〔Ⅰ〕次の英文を読み、設問に答えなさい。（40 点） Leaves are the food factories of a plant. The raw materials they use are of the *chlorophyll：葉緑素 *photosynthesis：光合成 simplest. Carbon dioxide, water, and a few mineral ingredients. The first, a gas, *time-lapse film：微速度撮影映画 is all around them in the air and they absorb it through tiny *pores in their *pigment：色素 surface. Water, and the minerals dissolved in it, is collected by the roots from the ground in which the plant grows. The agents within the tissues of the leaves 問１．下線部(1)を日本語に訳しなさい。（8 点） that process these raw materials are small *grains containing that remarkable substance, *chlorophyll. Powered by the energy of the sun, this is able to 問２．下線部(2)を日本語に訳しなさい。(10 点) combine these elements and produce starches and sugars, the foods from which the plant builds its various tissues. The process is called *photosynthesis. Its by-product is oxygen. (1)That gas drifts away through the leaf pores into the 問３．下線部(3)を、“Watching them do so”の“them”の指すものと、“do so”の内容を明らかにしながら、日本語に訳しなさい。 (12 点) atmosphere to the benefit of animals. For them it is the very breath of life. Since daylight is essential for this process, every plant must, as far as possible, position its leaves so that each collects its share without interfering 問４．下線部(4)に関して、わずかな光を葉の内部に取り込んで利用するために、ベゴニアはどのような仕組みを備えているか。簡潔に日本語で説明しなさい。 (10 点) with any others the plant may have. This may require changing the posture of the leaves throughout the day as the sun moves across the sky. (2)The accuracy with which a plant can position them may be judged simply by gazing up at the treetops in a wood. The leaves form an almost continuous ceiling, fitting together like the pieces of a jigsaw. In an environment where many species live crowded together, as they do in an English hedgerow, plants may have to compete with their neighbors and rivals for exposure to the sun. (3)Watching them do so on *time-lapse film, having been shot over several days, is like watching the faces of a packed crowd at the tennis match, where each person is anxious to get a good view of the ball as it passes from one side of the court to the other. In the morning, they face eastwards. As the sun rises, so they crane upwards; and as it sets, so they turn westwards. Overnight, some may fold up, but all arise to be ready to face the sun when it appears once more at dawn in the east. On the floor of a dense forest, the light may be very dim indeed. Some plants deal with the problem by growing extremely large leaves. Others maximize the meager light that falls on them in a different way. They coat the underside of their leaves with a purple *pigment. This catches the light after it has passed through the thickness of the leaf and reflects it back into the leaf tissues so that the chlorophyll has a second chance to utilize what is left of it. Begonias have (4)an additional trick. Some cells in the upper surface of their leaves are transparent and act as tiny lenses, gathering the feeble light and focusing it onto the grains of chlorophyll within. *pores： (葉の)気孔 *grains：粒子 1 2 〔Ⅱ〕次の英文を読み、設問に答えなさい。（30 点）問３．下線部(3)を日本語に訳しなさい。（12 点） Ancient Greece differed from all contemporary civilizations in the development of personal freedom, individuality, and objective thought. These qualities seem partly explainable by the political system that was unique to Greece, namely the city-state and its politics, especially the assembly, in which people had to persuade one another by rational argument. The city-state was also important because it was possible for intellectual rebels to leave one location and go to another, thereby maintaining a condition of relatively free inquiry. Indeed, members of the intelligentsia who were *personae non gratae in a given city-state would sometimes be sought out by other city-states for the prestige they would bring. Socrates’ followers begged him to leave Athens and go somewhere else rather than allow the death sentence against him to be carried out. He would have been welcomed elsewhere and ‘Athenian citizens would not have had any desire to pursue him. Another factor sometimes invoked to explain Greece’s uniqueness is that its maritime location made trading a *lucrative occupation, which meant that there was a substantial mercantile class who could afford to have their sons educated. That the merchants would have wished to have their sons educated requires explanation in itself, of course, especially because, unlike in China, education was not a route to power and wealth. The drive toward education was apparently the result of curiosity and a belief in the value of knowledge for its own sake. The curiosity characteristic of Greeks may in turn be explained in part by the location of the Greeks at a crossroads of the world. They were constantly encountering novel and perplexing people, customs, and beliefs. An obvious consequence of the different practices and beliefs swirling around the Greeks would have been the necessity of dealing with contradiction. They would have been constantly confronting situations where one person was asserting that A was the case and another was contending that not-A was the case. Contradiction coming from the opinions of outsiders, as well as freely expressed contradiction among insiders’ views, might have led to the development of the art of rational argument. *persona non gratae：好ましからざる人 *Athenian：アテネの *lucrative：もうかる問１．下線部(1)を日本語に訳しなさい。（10 点）問２．下線部(2)を日本語に訳しなさい。(8 点) 3 4 〔Ⅲ〕次の下線部(1)、(2)、(3)を英語に訳しなさい。（30 点） (1)不誠実な人間や信頼に値しない人間をできるだけ遠ざける方法はないものだろうか。これには、人間を洞察する力を持つことが一番だと私は思っている。この人間洞察の基本は、相手の本音を知ることである。どんな人間にも建前と本音があるが、その本音を探り出すことだ。それは、相手が喋っていることよりも、むしろ相手がやっていることに注目することである。どんな人間でも緊張しているときには、言葉を選んで相手から突っ込まれないように気を配っている。(2)しかし無意識で何気なくやってしまうことまでは、制御が行き届かない場合が多い。無意織の自己を現すそうした動作に注目してみることだ。もっと分かるのは、時間の守り方である。私は特に約束の時間に遅れて来るような人間には、気をつけ、遠ざけることにしている。「時間に遅れるくらいのことで、うるさくいうな」と言われるかもしれないが、(3)時間を守るというようなそんな小さな約束を守れない人間が、大きな約束を守れるはずがない。そうした人間は一事が万事、信頼に値しない場合が多い。 5