Language Aptitude Test - 國立臺灣師範大學

外語學習能力測驗
Foreign Language Aptitude Test
報告人:張玲瑛
日期:10月17日
何謂外語學習能力測驗(FLAT)
• 學習外語需要特別的天分。
• 個人習得外語所需時間長短不同,因此外語學
習能力不同。
• 外語學習能力與一般學習能力不同。
• 外語學習能力測驗也與語言能力測驗不同。
FLAT的應用
• 預估個人習得外語所需時間
• 能力分班 (program placement)
• 課程評估與計畫 (program assessment and
planning)
• 學習能力之診斷 (diagnosis of learning
ability)
現今幾種外語學習能力測驗 (FLAT)
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MLAT
MLAT-E or EMALT
PLAB
DLAB
ALAT
VORD
CANAL-FT
MLAT (Modern Language Aptitude Test)
-- by John Carroll & Stanley Sapon, 1959.
• 適用於高中(九至十二年級)學生及成人。
• 美國及加拿大各政府機關常用,美國政府情報單位也用。
• 測試四種學習能力:
1. 語音辨識能力(phonetic coding ability): 測試語音辨識、語
音與符號連結的能力,關係受試者聽音辨義能力。
2. 語法感知力(grammatical sensitivity):區別句中字、詞之語
法功能的能力,關係受試者語法分析能力。
3. 記憶能力(rote learning ability):特指外語學習之記憶,有
別於一般記憶力。
4. 歸納能力(inductive language learning ability): 特指外語
學習之規則統整,有別於一般歸納能力。
MLAT測驗內容
1. number learning: 聽數字選數。
2. phonetic script: 聽字音選拼音符號。
3. spelling cues: 視字母線索選意義相關字。
4. words in sentences: 依句中某字功能選另句中相
似功能之字。
5. paired associates: 授以某語之音義連結後測試此
連結之記憶。
MLAT-E or EMALT
(Modern Language Aptitude Test-Elementary)
-- by John Carro & Stanley Sapon, 1967.
• 適用於小學(三至六年級)學生。
• MLAT兒童版。
• 有助於小學之外語學習能力分班及瞭解學
生語言學習之個別需求。
PLAB
(Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery)
-- by Paul Pimsleur, 1965,2004.
• 適用於國、高中(七至十二年級)學生。
• 預測影響外語學習之四因素:
– 語言智能 (verbal intelligence)
– 學習動機(motivation)
– 聽習能力(auditory ability)
– 一般學業成績(grade point average)
PLAB包含六個部分
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一般學業成績(grade point average)
學習外語的興趣(interest)
字彙知識(vocabulary)
外語分析能力(language analysis)
語音辨聽能力(sound discrimination)
語音與符號之連結能力(sound-symbol
association)
DLAB
(Defense Language Aptitude Battery)
– by Peterson & Al-Haik, 1976.
• 美國國防部挑選軍中外語人員用,達到外語學習潛力測驗
特定分數者,方可至DLI接受特殊外語人才培訓。
• 除軍方外,聯邦調查局(FBI)也用。
• 依受試成績可分為四種等級:達到85、90、95、100分者
得接受不同外語之培訓,亦可用於能力分班或評估給予不
等時數訓練之用。
85分以上:可學習荷、法、義、葡、西語
90分以上:可學習德語
95分以上:可學習希臘、希伯來、波斯、波蘭、俄、
泰、土耳其、越南語等
100分以上:可學習阿拉伯、華、日、韓語
DLAB的內容
• 選擇題, 90 分鐘
• 分數範圍 0-164, 均值 100, 標準偏差 15
• 分四部分
– Bio data
– Spoken stress
– Deductive rule application
– Inductive pattern application
ALAT
(Army Language Aptitude Test)
– by Horne, 1971
• Relatively short (57 items)
• Speeded (7 min. to study, 20 min. to solve
problems)
• Ability to infer structure of an artificial
(English-like) language
• Focuses on Western Indo-European
languages
VORD
(Vord is a Turkic-like artificial language)
– by Parry & Child, 1990.
• 以人造語言分析能力測試語言學習能力
• 語言分析項目有三部分:
– 名詞構詞(Nominal morphology)
– 動詞構詞(Verbal morphology)
– 詞組及句法(Phrase and sentence syntax)
CANAL-FT (Cognitive Ability for Novelty in
Acquisition of Language)
— by Grigorenko, Sternberg, & Ehrman, 2000.
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Similar to MLAT, PLAB, and DLAB, but
adds delayed recall measures
Nine subsets:
1. learning neologisms from context
2. understanding the meaning of passage
3. continuous paired-associate learning
4. sentential inference
5. learning language rules
CANAL-FT (cont.)
Delayed recall (at least 30 min. delay)
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Learning neologisms from context
Understanding the meaning of passages
Continuous paired-associate learning
Sentential inference
FLAT遭受的批評
• 有些FLAT不能反映認知心理學新理論及發現。
• 未將可能影響外語習得的因素,如年齡、學習動
機、學習環境、學習策略等一併納入評估。
• 語言學習能力評估未與學習成效相互印證。
• 雖則可藉測試結果給予獲高分者更多學習時數以
及瞭解其最佳學習策略,若未能有效提升個別學
習者語言學習能力,對受試者並無直接助益,。
近期研究
• Aptitude study is directed to link SLA
study.
• Skehan (1998) linked different
components of aptitude to stages of
information processing
– Phonetic coding ability =Input processing
– Analytic ability = Central processing
– Memory- as-retrieval = Output and fluency
近期研究 (cont.)
• Critical Period Hypothesis and Aptitude
• Dekeyser (2000)
– Proposition (Johnson & Newport’s 1989 study)
• Strong negative correlation between age on arrival and level of
attained proficiency up till age 17
• There is no correlation between age on arrival and attained
proficiency beyond the point.
– Hungarian learners in the U.S.
– No correlation between aptitude score and attained proficiency
up till the age 17
– Positive correlation between aptitude and attained proficiency
after 17
– A few subjects arrived after 17, who have reached a native-like
fluency are all high aptitude scorers
結論
• 早期研究結果顯示外語學習能力測驗可用
以預估日後學習成效。
• 然而因為認知心理學等理論的進展,外語
學習能力測驗的方法仍有待改進修正。
• 外語學習能力測驗與外語習得的關連近幾
年來再度引起研究討論。
• 未來需要更多研究證明其他因素,如年齡、
學習動機、學習策略等,如何與外語學習
能力共同影響外語習得成效。
Reference
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Carroll, J.B. (1990). Cognitive Ability in Foreign Language Aptitude: Then
and Now. In T.S. Parry & C.W. Stansfield (eds.), Language Aptitude
Reconsidered, pp. 11-29. Printice Hall Regents.
Carrol, J.B. & Sapon, S.M. (1959). Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT).
San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
DeKeyser, R. M. (2000). The robustness of critical period effects in second
language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22(4), pp.
499-533.
Grigorenko, E., R. Sternberg & M.E. Ehrman, (2000). A Theory-based
Approach to the Measurement of Foreign Languaeg Learning Ability: The
CANAL-F Theory and Test. Modern Language Journal, 84, pp. 390-405.
Harley B. & D. Hart (1997). Language Aptitude and Second Language
Proficiency in Classroom Learners of Different Starting Ages. SSLA 19,
pp379-400. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Parry. T.S. & Stansfield, C.W. (ed.) (1989). Language Aptitude
Reconsidered. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Printice Hall Regents/Center for
Applied Linguistics.
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Peterson, C.R. & Al-Haik, A.R. (1976). The Development of the Defense
Language Aptitude Battery (DLAB). Educational and Psychological
Measurement, 36, pp. 369-380 Pimsleur, P. (1966). Pimsleur Language
Aptitude Battery, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Reed, D.J. & C.W. Stansfield (2002). The Use of the Modern Language
Aptitude Test in the Assessment of Foreign Language Learning Disability—
What’s at Stake? Language Assessment Ethics Conference. Pasadena,
California, May16-18.
Robinson, P (2005). Aptitude and Second Language Acquisition. Annual
Review of Applied Linguistics 25, pp.46-73. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Skehan P. (in press). Theorising and updating aptitude. In Robinson P. (Ed.),
Individual Differences and Instructed Second Language Acquisition.
Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Sparks R. & L. Ganschow (2001). Aptitude for Learning a Foreign
Language. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 21, pp.90-111.
Steinman L. & M. Smith (2001). Modern Language Aptitude Test and
Manual. Canadian Modern Language Review 58.
Websites
• http://www.dlielc.org/bilc/reports2004.html
• http://www.wisc.edu/english/rfyoung/eng333.fall2006.syllabus.html#Course%20Outline
• http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96%
E9%A1%B5&variant=zh-tw
• http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00267902(200023)84%3A3%3C390%3AATATTM%3E2.0.CO
%3B2-L#abstract
• http://www.answers.com/topic/pimsleur-languageaptitude-battery
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLAT
• http://www.2lti.com/htm/Test_mlat.htm