# #$ !" 20 - 1 +, 1390 $* () &' % % * 4 .$/ ** 67 ' # " ! ! # ( ) #+ ,- '!#& '!$%" # '#& 456 " ' ! .! . $/ '0" '12 #/ ( '!;< :&# 9 " 8 !+ /"56 '!7 @ '/- '+ >?6 ,- '!#& =" $%" ( # 4C # #, B, .A ( + , $& A E0 D( " 9 B$& :C ! '+; ' B#FG" , . # !$%" !; #" B$7 .$& A J/& '#H / I D( ) & ;O& B(truth telling) $GG6 ,/J; K" 7L ( '! $ B(minimizing harm) :&+ &6# B(accountability) .A &A (attribution) (PH) D( B')#" '#26 D( B#& D( B BD( : . /; '!Q%" # 9/ '! 2 '!$2- [email protected] (@U" [email protected] 7 T) (S) DR E" )- - * )- $" T5- B#& $" A &A '0- ** 1390/9/6 :I? O B1390/4/14 :$2 O 2 ( _( ^J ;( ( ) # + .A 45$ .A" ab" ( $FU" " !@`& B$& 9 ( ( '! c& #L " 52 !$FU" #L # "& ; dA" e%" ')#" + d" J B" , d$& 46 + ( #L BA : ' # ' 6 $& ,59" !g& , # O& d$L HAf HA # 9! ." 52 + # # A #/A )/ 2! B!$F B'( '!#& B GG%" B" A ^J " I/; ! ." ab" + ( '!" " h`& ( ')#" D( + #, " h`& " ,9! A '( = " # :C ( # 4C # ." /" !,!^ # A" " , ( $& A E0 D( " 9 " B$& , B, .(Cenite et al., 2009: 576) $& # !$%" ! '" '#H / '#iFb" h`& , # O& # $& + g!< " kC/H" '!; =" D( / #" , jGG% 4!J" ki # / B" , .& ' =9 l # $7 ! & .A" #/( ." 'C (Ethics) 'qi"#q # B+ @p" B$i B'( B$A& 'i"# $& moCo( mnCo( =9 D( ,=A .A" Q " # "+ ' R qJ JqR» $q& q 9Cq" 9- " D( 6bR # $F7&# JR + :&/" Fi2 A" :" # ' O& .(28 :1383 B52) «A R "+ "r q eq( '!/2 T,i @R » # Moral Tu K9 D( » v Ethics Tu K9 D( # F6 B A «' I 8" .$& «G2 . w '#90" 4& ' ' q '#26 /2 )- ( + ,9! #/J; Ethics e+ «'/2 D( K"&» B) Ji 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 3 )*+ $ , -. B;q 4& 'i"# B Moral .#/ ( . w /" KJC2 '#(A B:!?q" xr !, ( # $& ." HA '!/2 ! :Cf # $Fh G '2 Ethics # F6 B$& /& B( By!2 Bq) q #q .q q" q# ( =" l '!Q" '#90" 2 + ' #q90" "qA ')#" D( Bzp" .$&! ! T; Ethics $q #q kqC5" q) #q" B' #26 D( ; B# $& ! ! $q& '#q90" abqR ,q (Ethics) Dq( .(28 :1387 B%b ) $&!+ q!+ PHqA @G/q& q #q ( '! ! ) @R ,qF !+ 2 # B;~ }' ;$& } ( " FR |$&! ' 456 @R , .( #5 S9/ # ) "+" ( ;"+ qi" ,q #q D( B, .A" 9% 2 @R , $& S9/ $& .(29 :1383 B52) $& 9/ '" z p" | %" R( '!#b6 # ( " D( 9C / ( # $& S9/ D( ';5A K" # " J '2 D( ' K" D( ' 4! .A" #R( 9/ D( z"9 D( R , ,H& ( D( B; B9/ B'2 D( S ki '/; B$F) #i" ; ?; z/i BA #i" $JR ( ; .#/J; K0/ $ z" ( @R # " 8/ (9/ '!7 ) BC0" ) BA 2 $JR ( ; " .$& 2 $%" @9 zh9i" ) , # " g ! ?; ; #5C BA9 @9 /%" B<'Ji) A #/A (:2 5" 9 &+ ( eH/ 2 :" ( g!< S #& "A D( 4C ( .(88 :1385 S , B#R( # :(Descriptive Ethics q JR D() JR g!< .1 , kR # $& ' " mG% #iFb" $& g!< .kC/H" '!; B B=" B2 ( S , G" :(Normative Ethics q '0! D() '0! g!< .2 /& B' ( & B;" «'0» «'/&» + # # Bg!< .$&!+ T 1 '/( @i2 )/ )/ B/& 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 4 (Analytic Ethics)qqCC% Dqq( D(qq2 #qq :(Meta Ethics) D(qq2 .3 Bq!;q q( cq& BD(2 abR .A" #/J; 'G/ q JC2 .$& #/2 # '0! D( # $& 6bR 'q #q q" ;q _q( 'q!q6 '0! D( B( '!#! «' D(» R( K/A # |$& #/2; 9- ' q( Kq8 48q" q #q $& + R ' D( .$& "+ q8" .A" «'#26 D(» "A ' D( .! - _( " T6 q " _q( f-" # # $& w" " i T "r '#26 D( .(1385 B5C") ')#" D( B0 D( B5A D( " |A" () Weblog K5A 'i"# e .$& A 5- (Log) h (Web) e gH K9C JC/H" ki .$& I; B$A B,/A 'i"# h $/ 7 # $/ $& HA K%JR l :4" A !+ ( # # .(119 :1387 B5C") #w 7 K5A ( " + J/& c& ! .$& + # E9 $& $C e K%JR l JF`" kF`" $HA T!- '/%" A" "+ _( 48 l " @ + # _( '52 .( l ' ! p .$& + .(30 :1387 Bw) #q D( & B )/ S # ( " # + # # ! .(Cenite et al, 2009: 577) ! 'i" ' #G %F .;" w" '/; k S/" ( $Fi2 S 'q0 BqHA : q q Sq #q& Bqq 5C9 TA C5A .qAq" #/qA q2 'q 'q59! '2 R# # !; B(; ) #q " B9C BA"+ B'#& '( B&& L F5A ! .A" #&`" l $& HA '! $/ " '! 406 /- :HA G Bk B&6 '; $& ,59" + T K/&( # # # 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 5 )*+ $ , -. ;; '! # " 6" $-" BPH- B';=w" B!; HA '!8 # /- (HA '! ) ! ( .A 7 B(HAf '! ) ) " H" ' &6 ( " " JC/H" '!; $& ,59" B/; H" # & ' .(ibid: 576) A #/A B@%" BHA m ' 5" ! #;, :'0 '0 &`" ( .+" 9A# '0 K&`" l K2 '!;< '#5A 6 #/F .$& (/-" #&`") ,2 '!; @ E0 " ( ' '0 &`" 1i # $& ' ! ' 40" '#5A A ;+ /7 #90" '!8 '524! / !" .+ ( $& '#90" B+" + E # 9! B S , :'#5A '12 S , #/F .A" 6 R( T ' R( 8"# # ! .$& J/" B r R( F < w" # B52 ,+ KF" % " '#26 &" Q/-" m G4! 2 $& ,59" !#90" , l " 52 '#i" 5A A 5- f-" ) ' #5A 6R .(132 :1387 B5C") ; (#Gb" l F!) lL 7A #JC2 '#(A + $& ,i" FR c& @Gi" "E8 A) D( # '2 R( !I T ,9! A" E0 #L+ " # " !#& # # $& ?;I K" l ' 6 '#& D( ." % ( 5C9 @R , # '# B =w C ' @R " l9 $& '8 eL7L 2i" '#& D( 8"» B, .A #/A $G b" 2 # 0" $7 + $ # ' # B/! + $ # EC" #& e%R # .(22 - 21 :1387 BF) «; C9 D( '" i9 '#& 9 D( 4C KbG '#& D( @R K90" # $& E7J" %F , |$&!0! !I ." 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 6 DG6 8 , $ "& ! D( '#90" '#& D( B CC9F, >i9FÇ .$& J/" !#& .$& A 5- #8 kR : # A ki '#26 C9 D( '#26 D( 47" F '#(A '#& D( :$& "+ >i9FÇ , .(Donsbach, 2008) $& !#& gG |$J; ,H& !#& D( 9 zhR # G/i" ( # $& 'i L 47" + !#& D( $& /; L D( KJC2 # " 6" # , " .A % , # 9 z9 " E" E9 " # !#& # $J; " 6 F B4A9 . :C ( # !+ 9/ # B, B & E :H" i !( ,A ;& I l ^H # " D( ' C !i" =w ; B/6 .$ ,59" H" 9/ :C ,9! # .+ 4!2 g( ' '#90" ,L #& ! BA ,59" !#& .(78 :1385 B<'Ji) $& #/2 $9! =" K9! !#& D( # $& $C :$& 9/" #bG #& !#& ( BC# B C2 @ # #/J; :($%R) + '!$Fi2 ) I; K7 > /& $ .1 gH .$& «$%R B$%R B$%R» ')A; &( T ,F # A" , ; .$& !+ '!I; ( $%R e !#& "7 ' 5-" , BA" % + # & '!I e A" #/2; ' #CU" " , ( H K826 !#& .(" 4-L# /9 '9 ." o !+ A" /2 6 #CU" , # ,47" :'( = " zRH" B)A; /2 .2 >! .$& A( A; '( = " # )A; ,/J)~ ( && )( E9 . A# '+=9 g( R , L |9 2i" )( ( ) $&6 47" " !L ,/J; # 2 B"9 g J/& . : ( 9 '+ !+ # / ;+ !+ i EF ( # " .A $ 2 DG6 '2 46 #, B$& ,/ ' E" m6 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 7 )*+ $ , -. :(=2" 1) kC/H" '!; =2" ( A; '( .3 =2" & > 5 ' !#& D( ) Sw" > 9 '#& 2 ! .$&!#& 2 R .$& " ' KCR2 B,9! .$ ,A C #6" " " A c& ' 9/&& l e6 l '52 ' .(10 :1385 BC9&) $&! '!5A l/5F e/5" K& S eL7L '#& '#26 D( /- $&6 /- @9A :&# Bl/5F '!#& ." J/" $ 6 '/- $%" B,)& '?;#"& e/5" '!#& !+ '/- -2 "9 52 | :Ff @9i" ( Sw" # " 2 K9!) /9 K"& Q $C# Be/5" '!#& F B" .(85 :1385 B<'Ji) g( ' '/9 $%" B(A + #" ! '!#" $Fi2 Sw ;; ')#" GG%" GG%" ( &`" '( '!#" - '" 4!0! ( G G 2i" ')#" ( @R # # 47" " !+ '# 0 5" $2- '#"& A x 4! .& $iw , ." .& Ki& L L>6 '!,A" H" 2 .A '/ !& ; '!7;+ I/; ,!+ <# G96 K26 ( G" '!#90" '/%" & B .(40 :1385 B<9/i") B?" G" # &" PH-" 7 B'#Gb" BC" '!b& ')#" :;" 47" K" 7L BC # ;O& ')#" CR $"r" $F& # # :"9 !!;+ .1 '+ '( Bi9 ; # " ,/2; " )9! m6 # B'( S/" i/" '!#& m "9 52 K+ e ,9! BG/ B:& ,9! # .$& #/2; ')#" K26 kv c + !!;+ KJv && C ' '( B)#" wf # #26 , ( @R 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 8 f mG% ' '#% '#% '!-2 $"G" B; .$& A @?" R( # ; $GG6 " }_( RG" )9! m6 mG% ' :')#" $Fi2 && A Bb" '+ .2 45% )#" C9 @G/& ,"r B"9 52 '( '! $(A #26 , ( G" '!#90" ')#" K26 $F" $p6 ,91 !+ J '+ )#" S2 B:& ,9! # . '#/ ) $(A " 'w '12 '+ ." 9A# CR kv G/ A #/(A E/%" $GG6 # $A 8/ 9 + +" 4!2 $GG6 )#" '( ')#" '#26 & J6 w .A b" ~ .$& #/2; $U- '+ R + '( = " '-2 ')#" K26 9/ $F& :)#" ' KJv B$GG6 .3 B$GG6 .A $GG6 k- #-9! )#" # " e0 #Jv )#" BR , :"# ." 45% !!;+ TFA B= B: , # . 5i" ~ KA $& ' /&# #+ . ! mG6 9/ " ! Kw" I; )#" + =& #L! B/A e5 R B# kv" B,9! B)#" 9 $& , B$& 9! 9 $& ')#" #L; . aR B:& ,9! # .A 4G& $%R # ' $ gA =" = " i& )#" # A" r ')#" K26 ( G" + B lA ( l $ $i l # ; B &- e( ( '( . 95 :Gi ) = " ; HA $p6 # _( # :R( ; '2 $p6 # E/6 .4 Kiq& ';qC %qR ')#" $Fi2 '!w 5 2 R( "7 !#& ;! B) # .$& 2 # /2 ,! zRH" b" 4 q b" ! w + T # m6 B ab" 2 l w q2 'q!Oq& =q"# )#" ; .kv" O& + c5i # C Kqi" Bq! 2q qw q/ q " Sw" T 5i" .(57 - 56 :1385 B<9/i") A" ')- !; # A ' 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 9 )*+ $ , -. *+% &' #" " % $ J/" '!; B$& ')#" + #, _( ')#" # -2 ' , 2 # ( .$& A /" # 7v ( B& + ." '& I9 '!@& ,(+ /& ! . )5 6 , |A #/A 9 ')#" / ;! 4! ')#" " BA" 47" )#" !; " " #L " #/2#/2 «$& ')#" ' l& » # #F ' , .A" 6 q ! ( » # A" ab" 5A , # Sw" $2; ') A "# # 9! |«!" E0 ')#" q !; '#" 4&" ' B" ( $x # # ! # ?" Kb6 9 Ji ! " ' '!; y!9! # B" ,/H ')#" ! T p% ! B, .; ')#" # ; S 7L .;" ')#" Kb6 ! E # $& , g& : ;" /& A " #9! g , |A #/A )#" 4C # # ! • |A" #/A !+ ' Kb6 T '#26 2 4C # # ! • q;q" q 47" l K%R # ;; 2 4C # # ! • |A" #/A .(Blood, 2003: 61) !" lF " = ( # @ K # !+ • S/" "& '!i" ; B '( '!"& gA $% # ! 2 ( B, .;" ')#" Kb6 zib B $ ( , (# ( " )#" # CG/" '!$& # " @h/& # ; B= B" .)#" ( !+ ; |;" eL7L # 9! |;9 ')#" Kb6 z"F A" #/A )#" 4C # , .A9 e%" ')#" )#" 4C # A#/A (novel) " ')#" .') L # " 2i" ( kF`" # $& x #/A ( B#R c& # A" ki H-" z" K/2? '!i" @R c& .G2 .(ibid) 2 l '#26 $i" 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 10 2 # ! B" ')#" Kb6 ! # 2 ( # . !( '0 ')#" T+ T,91 " A' Kb6 T '#26 # .G2 9 I; l G E)! )A; #F6 " @h/& + A' Kb6 T '#26 2 # ! B A 9A$-) '( =" L .$&!+ ' Kb6 # " ( '" I; $ T zi " q #b6 l fA '!'#26 " q Sw" l "9 Q T9 # " 9/ + # Sw" #2 Q 4-L l # & ' 4" # '2 Bm 97" =" " $& $R E '2 ,L 7v .4 7" ' ;! 7v , L! BA #!;+ '!C% Bkv c6 5 " Bm B#J" I; l +; ' )#" l '#26 /( HA '!I; B@6 , . Q + H" E9 # A; |;9 ; d;" ')#" Kb6 " l !A I; + :&& I + d )/ AI; Ki S # Sw" , + di" #L B$& ,L $& 8 " Ki ' $ K7 ) 2 $C# A; ,L " ,i # !i" d I; ' 2 I"+ 7" # :6 B; ')#" '!I; Kb6 " HA '+=9 c5i ' # )/ !$& # Sw" , .J/" B;; '!$i" ! ,L $Fi2 zib .A" ." )5 # lF m " = $& . !$!A '#26 '!I; -/ # !';( !#" " -/" eH/ !I; #L !" PH- #" l & # 9! L! B" PH-" A lF # !I; l T BA .A I; i #L ,i # /i" ;! !C% ' '5& 456 '( '!I; /& # 9! $& # A" @%A( B" J/& = T ( '!J .(ibid) '8 #L A lF !+ # # i T ) 9A # q q" B$q& 'q)#q" zib » :" (5A #q .$q& /& HA m H" i& =9 m '# # ')#" ' .«9/" ( GF( m /& '!#" m '# ! B ) 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 11 )*+ $ , -. # " ')#" " 8:6R '!; #" B,q+ 'q)#q" K/q &A B Q" 8:6R , KC9 .$& $q& qG/i" .qq" ,q+ 'q)#" $6R# # $& q!" ( !# 0 ,+ R# |,+ ')#" '#; ! q!+ $q& J E # !" ( ;( /( /%" !lF " @h/& (2003: 67) " .(183 :1384 B(5A) #/2 e $-; E)! lq9 #" )( # " )#" -H 456 ! J6 # qAq" / :& , c9 ( H" !+ "2 B@6 , . q9 B,q9! .q; ;( /( '/- m9 :Fb" #, .-H " !I; # '/- m9 #i" '1 PH i9 I! |qq" q7 'q)#" » # " A (2003: 69) ) Bqq qqH" ;qq( qq qqHA 4G/qq" qq qq $qqC#qq gqG » 'q7 q!q B,q9! .«qqA #i" + $& Fq( ' B, 2 .#/ «" ' '( '!"& # 5q&h .$& A @/" 'G/ # /& )#" g q& lq #q @h/q& ,q q Bq" =" S2 # (2003) qH" B, q . «/C2 & B-/» E2 JC/H" - I kFqH" , # A" J/& r g & l 456 ,+ S/" ." 8 A" -/" #+ & + # $& «-/ & B/C2» /& r B@i 2 E # " G/ ! S2 B ; .(Morozov, 2005: 5) /& '!#& ,- # BA 95" # B' q8 .A" e%" )#" # $& G/i" @ qJ6 'q 'q + i #L; B 'i/" )#" q)#q" /q- B@q6 , .;" @ ( '( "& -! , $C )#" 'i ," B( @& L » :;" ' . 'q #q $q& q , !+ @9i" O& EA L # .;9 !+ '#26 >! eL7L , $ -Jv #w " !#" ' # ''( '!I; :F A ,/7 !+ 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 12 q B) > «d"" #w ' 'L #L ) ." q @G/» ')#" ; B# " ,L ( KFG" ) BqR ,q B4q kqi «!; K& l m E H" # Ax q q!q 'q .q'q)#q" 'q!i" .qA 2 ! /- q%" #q/F _( )H !+ H" # A" 9/" Jv w" qAcq/ ' 6 A; 'F i ( 2 # ! qA" lF e/5" '!#& # ' " ! ) # = " ) q q5 .q" ab" ') "r h 4! JFH" #/F .(Andrews, 2003: 13) #q q;q" #q0/ .q!q" Eq0 'q)#" ! ( $& G/i" @qR #q ! DJ # : $p |$ 4Fu C5A .(Morozov, 2005: 3) / + '!/& '#26 ')#" qq" 'q)#q" q+ #q $q& q aqb" gq& ,q q 'F q " B" 47" + . 7" '( > !'?:&+ , .A !( h% L " ')#" # $& w z"» # " q qq" q q!( Eq q mq2" q)#q" .C J6 ' !I 'q ! ! .(Lowrey, 2006: 494) «! CR ')#" '#q q9! qq /- " B$2; !( J/& " ')#" 'q 'q)#q" 'q!i" J/q& .$qA !( )#" J/" z" q q/( '( '!I; -/ ' Eh = " 2 $ # qq TJ/& #!;+ B '9! Bg / .$ # = (q ( i") ( $2JA J6 '# # B ')#" '!i" .(Blood, 2003: 63) $& B r $ 2 4! #A )#" '!0! # - (Singer, 2007) )& $& ,59" B S ')#" ' l& ; B@6 , |$& D( " !) h`& .A @9 'AaR ( '!i" ( ) )#" ) B! /- " 6 B .(Cenite et al., 2009: 578) !( q 2 # %" '#26 q ')#" $iw ( B$ ')#" # $& , !8 :Ff #F6 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 13 )*+ $ , -. .(Andrews, 2003) !" $ ')#" '#26 5C9 # ! 47" '!gG ,9! .#/2 / 9 # ! i9 '!#& # C" a ! Bzp" /& '!#& '( '!I; i $%R r $GG6 ,/2 ! #0/ (2003) ." l9 " # &A C% 'G/ J m $-" # /7 m BA ')#" $& ,59" $Fi2 #F6 B;" .(Morozov, 2005: 4) " l9 '#26 ')#" $q&#q B"9 52 # 5A -/ KC& ,(+ B q qo( '!#& T9 >/( l .$& B7A B$ %" : @6 qA #/qA q( '!q ! + # $& , J ( I; T 9 B4 A #FG" @ # 9! .(Perlmutter and Schoen, 2007: 37) q!$q%" q q! , ( $& A E0 D( " + q" Bq 2i" ( l (2002) 5 Bzp" . # q (2005, 2007) ,q7o .q 'q)#q" D( '! c& 9! l z9 q (Moral Phylosophy) D( KJC2 /" ( '7- ( q-& q" q J/q& Iq Kiq& ' ( . q q& q( L ,/2 ' && g; & (2007: 37) #q #q q Bq D( " g!< 9 (Cenite et al., 2009: 576) .4 Sw" , /- & # $A , " BiFb" , '!$%" # ! (2005) ,7 F BA /H" %w ! S " ( "A B')#" '! B5/5F K ( " BHA " '#26 '!#/A ( '! .(Cenite et al., 2009: 577) " 4G BJ %J '!$Fi2 ( '! " B #i& ')#" DG6 5A !( J" R " '! .(ibid: 580) $ PH-" ! " 8/ $& ,59" B! S # # .A + # 2 ' i # ( B= .A if & m2 # " K9! #, .(ibid: 591) "+ 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 14 'q)#q" q( @qR q '!A mb ' Blood, 2002; Hiler, 2002; Editorsweblog.org; Cyberjournalist.net ) I 'q!$FUq" /q& 4!qJ" cq& @qR ,q .(Berkman and Shumway, 2003 Kq/2? '#q26 '!q ' '# 456 #/2; 5A ')#" 9/ .(Morozov, 2005: 18) qq" q# B'#26 )#" Ki" " BD( qR (Blood, 2002) q q5 ( '!i" ,F 5 ,q+ A S ' ( /2 c& ... # gA» + % # $& 'q( = q"» 4q56 #q $q& q!q P/H" A G" .«!" 5A :$& "+ ^ ab" # /&72 ." $"( «,- q-/ + B$q& $q& q" 52 # $& 'L + $GG6 #, # 8 .1 $q& q q # -/" Cb" .G2 # i" , |! 9; c6 + B 9; c6 #; ! ; $& . ^ ( eqH/ =q" + q/ B ,+ R# " # 'L ; .2 .! lF + # B" qAq" #q/" ;( $F6 , . aR /A ! zC .3 .$& A aR " B /A + q" Bq #2qw qCb" B! + 9 ; B#/A :Cb" ! # .4 .5 Q gq; $q! q" ;( . -2 = " '1 #; ! .5 .A #/A F`& .A #/A 5-" =" ! | # #w" Q5-" = " # .6 + $q" /q& # I # !" - ( @R , BC # .(Morozov, 2005: 5) )/ + '/%" $2JA # ( # $& /q& 'q)#q" 'q!A # " # C9 '9! 456 D( 'q qq T) # &" 8# .!" 5A '( '!"& /q" /q& 'q)#q" q #q # EF # $& 9! ( @R ( Bq/ B$qR B'?q$FUq" B'q)#" '!$A I mG%) A" 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 15 )*+ $ , -. EC/q" q( q!q;< ,q .('q)#q" 'q!( # ;>" 9/ SPJ q Kq"G" Bzpq" .qE '#26 $Fi2 #;! # $&!i" '#90" q/ ' y& '#26 $R» # " D( ('#26 )#" ,90) qJ ( 47" =" # ! B #L e( #L .(ibid: 18-19) «$& )#" q" B/q '#26 )#" L B:Cf B@6 , .A qG q( Tq q1 q # I"+ # !+ .#/2; G/ $q& , #/" "7 ,47" 5 . E9 8 ?;xr # + B) '& $ " ! ( '!i" B& l B# .(Koh et al., 2005: 2) 9 # ( !I; ( '!i" 1 B&#" B A ' w6 @6 # # , # , 'i" J /- iFb" 9- '!#/2 . :6R )#" #/& + HA . - HAf HA ' BHA KC0" ,+ ( /2 #A /- # A" "A ! H" k zh9i" 9 _( w" HAf '! #F6 B 6" B;( B/i9 8 HAf HA . '=& S , B" , . D2 ( '!i" B47" #9! # ( xr 5C9 T J/" ; B @9/6 # B .(ibid: 3) !" xr $% -( , ( ')#" D( B ( '! B$/ D( %" B(truth telling) $GG6 ,/J; :A &A # " ( R 7L $ B(minimizing harm) :&+ &6# B(accountability) ;O& B$R $ " && 4!J" "A $GG6 ,/J; .(attribution) (PH) $R BE" # ;O& "A ;O& .A" !I; $F B> &6# E& R .A" ( @9 A : 9% B BR( 46 # " " # $& () # ) A '!:&+ '!; ;; '!y!2 # E/6 B) &6 ,/2;8 B' DG6 # E/6 B x+ c/ " C" "A PH .;" E%" - Koh '!#/2 .(ibid: 4) A" = " # :&" / B'i" $5F" 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 16 ( G/ /A ( 4f# BHAf HA !" BHAf } ) Bzp" . 4! H-" '!J B TA ,/J; HA } 8 " BA" e%" I $GG6 ,/J; PH '!#/2 .(ibid: 10) $& :&+ &6# PH $9!4 $GG6 # HAf HA # !" - B,9! B) Koh JC/H" B 0 B/(A$i9 '!;< PH-" ( '! HAf HA BA ^ z # L '! .(ibid: 12-13) 8>/( zA ( '!A # ' 5-" .$& $9! 6 G6 " " % : # " /%" # L #9! #5C B :F '2 ! ! , G6 B, |" HA '! /- E" : '! .;" .(Kercher, 2008: 10) 8 $ ! S , 5-" !+ R( :&# ( " !$A ' -/" ( #+ ' - !$A ' ' + # $ /( /& ( i" ! , . ( .$& $& " c6 PHA # $& 'L + ! |A L '!#" )#" 7 -" G6 " #L '#26 _H" 95%" ( DG6 ! .(ibid: 12-13) A #/A 5 '!#R " B 7- ! ( B@6 , .$& - G" # $& ; ( B Jonathan Dube D( '! .(ibid: 15) A - ,! ) G 52 # + A mx" ,/2;8 B, .$& ,i S # $A # B2 q( @qR q" qq" B'q)#q" '#q26 @qR '#& D( q q" (CyberJournalist.net) e .$2 $& ' =9 # q >/q( A ab" Sw" # S D( $q&e q" L ')#" ( ' #)L # , & lq9 #q qq D( .J/" z" #& , #+ @6 B # .(ibid: 9) $& #/2 i A aR '#26 )#" Ki" ( -" 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 17 )*+ $ , -. " BA ( '!'" ki ' ' $9! BGG% /" $& .(Zare, 2011: 253) # iFb" K9! ' R( '!i" 9 ( , # /& ( , F" CyberJournalist.net 0 K , , #/F .$& #7 ' ' '#26 )#" Ki" B#/2? 9&f F / )#" !; K9! # + " B$& ?@% ? !; ' T6 # # , , $& 7 ( '!8 0 " !; ./& ( S $ x 4f# :$& A , , !gH . #2w , , # q q-/ Iq; '+q; q !; :=4 < ;, .1 : !+ .A DR .! $& #; ! q . 2i" !+ ! lF = " # z9/6 B5" R q q9 q! /%" ) B B!@G B!(" $& g9 q . R6 q q" l9 aw # 2 8 # '" ;! q .! .5 -/" 9 !+ /& # ;! q A 9 i 'J #2 $F6 # " q .! C $i ( 'J '!#/A #q q! " w" = " !; :=4 ?@=/ 4 )* .2 : !+ . /2 E/6 # ' q!+ q 'q/%" #q '" ( 'F /& 6 q . $& ,)9f 'u w" A #/A R( $&6 B# 04 - !+ :H" #")! q .! - J/& !#6" E)! $&6 , : !; :=4 ECD %B$ .3 . % !+ ? ( !/A q 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 18 Bq( '#GCq& '!q1 mq q q qA# ( >! q .) -;( # ( '!#" B!$Fi2 B!)/ 'q " + BA" # w/ / '-2 ( m q . -/" ( ;( .A ;+ ( K " = " q . -2 !; ) (f " q . #) "+ $J ( q ./,- q9 E 8 !+ /"56 '!7 # '#& 456 " ' ! q qq >?q6 ,q- '!#& =" $%" ( '!;< / # Dq( _q( B@q6 ,q q .q + @q q Iq; '/- '+ mqG% I # B#FG" , " .$& #/2) R ' BA #L B "q)! qq Dq( Sqw" # 4 A .4/( Sw" , # B'#H / q , & % B" '/ . /2 + g Sw" # A ab" #qF6 B$ # " L K" ( ( #)L # q-" lq9 # D( BE0& .J/" z" T #" #q q " q( qR q7L B$q7 .$q2; 5qA '#q26 q)#" ( B(accountability) q;Oq& B(truth telling) $qGG6 ,/qJ; :4q&A q .(attribution) (PH) $ B(minimizing harm) :&+ &6# 1%0 1. Society of Professional Journalists 23 B«q 'q2 Dq( !)q- c Iq"+ ' L7L» .(1387) 4! & B%b .4 3 I B3 c B'2 EC D( 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 19 )*+ $ , -. qGG% qiFb" K"Cq2) #q& B«q!#q& D( DG6 "i» .(1385) ,%" BC9& .66 T9A B2 I B17 c (i9 & K"Cq2) #q& B«#& '#26 D( '!#b6 ( & » .(1385) 1JF & B<'Ji .66 T9A B2 I B17 c B(i9 & GG% iFb" .#x - :7 B4Fu& .(1384) B(5A Kq90" B'q" %FqR qw& : B«!$&e ! !"&» .(1387) 96 Bw .l</& GG% T5-!< -/ :7 B'#& '!'uF5 hG" .# e/ :4 BR '! K9 BD( KJC2 .(1383) EC B52 . '!g!< /2 :7 B '#& D( '!i" .(1387) '7"9%" BF C" '!'?;G" BH '!#" |')#" K26 ( @R» .(1385) 4v B<9/i" T9A B2 I B17 c B(i9 & GG% iFb" K"C2) #& B«7 '!g!< .66 .Ri" ) :7 B'07" /-" .(1385) Jb" B5C" B'q" %FqR qw& : B«qq T # F9 !)» .(1387) B5C" .l</& GG% T5-!< -/ :7 B'#& '!'uF5 hG" K90" Andrews, P. (2003). “Is blogging journalism?” Nieman Report. Vol. 57, No. 3. Berkman, Robert I. & Christopher A. Shumway (2003). Digital Dilemmas: Ethical Issues for Online Media Professionals, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. Blood, Rebecca. (2002). “Weblog Ethics” In the: weblog handbook: practical advice on creating and maintaining your blog, Cambridge, MA: Perseus. Blood. R, (2003). “Weblogs and Journalism: Do They Connect?”, Nieman Reports, Vol. 57, No. 3. Cenite, M. & et al. (2009) “Doing the right thing online: a survey of bloggers' ethical beliefs and practices”, New Media Society, SAGE Publications, Vol. 11 . Cyberjournalist.net (2003). “A Bloggers’ Code of Ethics”. Retrieved November 25, 2004, from Cyberjournalist.net Web Site: http://www.cyberjournalist.net/news/000215.php Donsbach, W. (2008). The International Encyclopedia of Communication, Blackwell. http://www.editorsweblog.org/a_is_blogging_journalism/index.html http://www.microcontentnews.com/articles/bloggingjournalism.htm Kercher, K. (2008). Professional Blogging: Ethics and Rules, Ohio University, Journalism 416: Online Journalism Seminar. Koh, A. et al. (2005) “Ethics in Blogging”. Singapore Internet Research Centre, School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University. Kuhn, M. (2005, January). “C.O.B.E: A Proposed Code of Blogging Ethics”, Paper presented at the Blogging, Journalism, and Credibility Conference. Retrieved March 12, 2005, from: 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! " 20 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu:8080/webcred/wp-content/cobeblogethics.pdf Kuhn, M. (2007). “Interactivity and Prioritizing the Human: A Code of Blogging Ethics”. Journal of Mass Media Ethics (JMME), Vol. 22 (1). Lowrey, W. (2006). “Mapping the Journalism-Blogging Relationship”, Journalism, Vol. 7 (4). Mitchell, B. (2003). “Weblogs: A Road Back to Basics”, Nieman Reports. Vol. 57, No. 3 Morozov, A. (2005) “MINDING THE GAP: An Ethical Perspective on the Use of Weblogs in Journalistic Practice”, Presented at the 2005 Annual Convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Second Place Award, Burnett Competition of the AEJMC Media Ethics Division. Perlmutter, D. and M. Schoen (2007). “If I Break a Rule, What Do I Do, Fire Myself? Ethics Codes of Independent Blogs”, Journal of Mass Media Ethics, Vol. 22 (1). Regan, T. (2003). “Weblogs Threaten and Inform Traditional Journalism”, Nieman Reports. Vol. 57, No. 3. Singer, JB. (2007) “Contested Autonomy: Professional and Popular Claims on Journalistic Norms”, Journalism Studies, Vol. 8 (1). Zare, S. (2011). “Home and Away: Blogging Emotions in a Persian Virtual DOREH”, A thesis presented in fufilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosofy in linguistics at Massey University. 1390 ' ( ) &! #$ % % ! "
© Copyright 2024 ExpyDoc