Visualizing Japanese Grammar Appendix Shoko Hamano George Washington University 1 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi Wh expressions Basic wh forms • Here is a list of basic wh expressions (interrogative pronouns). • The choice between nani and nan depends on the sound that follows. Generally speaking nan is used if the following sound is t, d, or n, as in nan-to “with what,” nan-de “with what,” and nan-no “of what.” 2 誰（だれ） 何（なに／なん） どれ どちら どっち どこ いつ どの どんな なぜ どう どうして いくら いくつ who what which one which option; which way which option; which way where when which (+ noun) what type of (+ noun) why how why how much how many © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi Wh expressions Wh compound words • There are also wh compound words that begin with nani or nan. 何人（なにじん） 何語（なにご） 何曜日（なんようび） 何色（なにいろ） what nationality which language which day of the week what color • You can create a wh expression in which nani stands for the name of a location or institution. 何通り（なにどおり） 何線（なにせん） 何町（なにまち） 何県（なにけん） 何州（なにしゅう） 何大学（なにだいがく） 何新聞（なにしんぶん） what street what line what town what prefecture what state (in the US) what university what newspaper 3 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi Wh expressions Wh numeral expressions • Numeral expressions containing nan are also wh words. You can create any number of wh words using numeral expressions. Here are some examples. 4 何人（なんにん） 何枚（なんまい） 何冊（なんさつ） 何台（なんだい） 何匹（なんびき） 何度（なんど） 何回（なんかい） 何階（なんがい） 何本（なんほん） 何才（なんさい） 何年（なんねん） 何月（なんがつ） 何日（なんにち） 何時（なんじ） 何分（なんぷん） how many people how many flat objects how many volumes how many vehicles how many animals how many times how many times how many floors how many long objects how old how many years/which year which month how many days/which day what time how many minutes © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi Wh expressions Wh numbers • And here are numbers with nan attached. 何億（なんおく） how many hundreds of millions 何千万（なんぜんまん） how many tens of millions 何百万（なんびゃくまん）how many millions 何十万（なんじゅうまん）how many hundreds of thousands 何万（なんまん） how many tens of thousands 何千（なんぜん） how many thousands 何百（なんびゃく） how many hundreds 何十（なんじゅう） how many tens • And they can be combined with counters to form wh counters. 何億人（なんおくにん） 5 how many hundreds of millions of people 何千回（なんぜんかい） how many thousands of times 何十年（なんじゅうねん）how many decades © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi Wh expressions Wh counters with mo or ka • If wh counters are combined with mo, they mean large numbers. 何億年も many millions of years なんおくねん 何万人も many tens of thousands of people なんまんにん 何千万円も many tens of millions of yen なんぜんまんえん 何十年も many decades なんじゅうねん • If combined with ka, they mean approximate numbers. 何百万匹か some millions of creatures なんびゃくまんひき 何十万冊か some hundreds of thousands of books なんじゅうまんさつ 何万人か some tens of thousands of people なんまんにん 何百回か some hundreds of times なんびゃっかい 6 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
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