2015/10/1 American and Chinese New College education. English 13 Listening 2 • Vocabulary: mistakenly adv. 错误地 creativity n. 创 造性；创造力 efficient adj. 效率高的； 有能力的 hanger n. 衣架；挂衣钩 hook n. 钩 2015/10/1 New College English 14 Tape script (1) • Many people mistakenly think that creativity is the ability to think thoughts that no one else has ever thought. In fact, creativity is just a way of looking at the ordinary in a different way. Alex Osborn, one of the pioneers in the study of creativity and imagination, discovered that almost everyone is more creative than he thinks. We usually don't recognize our good ideas as creativity in action. For example, in a large mid2015/10/1 New College English 15 western city a group of thieves had invented Tape script (2) • They could go into a clothing store, take all the clothes away and be out of the store before the police arrived. Then a young man had an idea. He told stores to change the way they hung the clothes. He told them to place some hangers with the hook facing in and some with the hook facing out. The next time the police arrived, they found the young thieves removing the clothes one at a time. Everyday creativity is just looking at things 16 2015/10/1 New College English from a new point of view. (176 words) Exercise 1 • 1) mistakenly 2) thoughts 3) ordinary 4) pioneers 5) imagination 6) recognize 7) efficient 8) hung 9) one 10) new • Exercise 2 1) It was simple and did not require any money. He made a clever observation: the thieves were able to grab many clothes at once because it was easy. So he thought of something that made it more difficult for them. 2) Adding extra cameras; hiring more staff; hiring men to watch the store at night; putting bars on the doors and windows to prevent burglaries. 2015/10/1 New College English 17 Part Three Reading Activities • Pre-reading Reference answers to discussion tasks: • 1. No. They made the decisions and I obeyed. If I did not obey, I would be punished. They meant well and wanted to teach me the right moral values and not to make mistakes. But sometimes, I think they should have let me discover things by myself. I think that children are very clever and should be encouraged to make some decisions by themselves. • 2. Yes. I could talk freely with the guests of our family. If I had not been allowed to speak to them, I would have felt like a little child or an outsider even though I was not really young, and I would not have felt like part of the family. 2015/10/1 New College English 18 2. Language Point 1) The case for creativity—encouraging children • Case在此意为“与某事物有关的情况”该词作 名词使用可表 – 事例That’s not the case .It’s not true. – 病 历 ； 病 案 there were five cases(five persons suffering from) of influenza – 案件；讼案 When will the case come before the court? Case –book 病例本；个案记录本；事例本 – 箱；盒 a dressing case梳妆盒 suit case; book case Language Point 2015/10/1 New College English 19 Case 固定短语几常见搭配 • It may rain, you’d better take an umbrella (just) in case.可能会下雨，你最好 带把雨伞,以防万一。（若；如果；万一） • In case I forget, please remind me of my promise. • In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. –万一失火的话，请按警铃。 –in this /that case 若是这样/那样的话 –in no case决不 / in any case 无论如何 2015/10/1 New College English Language Point 20 Creativity • n.创造力 [派生] create v.创造；创建 creation n. 创造；作品；宇宙万物 creative adj.富有创造力 的 Creator n.创造者 creature n.动物；人（尤指 女人） – To be an artist involves creativity.作艺术家得有创 造力。 – 译文：关于创造力的培养-鼓励孩子思考。 2015/10/1 New College English 21 2) …this vital skill in children (line 2):adj. vital: 必不可少的；非常重要的；有生命力的； 生死攸关的 be vital to sb./sth.对… …必不可少的 –在It is vital that…句型中，从句谓语动词要 用虚拟语气 (“should +do.”)形式。词类形容 词 还 有 important, necessary, essential,desirable, advisable, urgent –It is vital that enough money (should)be collected to fund the project. 2015/10/1 New College English Language Point 22 Vital [派生]Vitality n.活; vitalize(se) v.给予生 机 vitally adv.极为,甚 另：vitals n.身 体的主要器官 vital force生命力 – Environment is vital for a child’s growth. – 环境对一个小孩的成长是至关重要的。 2015/10/1 New College English 23 3) If Dick Drew…., (line 3) • practically: adv. a.) actually 实 用 地 ； b). almost; nearly几乎 [派生] practical adj.实际的practicality n.实用性; practicable adj.可行的; practice(se) n.实践v.实 行; practiced/practised adj.老练的; practitioner n.开业者（医生或律师） –You can learn practically nothing from your experience in that factory. –你在那个工厂几乎什麽也不会学到。 2015/10/1 New College English 24 mask: v. 遮住；掩藏 n.面具；伪装 [派生]masked adj.（人）戴面具的 – He did all his hatred for his master under a mask of loyalty. – He masked all his hatred for his master under loyalty. – 他伪装忠实，掩饰他对住人的仇恨。 • 译文；如果在1925年迪克。德鲁听从了他老板 的意见，也许就不会有遮护胶带这种用品，现 在我们几乎离不开它。 2015/10/1 New College English 25 4) At work, … (line 5) • At work, he developed a sticky-side substance strong enough to hold things together. • sticky-side substance:粘胶（胶带呈粘性 那面的物质） – 译文: 在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有粘性 的一面的物质，它的粘性很强，能使物体粘在一 起。 2015/10/1 New College English 26 5) …Drew tape,…(line 7) • perfected the perfect: – make sth. faultless in every way – 使完美；改进 • eg. She needs to perfect her English before going abroad. 2015/10/1 New College English 27 6) It is a strategy that... (line 10) • It is a strategy that more and more companies are employing and one that experts around the country say we ought to be following with our children, both at home and at school. 这个句子由两个强调句组成 –1) It is a strategy that more and more companies are employing. –2) It’s a strategy that experts around the country say we ought to be following with our children, both at home and at school. 2015/10/1 • 译文；现在，这种策略已被经越来越多的公司所采用，而 且全国（指美国）各地的专家认为，对孩子也应仿效这种 做法，无论是在家里还是学校里。 New College English 28 7) the feeling is that… (line 13) • the feeling is that…they will be better able to function in tomorrow’s society. • function:作为可数名词使用主要表示“职责；功能；作用” –例：the functions of a judge法官的职责; –the function of education 教育的功能 –the functions of the nerves神经的机能 作动词使用表 示“尽职责；起作用；有效用” –例：The telephone was not functioning.电话坏了。 –Some English adverbs function as adjectives.英语 2015/10/1 New College English 29 的某些副词有形容词的作用。 8) Creativity’s benefits … (line 14) Creativity’s benefits reach beyond music and art. • reach：达到，触及 • – 译文：创造性的裨益不止限于音乐和艺术领域。 • 9) …a number problems… (line 15) of ways to approach – approach: 1）方法，途径，方 2）靠近，临近 – E.g. New year is approaching. 2015/10/1 New College English 30 10) Creativity is not… (line 16) • Creativity is not something one is just born with, nor is it necessarily a characteristic of high intelligence. – 这儿nor后面的句子是倒装句。当某些表示否定意义的词 或短语位于句首时（否定词修饰主语时除外），句子要 部分倒装，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去 时，则要全部倒装。 – Eg. Neither at the meeting nor at the previous one did anyone raise the question. – She won’t leave, nor will she allow him to continue threatening her badly. – Not until many years later did the whole truth become known. – Never have I seen such a nice movie. 2015/10/1 • 译文：创造性并非与生俱来，也并不一定就是高智慧的特 New College English 31 征。 11) Creativity is the matter of…(line 19) • Creativity is the matter of using the resources one has to produce original ideas that are good for something. • original ideas: 本源的思想; 全新的观念 – 该 句 中 one has 是 定 语 从 句 用 来 修 饰 resources 。 从 句 that are good for something 用来修饰original ideas • 译文：创造性就是指能利用已有的资源想出新点 子，而这些点子会给某方面带来好处。 2015/10/1 New College English 32 12) With strong on...(Line 20) emphasis • With strong emphasis on test scores and the development of reading, writing and mathematical skills, many educators sacrifice creativity for correct answers. – Sacrifice v.牺牲 n.牺牲；献祭物 sacrificial adj.供奉 的；牺牲的 sacrilege n. 亵渎神圣 sacrilegious adj. 亵渎神圣的 成功也不应以牺牲健康为代价。 • 译文：许多教育者十分看中考试分数，强调阅读，写 作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创 造性的培养。 2015/10/1 New College English 33 13) The result is that ... (line 22) • The result is that children can give back information but can’t recognize ways to apply it to new situations. – 译文；其结果是孩子们能反馈所学的知识， 却不知道如何灵活应用所学知识。 2015/10/1 New College English 34 14) They may know … (line 23) • They may know their multiplication tables, for example, but they are unable to apply them to story problems. • story problems： 指（数学中的）应用题 （参见200页例题） – 译文: 比如他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用 它来解决数学应用题。 2015/10/1 New College English 35 15)…new approaches to teaching …(line 26) • approach n.①接近；渐进 – eg. The enemy ran away at our approach. – 当我们渐进的时候，敌人就逃窜了。 – an approach to perfection接近完善. • ② 通路；通路；引道 – All the approaches to the Palace were guarded by soldiers. – 所有通至王宫的道路都有士兵防守。 • v. 走近；接近 College English – eg. A boy of 18 isNew approaching manhood. 2015/10/1 36 16)For example, of ...(line 28 instead • For example, instead of simply asking When Columbus discovered the New World, teachers might ask students to think about what would have happened if his trip had taken him to New York first instead of to the Caribbean area. • instead of doing sth.不做某事 WHEN大写以示强 调 The New World 新大陆，指美洲 what would have happened if his trip had taken him to New York first instead of to the Caribbean area是think about的宾语 从句，用虚拟语态，表对过去发生事情的假设。 2015/10/1 – 译文：例如，现在有些老师不会只问学生哥伦布 New College English 37 何时发现的新大陆，他可能会让学生想一想如果哥 17) In the classroom as well as at home, …,experts say. (line 33) • as well (as)除…外；同；并；也 – – – – – He give me money as well as advice. 他除了给了我忠告外，还给我钱。 He give me advice, and money as well. 他给了我忠告，并给了我钱。 We shall travel by night as well as by day.我们将 日夜赶路。 • 译文：专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允 许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。 2015/10/1 New College English 38 18) Then it is up to … (line 34) Then it is up to parents and teachers to work with the children to develop those thoughts into workable ideas. •be up to: be the duty or responsibility of sb. （是某人的）责任，职责 – Eg. It’s up to us to help those in need. •该短语还可表示“由……决定” – eg. “Shall we go out?” “It’s up to you.” – Whether he took it or not was up to him. – Whether you learn or not is entirely up to you. • 2015/10/1 workable切实可行的 • 译文：家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力， 使那些念头成为切实可行的想法。 New College English 39 19) Experts say that ...(line 37) Experts say that it is important to create an atmosphere in which there is no risk in being creative---a place where wild ideas are honored and valued, never scorned or dismissed. • scorn v.①despise; mock 轻蔑；鄙视②refuse; ignore 拒绝；不屑于 n. [UC] contempt轻蔑；蔑视 • dismiss v. ① fire; sack 开除；解雇② neglect, disregard, ignore 对……不予理会或不屑一顾③ release, free解散；把……打发走 New College English 40 – 译文：专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力 2015/10/1 20) …involve in …(line 40) • children involve… in: 使某人参与；使某人加入 – eg. Don’t involve me in solving your problems. • 21) When parents show a sense of humor, children can see creativity in its purest form.(line 47) – 译文：当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地 道的幽默性。 2015/10/1 New College English 41 22) By its nature, … (line 46) By its nature, humor crosses conventional boundaries and breaks patterns. • by its nature： 本质上；从本质而言 • nature: ①自然 – Eg. Man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature. 2015/10/1 New College English 42 nature ② • typical qualities and characteristics of a person or an animal天性；本性 – eg. It’s human nature that parents should be fond of their children. – It’s his nature to be generous. – She has a very sweet nature. ③ the main character of sth.特性；性质 – eg. What is the nature of his business. – Motor-racing is by nature a dangerous sport. 2015/10/1 • 译文：从本质上看，幽默就得跨越常规界限，打破固 New College English 43 有模式。 23) As children grow older, … (line 53) As children grow older, …,but not automatically help them too much if they make the wrong decision. – 译文：随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩 子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们做 出错误的决定时，不要主动的给予过多 的帮助。 2015/10/1 New College English 44 24) This is because ...(line 56) This is because one of the most important traits of creative people is a very strong motivation to make order out of confusion. – 译文：因为富有创造力的人有一个最重要的特点， 他们有很强的动力去使复杂无章的事情变的井然 有序。 2015/10/1 New College English 45 Translation • 1. I think it is up to him to finish the work no matter how long it will take. 2. We decided to sacrifice a trip for a new car. 3. He tried not to involve his wife in the management of the company. 4. The education of young people is vital to the future of our country. 5. The key to this problem is better planning. 6. I am very tired. I don' t want to pursue that question now. New College English 2015/10/1 46 7. He won first prize for his original design. Part Four Further Development • 1. Case Study Possible solutions: -Paint a picture of beautiful scenery on the walls of the prison. -Put windows on the other side of the bungalows（平房）to see different scenery. -Move to another neighborhood. -Plant flowers, vines and trees around the walls. -Buy a computer New and you'll never be bored. 2015/10/1 College English - Work in the prison watchtower（了望台）. 47 2. Everyday Creativity • With a ballpoint pen, we could use it -as a water gun; -to hide messages in; -as a lighter to light cigarettes; -as a weapon to hurt the attacker's face. With a piece of chalk, we could use it -to absorb ink or water; -to clean white shoes; -to cover a spot on a white wall; -to wake up a sleeping student; 2015/10/1 New College English -to carve something on it. 48 3. Letters to Jennifer • Sample letter 1 Dear Jennifer, I don't know what to do. One of my friends often wants me to do homework for her. I want to help her because she is my friend, but I am spending too much time on her work. -Shygirl Sample letter Dear Shygirl, The next time she asks you, make a whole lot49 2015/10/1 New College English of mistakes and then she won't ask you any 4. Cloze • 1) mean 2) include 3) break 4) invent 5) strike 6) limited 7) able 8) not 9) average 10) reason 11) that 12) examining 13) Another 14) play 15) regard 16) sound 17) because 18) disapproved 19) satisfaction 20) but 2015/10/1 New College English 50 5. Creativity in Education • 1) Both are equally important, and no system should only emphasize one. Knowledge involves facts and skills which are essential, but creativity allows you to do original things with your knowledge. If I had to emphasize one, I would choose creativity since it is more important than facts and figures that will be forgotten. 2015/10/1 New College English 51 2) -Reduce the amount of memory work. • Memorizing things does not encourage thinking. If students are told to memorize, they are not encouraged to solve problems in an original way, but just to obtain or give back information. -Encourage students' curiosity. If students are curious, they will explore more and become more, interested. -Give homework that tests students' ideas and theories rather than piles of work that 52 2015/10/1 New College English require them to repeat what their teachers do 6. Writing • How Can We Encourage Creativity in Students? Sample 1 Success has often been linked to creativity. However, more and more evidence proves that school education seems to discourage creativity in students. First, students should be allowed to free then imagination. Students also have rights to produce strange drawings and give foolish questions, for these can 2015/10/1 New College English 53 sometimes lead to creativity. Sample 2 • First of all, I would like to let my students use their hands as much as possible. If the student. interested in machines, he can use tools to make car models, for example. If a student likes clothes, she should have the chance to sew a coat for herself. I would like to ask them to design something they haven't seen before. In brief, they can use their imagination and knowledge to do whatever they like. 2015/10/1 New College English 54 Of course, when they encounter difficulties I
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