The Austronesian-Japanese Connection You can’t make this stuff up! ...Or could you? So… Japanese is related to Hawai’ian? それが真珠湾攻撃の理由なのか？ The Austronesian languages are thought to have split 6-8,000 years ago. The Malayo-Polynesian subfamily is the largest with approximately 300 million speakers. Archeological evidence indicates an origin in southern China. Found in the Philippines, Indonesia, the Malay peninsula, Taiwan, Polynesia and Madagascar! 9 out 10 branches found only in Taiwan. Austronesian Taiwan Bunun Planting Ritual Rukai Chief Amis Harvest Festival Atayal Woman How long ago did Japanese branch off? 偽言語比較論-tastic! The idea that Japanese is an Austronesian language is considered unlikely by most. Benedict: Japanese came from Southern China of Austro-Tai stock over 5,000 years ago. Murayama: Japanese is an Altaic/Austronesian Hybrid Shinmura, Oono etc.: Japanese is Altaic with Austronesian substratum Miller: Japanese is purely Altaic. 南方系の人々とは相当に 大きな距離がある genetic relations 日本人は遺伝子的に北方 系集団に親密であり、 Phological Diachronic Evolution of Words Copping out can be easy! Reduction-right – (RR) Elision of final syllable(s) 持つ motu < OJ mötu < PAJ *ramoc “to grasp” Reduction-left – (RL) Elision of first syllable(s) 毛 ke < OJ kë < *kai < *ka +*i < bukas Phological Diachronic Evolution of Words Copping out can be easy! Benedict seems to related apparently unrelated terms via hybrid etyma 百 momo “100” ~ PA *ribu PAJ etymon: *ri(m)bəw 水 midu ~ P-Atayalic biyuq “juice” PAJ etymon: *(m)bidźuq Analogously: 口 kuti ~ Eng. Mouth P-English-Japanese: kumau(θ)ti Austronesian Family 語彙の比較 Old Javanese MalayoPolynesian Gloss *anak child anak anak tamaiti patgon anak anaka anak *buŋa flower buŋa wuŋa pwa:wai (flores) (<Sp.) buŋa (fruit) vuni savosavoŋ *lelaki male lelaki laki ta:ne lahi lalaki lahi mehakaj *mata eye mata mata mata mata mata maso mata Malay Maori Chamorro Tagalog Malagasy Tao (Formosan) Japanese Relations 童 wara-Fe < ʔu+alak ʔu = frozen topic marker 花 Fana < baŋa (Benedict’s A. Reconstruction) cf. Paiwan (For.) baŋal “fruit” P-Kadai *baal < *baŋal “fruit” (no correspondence to *lelaki “male”) 目 me < më < *mai < *ma +*i < PAT mapra Austronesian Family 語彙の比較 MalayoPolynesian Gloss *putiʔ white putih putih *sakit sick/ pain sakit *SuSuʔ *tawən Malay Old Javanese Tao (For.) Chamorro Tagalog Malagasy ma: aʔpaka putiʔ fotsi malavaŋ sakit ma:uiui sageʔ sakit rari miŋən breast susu susu u: susu susuʔ nono ṣuṣuʔ year tahun tau aɲu sakkan taʔun taona awan tahun Maori Japanese Relations (no correspondence to *putiʔ “white”) (no correspondence to *sakit “sick/pain”) 乳 titi < PAK tśitśi this seems to me onomatopoeic cf. Turkic čičig, Eng. tit etc. 年 tosi < OJ tösi < PAJ tuxiɣ Austronesian Family 語彙の比較 MalayoPolynesian Gloss Malay Old Javanese Maori Chamorro Tagalog Malagasy Tao (For.) *esa/isa one satu sa- tahi hatʃa isa isa asa *duSa two dua rwa tua rua hawa dalawa roa ruʔaʔ *telu three tiga təlu toru tulu tatlo telo atlo tiluʔ *Sepat four empat pat ɸa: fatfat apat efatra apat *lima five lima lima rima lima lima dimi limaʔ (hand) Japanese Relations いざなみ < *iza+*na+*mi iza < PAK ʔitsa na = subordinating particle mi = variant of 女 me < PAT ba(m)bəhi （伝統分析）<誘う(いざなう, “invite”)+女 …similarly いざなぎ Japanese Relations 二- futa-<Futa < (bound form) PAus. Putśa cf. Paiwan maka-pusa-ɫ, PTsou –pusa(no correspondence to *duSa “three”) 四- yo- < yö- < Austro-Kadai śəpat (!) 五つ itutu < *i+*tutu < PAK *lima tutu = reduplicated numeral suffix -tu Most Convincing Examples: 竹 < takë < *taka+*i < PA batakan 鎚 tuti “hammer”<tutui<*tutu+*i< PA tutu 鳴く < nak- < PAK *ŋak(ŋak) 飲む < nom- < PA ʔinom 舐める < OJ namu < PA nam(nam) “to taste” 荒 ara “wild, of the wild” < ʔalats “forest” 穴 < PAJ *qanan “hole” Abosolute worst examples ever! 田 ta “field” < PAK (m)plalaq 早/速い <*(m)baɣat “NW monsoon, east wind etc” 矢 < PA *lawi “feather” 滝 < *(m)pujak “foam, bubble” 岡 oka “hill” < woka < PAJ *po(ŋ)krak Extra-lexical Motivation Phonological simplicity of Japanese Rather few phonemes Tendency towards open syllables Austronesian morphemes are largely CVCVC Should this explain high rate of twosyllable morphemes in Japanese? Or CVCVC structure of verbs like koros-? Ainu is also heavily CVCVC… Extra-lexical Motivation Reduplicated reduplication Plurals – 人々 Onomatopoeias – バラバラ Austronesian has twice the doubling! Plurals - orangorang Verbal conjugations Ainu Ainu! merimeri “sparkles” Conclusion: Japanese is a dialect of English
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