Integrated simulator of Т-72М1
tank crew
Main characteristics
Structural adequacy of control compartment and combat compartment
Functional adequacy
High quality of visualization
3-D models of mean line of fire, tank training area, tactical field
6-degree dynamic platform
Full scope of exercises of the Driving Course
Full scope of Firing Course
Wide range of terms of exercises and trainings
Fairness of assessment of trainees actions
Results documentation
Specifications of integrated simulator of T72M1 tank crew
No. in
seque
nce
Specification
1
Quantity of simultaneously trained people
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Minimum area of training class
Type of room
Operation readiness after turn-on
Duration of continuous work
Electric supply: voltage
frequency
Maximum consumed power
Mean consumed power
Range of working temperatures
Diagnostics system
Size of 3-D model of tank training area
Size of 3-D model of directrix
Size of tactic field
14
Quantity of types of terrain
---
15
Assessment of actions of trainees
---
16
Terms of exercises execution
---
17
Possibility for entry of failures and faults of
tank equipment
---
18
19
20
Failure time
Assigned resource
Warranty period
6
Unit of
measureme
nt
--m2
--min
hour
V
Hz
kW
kW
deg. C
--km
km
km
hour
year
year
Specification value
3 (driver mechanic, gunner,
commander)
30
Classroom
Maximum 5
Minimum 12
220±10%
50±1
30
14
from +5 to +40
Integrated semi-automatic
2х4
2х4
4х4
3
(plain, desert, mountain)
Computerized, in accordance with
indices and criteria of Driving Course
and Firing Course
Day, night, winter, summer, dust
storm, mist, various range of optical
visibility, temperature range from -20
deg. to +50 deg.
Enter of failures and faults of tank
equipment is implemented from the
workplace of class manager
Minimum 500
8
1
Composition of simulator
1. Simulator of tank control
compartment on dynamic
platform
3. Manager’s workplace
2. Simulator of tank combat
compartment on dynamic platform
Simulator of control compartment of Т-72М1
tank
►It is equipped with complete set of simulators of control devices and detection
devices of Т-72 tank
General view of
simulator cabin of
control compartment
on dynamic platform
Interior of simulator cabin of control
compartment
Composition of Т-72М1 tank control
compartment simulator
No. in
Name
sequenc
e
1
SIMULATORS OF CONTROL DEVICES AND DETECTION DEVICES
Observation device ТNPO-168V
Night vision instrument power suppliers ТNVE-4B
Instrument panel
2
Number of
pieces
1
1
1
Air cylinder
Hand fuel supply pump
2
Fuel supply pedal
1
Steering control lever
2
Clutch pedal
1
Brake pedal
1
Transmission selector lever
1
Parking brake lever
1
Inlet shutters gate drive lever
1
Fuel distributing cock
1
Direction gyro GPK-59
1
1
EQUIPMENT
Headset
1
Seat of driver mechanical
Interior lamp
1
Fan
1
Audio system
1
1
Simulator of combat compartment of Т-72М1
tank
Composition:
►cabin with workplaces of commander and gunner, equipped with simulators of sighting systems,
devices and equipment
►dynamic platform
Equipment of Т-72М1 tank combat compartment simulator
General view of Т-72М1 tank combat compartment simulator on 6-degree dynamic platform
Composition of Т-72М1 tank combat
compartment simulator
No. in
seque
Name, designation
nce
1
2
Simulators, set, including
Number
of pieces
1
sighting system TPDK-1 or 1А40
1
stabilizer control panel
night sighting ТPNZ-49
left-hand distribution panel
automatic loader control panel
control panel of smoke grenade launch system
gun rise hand gear
turret traversing hand gear
turret lock
round quantity indicator
azimuth indicator
breech end of gun with bridge block wedge handle
tank commander’s observation device TKN-3B
automatic loader panel
right-hand distribution panel
correction potentiometer
radio station R-123 (full-scale mock-up)
interphone control box
PKT receiver
Equipment, set, including
Headset with breast switch
commander’s seat
gunner’s seat
interior lamp
fan
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
Dynamic platform
Dynamic platform ensures simulation of slopes of tank hull during motion in
accordance with the relief of terrain, during fire from the gun, as well as acceleration
effects during standing start, acceleration, deceleration, turning of the tank
6-degree dynamic platform 6PD8
Main characteristics of dynamic platform
Index
Type of drive motors
Drive motor control
Pitch angle
Roll angle
Vertical movement
Angular movement around the vertical axis
Longitudinal displacement value
Transverse displacement value
Angular velocity of axis motion
Accuracy of control signals drill
Consumed power (max)
Consumed power (mean)
Values
Asynchronous with short-circuited rotor
Frequency as per the velocity and as per the
position
+/- 20 deg.
+/- 20 deg.
+/- 100 mm
+/- 20 deg.
+/- 200 mm
+/- 200 mm
0-20 deg./sec
0.2 deg. as per the angles
10 mm as per the position
12 kW
6 kW
MANAGER’S WORKPLACE
 Choice
Выборofупражнения
из the
exercises from
библиотеки
задач
с
library of tasks with account
учетом
выбранного
плана
for
selected
training plan
тренировки
и
требуемого
and required level of
уровня сложности
complexity
 Choice
Выборofусловий
conditions for
проведения тренировок
training
 Выбор участка местности
Choice of the terrain
 Подготовка упражнений
Preparation of exercises by
руководителем
managerдействий
 the
Контроль
Control
of actions
of trainees
обучаемых
в ходе
inтренировки
the course of training
Two-way
communication
 Двусторонняя
связь с
with
trainee
crew
обучаемыми
Оперативная
Prompt
help to
помощь
the
manager
руководителю
Включение
Activating/deactiv
(выключение)
ating of simulator
тренажера
Рабочее место
Generation of assessment
Формирование
оценки за
of exercisesупражнения
execution
выполнение
Manager’s
workplace
руководителя
Ввод
Entryнеисправностей
of faults and
и отказов
failures
of simulating
оборудования
equipment
тренажеров
Печать
Printingрезультатов
of training
тренировки
results
Режимы
“Reset”,
“record”
«Перезагрузка»,
and “repetition”
«Запись»,
modes
«Повтор»
Generation of results
Формирование
базы
database ofвыполнения
exercises
результатов
упражнений
execution
for за
theпериод
period
Monitor of control devices of control
compartment
General view of managers’ workplace
Monitor of the
field of view of
sighting device
1A40 on
manager’s
workplace
View from the external controlled camera
on tank on manager’s workplace
Weather conditions
input menu
ADEQUАCY OF TANK SIMULATION MODEL
Tank simulation model ensures
►adequacy of algorithms of functioning of simulator devices and equipment in standard and alarm
modes and the simulator reaction on the control effect of the trainees;
►adequacy of tank motion model, consideration of terrain relief, type of soil, surface condition;
►correct consideration of effect of bore wear, type of ammunition, wind speed and direction,
atmosphere pressure, air temperature and charge temperature on the flight range of shells and
bullets;
►conduction of reconnaissance using optic and electro-optical devices and fire by all types of
ammunition with account for optical visibility, smoke of line of sight of optical devices, tank hull
vibrations during rounds and movement;
►adequacy of ground and air targets (dimensions, painting, motion pattern and parameters, record
of hit or miss in the course of fire from tank armament);
►consideration of terrain conditions, season, time of the day, air temperature.
Simulator ensures at least 90% coverage of combat performance
High quality of visualization of target environment
▼detailing and drawing of terrain relief, compliance of image color range with the real background
▼compliance of angular sizes, shapes, colors, contrast of local objects, vegetation, ground and air
targets with the real objects within line of sight of electro-optical devices of the tank
▼adequacy of dynamic characteristics of mobile objects (targets) and simulated model of arming.
▼adequacy of visual, acoustic and dynamic effects of simulator functioning and fire by all types of
ammunition
Line of sight of commander’s observation
deviceTKN-3B in the simulator
Line of sight of sighting system TPDK-1 in the
simulator
Examples of visualization of terrain in
simulator
View from the external controlled camera on manager’s workplace on tank with
trainee crew
View from external controlled camera on column of armored vehicles
Training capabilities
Simulator capabilities for instruction and training:
Individual training of tank driver mechanicals
Individual fire training of tank gunners
Collective fire and tactical training of tank crews (including in terms of fire counteraction of the
enemy)
Capabilities of the simulator to form conditions of instruction and training :
Size of 3-D model of the terrain area – 4х4 km
Types of terrain – median, mountain, desert (under the request of the Customer 3-D model of any
area of terrain with size 8х8 km can be created)
Types of roads – subsoil, hard surface, off-the-road
Time of the day – day, twilight, night
Weather conditions – sunny, cloudy, rain, snow, wind of different velocity and direction
season – summer, winter (under the request of the Customer in accordance with the conditions of
the geographical region of instructions and trainings)
Simulator capabilities for instruction and training of the driver mechanicals:
Execution of a full list of exercises of the combat vehicles Driving Course (CVDC) with
computerized assessment of trainees actions
Driving in various road conditions and on the off-the-road in the course of execution of fire and
tactical tasks by the crew
Simulators capabilities for instruction and training of commanders and gunners :
Execution of a full list of exercises of the Fire Course (FC) with computerized assessment of
trainees actions
Execution of fire and tactical tasks by the crew
Didactic capabilities
Capabilities to control trainees actions:
◙ as per the current status of control and detection devices of driver mechanical, commander and
gunner (on control monitor)
◙ as per the duplicated field of view of observation devices of driver mechanical
◙ as per the duplicated field of view of sighting devices TPDK-1 (1A40), TPN-3-49, TKN-3BC
◙ as per the tank state from the point of observation of the external controlled camera
◙ as per the position of the tank on the tank training area, mean fire line or on the tactical field
◙ as per the protocol of execution of driving, fire and tactical exercises
◙ as per the reports of the trainees by communication means
Capabilities to assess trainees actions :
◙ computerized assessment of actions of driver mechanicals at the execution of standard
exercises in accordance with the indices and criteria of the combat vehicles Driving Course
(CVDC)
◙ computerized assessment of actions of commanders and gunners at the execution of standard
exercises in accordance with the indices and criteria of the Fire Course
◙ subjective assessment of trainees actions as per the results of the analysis by the entire (or
random) means of control
Capabilities to create training conditions :
◙ choice of weather conditions of fire
◙ choice of standard and forming of unspecified fire and tactical exercise
◙ choice of type of terrain, time of the day and year
◙ choice of types of actions of the enemy
◙ repetition (multiple if required) of the exercise or situation
◙ simulation of failure and faults of tank equipment
Capabilities for processing and storing the results of exercises and trainings
◙ results documenting in electronic form (printout)
◙ archiving the results per day and for a period
Change of distribution of time resource for combat
training using simulators
Use of simulators changes time distribution for various forms of trainings:
 75-80% of time are occupied by forming and maintenance of the required level of weapon skills
and level of crews interaction based on the simulators
 20-25% of time are occupied by testing abilities and skills of military personnel on instruction
firings, as well as coordination of units during tactical trainings.
Individual theoretical training
25
20
Tactical exercises
Formation of skills on individual
simulators
15
10
5
Field entrance
0
Battle drill exercises
Traditional form
exercises (based
training and combat
machines)
Crew teamwork combat training technique
(fire towns, mean line of fire)
Crew teamwork on simulators
Unit teamwork on integrated simulators
Combined form of exercises
(based on simulators, training
and combat machines)
RESULTS OF SIMULATOR USE IN COMBAT TRAINING
1.Effective solution of more than 80% tasks of fire training of tank units.
2.Workout of fire training tasks in various conditions (median, mountain, marshy and desert terrain,
day and night, in summer and winter, in various weather conditions).
3.Provision of the main stages of combat training – individual training, crew training.
4.Provision of the training principle “from simple to complex”, implementation of the individual
approach for training, provision of continuous instruction and training.
5.Organizational and methodological interconnection of exercises and trainings on simulators with
tactical exercises and field workout.
6.Fairness of assessment of training ability level of each specialist and crew, defining the dynamics
of the level of skills and teamwork.
7.Manageability of the instruction and training process, training process intensity variation.
8.Decrease of training artificialities, approaching of training conditions to the combat ones.
9.Complete and timely consideration of the tendencies of development of armed struggle
conducting means.
Effectiveness of simulators in the course of
combat training
Introduction of simulators system into combat training practice allows to:
1. Practically implement basic principles of
combat training
Make combat training as a real basis of the
entire army activities
Eliminate simplifications in the course of
instructions and trainings
Create training conditions close to the real
combat ones.
Ensure intensive training of the entire units
personnel
Ensure fair control of the level of crew training
and units teamwork
2. Solve combat training tasks
Train crews of different methods and ways of
combat operations as a part of the unit,
effective use of ammunition in complicated
combat situation conditions, day and night
Develop skills of commanders for continuous
control over the units and fire in the course of
struggle
Train units to conduct effective and
coordinated actions in modern struggle
Develop crew’s moral and combat qualities
3. Reduce by 70-80% costs for combat training
provided to achieve the required level of training
ability and combat teamwork
Change in level of training ability of the gunner
Working time of the gunner, s
40
Costs for combat training of tank company using
different instruction and training base
Costs, mln. USD
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
1
2
3
4
5
Training duration, year
Традиционная
форма
подготовки
Traditional
training
form
Training на
based
simulator
system
Подготовка
базе on
системы
тренажеров
6
35
30
25
20
15
10
1
31
61
91
121
151
Training time, days
Подготовка
на базе
Training based
onсистемы
simulator
тренажеров system
The result of functioning of combat training system based on the
combination of exercises on the simulator and in the field, is not only the
required level of training ability of military servicemen and crews, but also
qualitatively higher level of combat effectiveness and readiness of tank
units and divisions/

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