Language in Communication LANGUAGE AND SEX ◆ Biological/Physical versus Sociological/Cultural Factors 1. Patterns of Language Use across Sexes 1.1 Sex-exclusive speech differences • (See examples 2 & 3, p. 165) Language in Communication • 1.2 Sex-preferential speech features • (Women tend to use more socially favored linguistic features while men tend to use more socially disfavored variants.) • ◆ (See Figure 7.1, p.169) • ◆ Trudgill (1972) on [er], [o], [a] • ◆ 廖國輝 (1988): Language in Communication 1.3 Female Register (strong versus weak expressions, neutral versus women’s adjectives) ◆ Lakoff (1975): female register represented by weak expletives, women adjectives, tag questions, question intonation with statement syntax and weak directive acts ◆ Chu Mei-yee BA dissertation (1996) Language in Communication 1.4 Conversations Between Men and Women • (Interruption vs. support, topic control) ◆ West Zimmerman (1975) on sex roles, interruption and silences ◆ Yuling Pan’s PhD dissertation (1994) Language in Communication • 2. Sociolinguistic Explanation 2.1 Social expectation and the language of sex 2.2 Social inspiration and the language of sex 2.3 Social hierarchy and the language of sex 2.4 Speech accommodation
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