Manupulation of Overlapping Rivalrous Images by

Malaysian Psychology Conference
The MORI Technique:
Projecting two different visual stimuli
without being noticed by viewers
A breakthrough for a variety of psychological research
Kazuo Mori
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
My collaborators
Hideko Mori,
Nagano
Bunkagakuen
College, JP
Maryanne Garry, Victoria
Univ. of Wellington, NZ.
Lauren Hewitt
(Lauren French),
Curtin
University, AU
Akitoshi Uchida,
Togakushi Junior
High School, JP
Miho Arai,
Kanto Gakuen
University, JP
Polarization of Light
The 1st Generation: Slides
First polarizer
Second polarizer
Simple replacement by video
projectors did NOT work
X
An LCD polarizes the light
Polarized
light
Polarizer
Liquid crystal
Polarizer
ON OFF
Voltage
The already-polarized image
would be blocked
by one of the first polarizers.
The 2nd Generation (Mori, 2003) :
LCD projectors with sideways framing
First built-in polarizer
Early Applications of the MORI
technique (Mori, 2003)
• 兼松・守・守（1996）.異なる事態を目撃した２人の目撃
者の話し合いによる記憶の変容『認知科学』第３巻117122.
• Kanematsu, et al. (2003). Memory distortion in eyewitness
pairs who observed nonconforming events and discussed
them, Journal of Faculty of Education, Shinshu University,
109, 75-84.
• 松野・守・廣川・浮田（2005）.話し合う2人の目撃者の
性別が記憶の再生率に及ぼす影響『認知心理学研究』第
３巻83-94.
• Hirokawa, K., Matsuno, E., Mori, K., & Ukita, J. (2006).
Relationship between masculinity-femininity and
concession in an experimental collaborative eyewitness
testimony. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 132-139.
MORI Technique did not work
with new projectors!
• Projector makers changed the LCD
alignments for an undisclosed reason.
• An LCD projector of any make cannot
be used for the MORI Technique!
Projector makers changed the LCD
alignments
• Three LCD panels aligned
↑ ↑ ↑
– A single polarizer can block the total image.
• The G panel crossed to R&B
↑ →
↑
– A single polarizer can block either the green or
magenta fraction.
• An LCD projector of any make cannot be used
for the MORI Technique any longer!
– What a short life of the new invention!
DLP Projectors saved
the MORI technique
A DLP uses tiny
mirrors housed
on a special kind
of microchip
called a Digital
Micromirror
Device (DMD). The light projected from a DLP projector is
NOT polarized.
A DMD works like a card stunt
performance at a stadium.
Reflecting
directions of tiny
mirrors on a DMD
chip are digitally
controlled to
create an image.
The light projected from a DLP projector is NOT polarized.
The 3rd Generation (Mori, 2007a) :
DLP Version
DLP Projectors
Screen
Computers
First Polarizers
Polarizing Sunglasses
Applications to Witness Research
• French, L., Garry, M., & Mori, K. (2008). You say tomato?
Collaborative remembering leads to more false memories
for intimate couples than for strangers. Memory, 16, 262273.
• French, L., Garry, M., & Mori, K. (2011). Relative―not
absolute―judgments of credibility affect susceptibility to
misinformation conveyed during discussion. Acta
Psychologica, 136, 119-128.
• Garry, M., French, L., Kinzett, T., & Mori, K. (2008).
Eyewitness memory following discussion: Using the MORI
technique with a Western sample. Applied Cognitive
Psychology, 22, 431-439.
• Also, by other groups in New Zealand, as well as in the
UK, Canada, and the USA, the research are in progress.
Three types of the MORI
Technique：Summary
1. Slide projectors:
Unpublished
2. LCD video projectors:
Mori (2003) BRMIC
3. DLP video projectors:
Mori (2007a) BRM
Now. It’s so
small and handy.
Video sources are
provided from a
USB memory key
inserted at the back.
The total set costs
less than US$1,500.
An example application: #1
• Co-witness
conformity effects
of pre-schoolers
• Mori & Takahashi
(submitted)
The 4th：The fMORI Technique
Since the Green and the other two (Red and Blue) LCD panels are placed
perpendicularly in the projector, either the Green or the Magenta fragments can be
separately blocked by polarizing filters. (See Mori, 2007b, for details.)
S
T
LCD projector
(EPSON LP-700)
The G fragment and
the R&B fragments are
projected together
onto the same screen.
Two pairs of polarizing
sunglasses can separate
the G fragment and the
R&B fragments.
A single LCD projector can
present two different images
STIPUD
(Easy task)
PSITDU
(Difficult task)
The correct answer is STUPID.
Applications of fMORI
• Social comparison research (Mori & Mori, 2011)
– Creating winners and losers
• Self-efficacy research (Mori & Uchida, 2009)
– Contrived success for those with low selfefficacy
• Conformity research (Mori & Arai, 2010)
– Reproduction of the Asch experiments without
using confederates
• Application to the DRM paradigm
• A new test for the Theory of Mind
• Face memory experiments.
Anagram Tasks
Different difficulty levels with the same answer
Arithmetic Problems
Different difficulty levels with the same answer
Mori & Mori
(2011):
Replication of
Alicke et al.
(1997) without
confederates
Participant PE
(easy task
performer)
Participant OE
(easy task
observer)
Projector
>
=
Participant PD
(difficult task
performer)
Participant OD
(difficult task
observer)
Mori & Uchida (2009)
Only four
students in each
class wore the
sunglasses
which allowed
the viewers to
see the easy
tasks.
LCD projector
?
STUPID
The Asch Experiments
Mori & Arai
(2010):
Reproduction of
Asch (1956)
without
confederates
1
Projector
1
2?
1
A Modified DRM Paradigm
LCD projector
table
sit
legs
seat
couch
desk
recliner
sofa
cushion
table
sit
legs
seat
couch
chair
recliner
sofa
cushion
A New Method for Detection of
the Theory of Mind
An
apple
A banana
Conformity Research
Using a Face Memory Task
Collaborators
If you’d like to try
the MORI technique,
Simply e-mail me at:
[email protected]
It costs
$2 million
to conduct
fMRI research.
But, you need
only $2,000
to launch
fMORI research.
The equipment
can be prepared
by Kaz Mori
from a MEXT grant.
References for the MORI Technique
• For the MORI Technique, with which colored
movies can be presented using two video
projectors, see:
– Mori, K. (2003) Surreptitiously projecting different movies to
two subsets of viewers. Behavior Research Methods,
Instruments, and Computers, 35, 599-604.
– Mori, K. (2007a). A revised method for projecting two different
movies to two groups of viewers without their noticing the
duality. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 574-578.
– French, L., Gerrie, M.P., Garry, M., & Mori, K. (2009). Evidence
for the efficacy of the MORI technique: Viewers do not notice
or implicitly remember details from the alternate movie version.
Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1224-1232.
Reference for the fMORI Technique
• For the fMORI Technique, that can present
monochrome still photos or written words using just
one LCD projector, see:
– Mori, K. (2007b). Projecting two words with one
machine: Presenting two different visual stimuli using
just one projector without viewers’ noticing the duality.
Behavior Research Methods, 39, 811-815.
References for applications
• French, L., Garry, M., & Mori, K. (2011). Relative―not
absolute―judgments of credibility affect susceptibility to
misinformation conveyed during discussion. Acta
Psychologica, 136, 119-128.
• Mori, K. & Arai, M. (2010). No need to fake it:
Reproduction of the Asch experiment without using
confederates. International Journal of Psychology, 45,
390-397.
• Mori, K. & Mori, H. (2011). No confederates needed:
Social comparison without collaboration. Social Behavior
& Personality, 39, 543-552.
• Mori, K. & Uchida, A. (2009). Can contrived success
affect self-efficacy among junior high school pupils?
Research in Education, 82, 60-68.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a
Grant-in-Aid from the Japanese
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science, and Technology （ MEXT)
(Grant Nos. 16330139 and 16653054).
I express thanks to my collaborators,
Lauren French and Maryanne Garry,
and my students, Hideko, Akitoshi,
Miho, and others, who contributed to
the improvement of the technique and
conducted experiments using it. I am
much indebted to Rebecca Ann Marck
for her kind help in preparation of the
presentation slides.

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