外語學習能力測驗 Foreign Language Aptitude Test 報告人:張玲瑛 日期:10月17日 何謂外語學習能力測驗(FLAT) • 學習外語需要特別的天分。 • 個人習得外語所需時間長短不同,因此外語學 習能力不同。 • 外語學習能力與一般學習能力不同。 • 外語學習能力測驗也與語言能力測驗不同。 FLAT的應用 • 預估個人習得外語所需時間 • 能力分班 (program placement) • 課程評估與計畫 (program assessment and planning) • 學習能力之診斷 (diagnosis of learning ability) 現今幾種外語學習能力測驗 (FLAT) • • • • • • • MLAT MLAT-E or EMALT PLAB DLAB ALAT VORD CANAL-FT MLAT (Modern Language Aptitude Test) -- by John Carroll & Stanley Sapon, 1959. • 適用於高中(九至十二年級)學生及成人。 • 美國及加拿大各政府機關常用,美國政府情報單位也用。 • 測試四種學習能力: 1. 語音辨識能力(phonetic coding ability): 測試語音辨識、語 音與符號連結的能力,關係受試者聽音辨義能力。 2. 語法感知力(grammatical sensitivity):區別句中字、詞之語 法功能的能力,關係受試者語法分析能力。 3. 記憶能力(rote learning ability):特指外語學習之記憶,有 別於一般記憶力。 4. 歸納能力(inductive language learning ability): 特指外語 學習之規則統整,有別於一般歸納能力。 MLAT測驗內容 1. number learning: 聽數字選數。 2. phonetic script: 聽字音選拼音符號。 3. spelling cues: 視字母線索選意義相關字。 4. words in sentences: 依句中某字功能選另句中相 似功能之字。 5. paired associates: 授以某語之音義連結後測試此 連結之記憶。 MLAT-E or EMALT (Modern Language Aptitude Test-Elementary) -- by John Carro & Stanley Sapon, 1967. • 適用於小學(三至六年級)學生。 • MLAT兒童版。 • 有助於小學之外語學習能力分班及瞭解學 生語言學習之個別需求。 PLAB (Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery) -- by Paul Pimsleur, 1965,2004. • 適用於國、高中(七至十二年級)學生。 • 預測影響外語學習之四因素: – 語言智能 (verbal intelligence) – 學習動機(motivation) – 聽習能力(auditory ability) – 一般學業成績(grade point average) PLAB包含六個部分 • • • • • • 一般學業成績(grade point average) 學習外語的興趣(interest) 字彙知識(vocabulary) 外語分析能力(language analysis) 語音辨聽能力(sound discrimination) 語音與符號之連結能力(sound-symbol association) DLAB (Defense Language Aptitude Battery) – by Peterson & Al-Haik, 1976. • 美國國防部挑選軍中外語人員用,達到外語學習潛力測驗 特定分數者,方可至DLI接受特殊外語人才培訓。 • 除軍方外,聯邦調查局(FBI)也用。 • 依受試成績可分為四種等級:達到85、90、95、100分者 得接受不同外語之培訓,亦可用於能力分班或評估給予不 等時數訓練之用。 85分以上:可學習荷、法、義、葡、西語 90分以上:可學習德語 95分以上:可學習希臘、希伯來、波斯、波蘭、俄、 泰、土耳其、越南語等 100分以上:可學習阿拉伯、華、日、韓語 DLAB的內容 • 選擇題, 90 分鐘 • 分數範圍 0-164, 均值 100, 標準偏差 15 • 分四部分 – Bio data – Spoken stress – Deductive rule application – Inductive pattern application ALAT (Army Language Aptitude Test) – by Horne, 1971 • Relatively short (57 items) • Speeded (7 min. to study, 20 min. to solve problems) • Ability to infer structure of an artificial (English-like) language • Focuses on Western Indo-European languages VORD (Vord is a Turkic-like artificial language) – by Parry & Child, 1990. • 以人造語言分析能力測試語言學習能力 • 語言分析項目有三部分: – 名詞構詞(Nominal morphology) – 動詞構詞(Verbal morphology) – 詞組及句法(Phrase and sentence syntax) CANAL-FT (Cognitive Ability for Novelty in Acquisition of Language) — by Grigorenko, Sternberg, & Ehrman, 2000. • • Similar to MLAT, PLAB, and DLAB, but adds delayed recall measures Nine subsets: 1. learning neologisms from context 2. understanding the meaning of passage 3. continuous paired-associate learning 4. sentential inference 5. learning language rules CANAL-FT (cont.) Delayed recall (at least 30 min. delay) 6. 7. 8. 9. Learning neologisms from context Understanding the meaning of passages Continuous paired-associate learning Sentential inference FLAT遭受的批評 • 有些FLAT不能反映認知心理學新理論及發現。 • 未將可能影響外語習得的因素,如年齡、學習動 機、學習環境、學習策略等一併納入評估。 • 語言學習能力評估未與學習成效相互印證。 • 雖則可藉測試結果給予獲高分者更多學習時數以 及瞭解其最佳學習策略,若未能有效提升個別學 習者語言學習能力,對受試者並無直接助益,。 近期研究 • Aptitude study is directed to link SLA study. • Skehan (1998) linked different components of aptitude to stages of information processing – Phonetic coding ability =Input processing – Analytic ability = Central processing – Memory- as-retrieval = Output and fluency 近期研究 (cont.) • Critical Period Hypothesis and Aptitude • Dekeyser (2000) – Proposition (Johnson & Newport’s 1989 study) • Strong negative correlation between age on arrival and level of attained proficiency up till age 17 • There is no correlation between age on arrival and attained proficiency beyond the point. – Hungarian learners in the U.S. – No correlation between aptitude score and attained proficiency up till the age 17 – Positive correlation between aptitude and attained proficiency after 17 – A few subjects arrived after 17, who have reached a native-like fluency are all high aptitude scorers 結論 • 早期研究結果顯示外語學習能力測驗可用 以預估日後學習成效。 • 然而因為認知心理學等理論的進展,外語 學習能力測驗的方法仍有待改進修正。 • 外語學習能力測驗與外語習得的關連近幾 年來再度引起研究討論。 • 未來需要更多研究證明其他因素,如年齡、 學習動機、學習策略等,如何與外語學習 能力共同影響外語習得成效。 Reference • • • • • • Carroll, J.B. (1990). Cognitive Ability in Foreign Language Aptitude: Then and Now. In T.S. Parry & C.W. Stansfield (eds.), Language Aptitude Reconsidered, pp. 11-29. Printice Hall Regents. Carrol, J.B. & Sapon, S.M. (1959). Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT). San Antonio: Psychological Corporation. DeKeyser, R. M. (2000). The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22(4), pp. 499-533. Grigorenko, E., R. Sternberg & M.E. Ehrman, (2000). A Theory-based Approach to the Measurement of Foreign Languaeg Learning Ability: The CANAL-F Theory and Test. Modern Language Journal, 84, pp. 390-405. Harley B. & D. Hart (1997). Language Aptitude and Second Language Proficiency in Classroom Learners of Different Starting Ages. SSLA 19, pp379-400. Cambridge Univ. Press. Parry. T.S. & Stansfield, C.W. (ed.) (1989). Language Aptitude Reconsidered. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Printice Hall Regents/Center for Applied Linguistics. • • • • • • Peterson, C.R. & Al-Haik, A.R. (1976). The Development of the Defense Language Aptitude Battery (DLAB). Educational and Psychological Measurement, 36, pp. 369-380 Pimsleur, P. (1966). Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Reed, D.J. & C.W. Stansfield (2002). The Use of the Modern Language Aptitude Test in the Assessment of Foreign Language Learning Disability— What’s at Stake? Language Assessment Ethics Conference. Pasadena, California, May16-18. Robinson, P (2005). Aptitude and Second Language Acquisition. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 25, pp.46-73. Cambridge Univ. Press. Skehan P. (in press). Theorising and updating aptitude. In Robinson P. (Ed.), Individual Differences and Instructed Second Language Acquisition. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Sparks R. & L. Ganschow (2001). Aptitude for Learning a Foreign Language. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 21, pp.90-111. Steinman L. & M. Smith (2001). Modern Language Aptitude Test and Manual. Canadian Modern Language Review 58. Websites • http://www.dlielc.org/bilc/reports2004.html • http://www.wisc.edu/english/rfyoung/eng333.fall2006.syllabus.html#Course%20Outline • http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96% E9%A1%B5&variant=zh-tw • http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00267902(200023)84%3A3%3C390%3AATATTM%3E2.0.CO %3B2-L#abstract • http://www.answers.com/topic/pimsleur-languageaptitude-battery • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLAT • http://www.2lti.com/htm/Test_mlat.htm
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