international journal of universal pharmacy and bio sciences

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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 3(6): November-December 2014
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL
PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES
Pharmaceutical Sciences
IMPACT FACTOR 2.093***
ICV 5.13***
REVIEW ARTICLE……!!!
A REVIEW ON GARCINIA INDICA
D.N. Mayura*, Dr. I.J.Kuppast1, J.H.Virupaksha 2and M.C. Ravi3
* Dept. of Pharmacology, National College of Pharmacy, Balraj-Urs road, Shimoga,Karnataka.
1 Principal, National College of Pharmacy, Balraj-Urs road,Shimoga,Karnataka.
2 Lecturer, National College of Pharmacy, Balraj-Urs road,Shimoga,Karnataka.
3 Lecturer, National College of Pharmacy, Balraj-Urs road,Shimoga,Karnataka.
KEYWORDS:
Garcinia indica,
Clusiaceae, chemical
constituents,
Pharmacological activity.
For Correspondence:
D.N. Mayura**
Address: Dept. of
Pharmacology, National
College of Pharmacy,
Balraj-Urs road,
Shimoga,Karnataka.
Email:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Kokum (Garcinia indica Choisy) is one of the native underexploited
tree spice. It is known for its food, medicinal and commercial values.
Kokam fruit can be viewed as wonder berry with pleasant, tangy
taste and a myriad of health benefits. This fruit is native to Sahyadri
mountain range of Western India. Kokam fruit is a popular
condiment used in several states of India for making vegetarian and
non-vegetarian preparations. Kokam has culinary, medicinal and
industrial uses. Most commonly used part of the Kokam plant is fruit.
Kokam is loaded with B-complex vitamins and minerals like
potassium, manganese and magnesium which hwlps in controlling
blood pressure and heart rate, offering protection against stroke and
coronary heart diseases. This fruit has also been used to combat
digestive problems such as indigestion, flatulence, acidity and
constipation. Kokam fruit pocess usefull anti-oxidant, chelating,
anticancer and anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antifungal, antibacterial
and cardio-protective activity. The juice from fruit enjoys the
popularity of cool and refreshing drink in summer. Garcinia indica is
used widely for the treatment of various disorders however its review
has not published recently. Hence the review of literature has under
taken.
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INTRODUCTION:
Man has been using herbs and plant products for combating disease since time immemorial. In
India, the earliest mention of use of medicinal plants is found to be in Rigveda which was written
between 4500-1600 B.C.
The traditional system of medicine is so engrained in our culture that, even now 75% of Indian
population depend on this indigenous system for relief1.
India has a very rich flora with nearly 16,000 species of flowering plants. A number of plants
(nearly 6,000 species) are used as medicinal herbs by various ethnic tribes and rural folks to cure the
ailments2.
The WHO is now actively encouraging the developing countries to use herbal medicine which they
have been traditionally used for centuries. They have identified 3000 plants from forests of India
and other tropical countries which can be used as medicine today, are either obtained from plant,
animals, microbes or minerals.
Drugs from plant or mineral origin are called as drugs of biological origin and are produced in the
living cells of plant or animals1. According to WHO, medicinal plant would be the best source to
obtain variety of drugs, and such plant should be investigated to better understand their properties,
safety, and efficacy3.
Botinical classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Order
:
Malpighiales
Family
:
Clusiaceae
Subfamily :
Clusioideae
Tribe
:
Garcinieae
Species
:
Garcinia indica4 .
Vernacular names:
English
: Goa butter. Indian berry, Kokam, Red berry
Gujarati
:
Kokan
Hindi
:
Bhirand, Kokam, Ratambi
Kannada
:
Murgala, Punarpuli
Sanskrit
:
Vrikshamla, Amlabija, Amlashaka
Telugu
Tamil
:
:
Puranapuli
Murgal5-
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Garcinia indica chois is a small tree. Leaves 6.3-9 by 2.5-3.8cm., red when young, oblonglanceolate, glabrous wiyh entire, repand margins; petioles 6-9 mm long. Flowers axillary or
terminal, solitary or in spreading fascicles; pedicels gradually thickened upwards, 4-8mm, bracts
scale like, deciduous. Sepals 4.5mm long, decussate, thick and fleshy. Outer sepals are smaller,
oblong-ovate and inner sepals are obovate-orbicular. Petals are 4 thick, a little longer than other
sepals.
Flowers are of two types; male flowers and female flowers. Male flowers are 3-8 in axillary and
terminal fascicles, the pedicles of the terminal fascicles are carried on a short peduncle. Stamens are
very numerous, anthers are two celled, dehiscing longitudinally, filaments are very short.
Female flowers are sessile or very short pedicelled, the fascicles are not peduncled. Staminoids in 4
bundles, arranged cross wise, each bundle containing 2-7 staminoids in one or more rows, filaments
short very thick ovary 4-8 celled, stigma sessile.Fruits are globose, not furrowed, 2.5-3cm in
diameter, and purple throughout. Seeds are 5-8 and are compressed and embeded in the pulp6.
Well known these tangy, Green/Reddish berries, Kokum fruit consist of 3 major parts:
The Kokum Pericarp – which is the rind or peel and contains the highest level of xanthones.
• The pulp – which is the fruit and is known for being one of the tastiest fruits in the world.
• The seeds – found within the white pulp5.
Geographical distribution:
Garcinia is a plant species of family Clusiaceae native to Africa, Australia, and Southern Africa,
and Polynesia. Commonly the plant in the genus are called saptrees, mangosteens, garcinias, or
ambiguously monkey fruit7. In India it is distributed in Konkan, North Kanara, Goa, Western Ghats
of Bombay South Kanara, Koorg, and Wynaad6.
Cultivation:
Kokum flourishes very well up to an elevation of about 800 m from MSL. It requires warm and
humid tropical climate. It thrives well in coastal areas receiving over 250 cm of rainfall. It grows
well in lateritic, alluvial soils having depth of 1.0 m and pH of 6.7.
The locations where coconut and arecanut can be cultivated are suitable for kokum. Though kokum
can be cultivated as a rainfed crop, it cannot be cultivated on hill tops like mango or cashewnut.
It can be grown as a monocrop or as a mixed crop in established coconut and arecanut plantation.
Kokum plants respond well to irrigation during summer. Ripe kokum fruits harvested during AprilMay from a region locality and pool the produce at one point for processing5.
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Active constituents:
Garcinia indica is a rich source of active compounds including garcinol, xanthochymol and
hydroxylcitricacid. These are flavanoids, benzophenones, xanthones lactones and phenolicacids 8.
The fruits contain citric acid, aceticacid and maleicacid, ascorbicacid, hydroxycitricacid and
garcinol.
The major constituents of Kokam rind is garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, isogarcinol
and camboginol. Garcim-1, Garcim-2 and cambogin are the chief oxidative product of garcinol,
along with isogarcinol and gambogicacid, mangostin and clusianone, macurin. The rind of dried
Kokam fruit consists of hydroxyaceticacid and hydroxycitricacid. It also contain 2.4% pigment as a
mixture of two anthocyanins namely, cyaniding-3-sambubioside and cyaniding-3-glucoside in the
ratio 4:1. Studies have shown that the frseh rind of Kokam contains 80%moisture, 2%protein,
2.8%tannin, 5% pectin, 14%crudefiber, 4.1%total sugars, 1.4%fat, 2.4%pigment, 22%hydroxycitric
acid, 0.06%ascorbic acid9.
Kokam leaves are reported to contain L-leucine, 75% moisture, protein 2.3 gm, fat 0.5gm, fiber
1.24gm, carbohydrates 17.2gm, iron 15.14mg, calcium 250mg, ascorbicacid 10mg, and oxalicacid
18.10mg per 100gm10.
Hydroxycitric acid, lactone and citricacid are present in leaves and rinds in minor quantities11.
Kokam seeds are rich in glyserides of stearicacid (55%), oleic acid(40%) and palmetic acid(3%),
linoleicacid(1.5%), hydroxylcapric acid(10%) and myristic acid(0.5%). Heart wood contains
euxanthone, biflavanoids, volkensiflavone and morello flavones12.
Uses of Kokam:
Traditional uses:

Digestive(fruit)

Antacid (Kokam leaves and rind)

Anti-dysentry (Fruit, rind ,leaves)

Anti-diarrheal (Fruit, rind, leaves)

Anti-piles (Fruit, rind, leaves)

Anti-ulcer (Rind)

Anti-colic (Rind and leaves)

Anti-obesity (Fruit)

Anthelmentic(Fruit)
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
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Anti-asthamatic(Fruit)

Cardiotonic (Fruit)

Hepatoprotective (Fruit)

Antitumor (Fruit)

Antihyperplasia (Leaves)

Wound healer (Kokam butter)

Analgesic (Rind,fruit)

Antiinflammatory (Rind)

Antidermatitis (Rind)

Antiperspirent (Rind)

Astringent (Leaves,fruits,leaves)

Demulcent (Kokam butter)

Emollient (Kokam butter)

Anti-oxident (Rind)13
Fruits:

Kokam fruit contains rich amount of antioxidents that binds with free radicals and
prevent oxidative damage of body cells, They promote cell regeneration and repair.

Kokam fruit juice is popular during scorching summer as it has cooling effect on body
and shields the body against sunstroke and dehydration. It also brings down fever and
allergic reaction.

Extract from fruit are traditionally used to relive gastric problems like acidity, flatulence,
constipation and indigestion.

Kokam juice is healthier and more refreshing option when compared to other
commercial botteled drinks. It act as appetite stimulant and has anti-helmintic properties.

Ayurvedic medicine also uses Kokam infusion to treat piles, dysentery, and infections.

Kokam
known
to
strengthen
cardiovascular
system
and
stabilize
liver
function.

The hydroxyl citric acid present in the fruit fights cholesterol and curbs lipogenesis, thus
aiding weight loss.

Traditional ayurvedic medicine uses fruit in infusion skin ailments like allergic rashes,
burns and chaffed skin and scales; and provide relief from sun stroke,tackle dysentery
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and mucus diarrhea, improve appetite and quinch thirst, treat bleeding piles, tumors and
heart problems, and as a tonic for heart and liver.

The fruit rind has potential antitumor and anti-ulcer activity5.
Seeds:

Kokam seeds contain high percentage of oil that freezes to form Kokum butter . Kokum
butter is extensively used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry as it works wondes on
dry, chapped, sensitive, irritated and burnt skin.
 Kokum butter is gaining importance over cocca butter as an intensive skin moisturizer.
 Due to its soothing and healing properties it is also applied directly to wounds and infected
skin.
 Kokum butter is rich in healthy fatty acids like stearic acid and oleic acid it is used as
edible oil, especially in confectionary5.
Industrial uses:

Kokam fruit appears to be promising industrial raw material for commercial exploitation,
due to its chemical constituents.

Kokam fat has been reported to be used in chocolate and confectionary preparations. It is
also used in the manufacture of soaps, candles and ointments.

Amsul, the unsalted Kokam as well as salted Kokam is marketed. Lonavala Kokam, Pakali
Kokam, Khane or edible Kokam and Khoba Kokam are some of the trade varities13.
Culinary uses:
 Dried Kokam fruit rinds are widely used in seasoning, as they impart a sweetish – tangy flavor
to food.
 The Kokam is extracted by soaking the rind inhot water. This juice is either consumed alone
or mixed with spices.
 Dry rind of Kokam is used as a substitute for tamarind, vinegar and lime juice. It give sour
taste to curries and gravies.
 Kokam is also known as fish tamarind as it is added to the fish curry to make it sour
 The intrinsic acidic property of Kokam checks the unpleasant flavor of fish.
 It is used for food coloration, due to the anthocyanins which provide a dark purple color13.
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Pharmacological actions:
1) Anti-bacterial activity:
Hexane and benzene extracts of rinds of Kokam and its active constituent garcinol claimbed to
pocess powerful antibacterial activity and also it potentiated the effects of clarithromycin on
H.pylori. The leaf extract also processes inhibitory effect against pathogenic bacteria like
Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi - A, and Salmonella tymphimurium. Aqueous extract of
Kokam rind is reported to contain highst antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis followed by
E.coli, Entero bacter aerogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The phytoconstituents garcinol,
isogarcinol, and xanthochymol exhibited 14, 15.
2) Anti-fungal activity:
Aqueous extract of Kokam rind pocess anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans and
Penicillium species14. Chloroform extract of Kokam rind inhibited the growth of Aspergillus
flavus8.
3) Anti-ageing activity:
Kokam pigments are useful in skin disorder for skin care due to UV light absorbing property.
Kokam exhibits anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase activity which favours skin care16.
4) Anti-ulcer activity:
Aqueous and ethanolic extract of Kokam rind exhibited ulcer protective activity against
indomethacin induced ulcer and Hcl/etanol inducedgastric lesion. Garcinol on oral administration
conveniently reduced gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin and water immersion17.
5) Neuroprotective effects:
Methanolic extract of Kokam fruits have exhibited significant neuroprotective potential against 6OHDA, indicating its anti-parkinson’s activity in rats.Garcinol also reduced the expression of LPSinduced inflammatory Mediators, iNOS and COX-2 and prevented the nitric oxide accumulation in
LPS treated astrocytes18. It was also found to have anticholineesterase property19. Cyanidine-3glucoside prevent the outgrowth and expression of neurofilament proteins demonstrating its
neuroprotective potential.
6) Hypoglycemic activity:
The whole fruit extract of Kokam significantly found to lower the fasting blood glucose level in
streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats in acute and chronic study.
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The acute administration of aqueous extract at 400mg/kg significantly improved oral glucose
tolerance, revealing its anti hyperglycemic activity. Garcinol purified from garcinia indica rind was
reported to have potent glycation inhibiting activity as it suppresses protein glycation in bovine
serum albumin/fructose system20.
7) Anti-obesity activity:
The methanolic extract of dried Kokam fruits have showed remarkable anti hyperlipidemic activity
in rats using cholesterol induced hyperlipidemicmodel. Significant decrease in total cholesterol,
triglycerides, LDL-C,VLDL-C levels and increases HDL-C21. Many studies have shown that intake
of hydroxycitric acid present in Kokam fruit reduces lipogenesisand reduces body weight 22. In-vitro
studies demonstrated increase in adipocytokine secretion and up regulation of adipocyte specific
gene expression with out the activation of PPARγ on treatment of rat adipocyte with cyaniding-3glucoside. Further more in vivo studies also showed increase in gene expression of adiponectin in
white adipose tissue23.
8) Anti inflammatory activity:
Kokam rind aqueous extract and ethanolic extract were investigated for its anti-inflammatory
potential, by using carragenene induced paw edema model. Both extracts showed powerful
reduction in inflammation in acut study.
More over significant reduction lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase
confirms its anti-inflammatory activity24.
9) Anti-oxidant activity:
Chloroform extract of Kokam rind showed free radical scavenging activity by using DPPH assay
and β carotene linoleate assay8. Markated concentrated syrup cold and hot aqueous extract also
showed free radical scavenging activity25. Methanolic extract of Kokam fruit showed potent anti
oxidant activity compared to standard ascorbic acid Garcinol was showed to have super oxide anion
scavenging activity in phenazene methosulphate/ NADH- nitroblue tetrazolium system. It also
showed free radical scavenging activity comparable to DL-α-tocopherol in DPPH assay. Scavenging
of ultraviolet B induced hydroxyl and super oxide radical by cyaniding-3-glucoside in cultured JB6
cells26.
10) Antineoplastic activity:
Garcinia indica fruit rind extracts showed dose dependent cytotoxic activity by inhibiting cultured
Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts.Previous report showed that garcinol elicited inhibitory effect on
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Azoxymethane (AOM) induced colonic aberrant crypt foci(ACF), moreover garcinol also improved
liver glutathione-s- transferase and quinine reductase level, reflects hastening of detoxification
mechanisms.
Garcinol showed significant suppression in 4-NQO induced oral-carcinogenesis. It also diminishes
tongue carcinoma. Garcinol prevented DNA damage by scavenging the hydroxyl radical and inhibit
carcinogenesis. Garcinol and its derivatives cambogin, garcim-1 and garcim-2 showed potent
growth inhibitory effect on neoplastic colon cancer cells, as well as in normal immprtalized
intestinal cells.
Anti proliferative effect of garcinol was elicited in HeLa cells, human colorectal cancer cell lines 27,
human leukemia HL-60 cells, human breast cancer cells, prostrate and pancreatic cancer cells 28.
Isogarcinol and xanthochymol indue apoptosis through activation of caspase in neoplastic cells. In
vivo studies predicted reduction in the number of malignant and non-malignant skin tumours per
mouse in skin carcinogenesis model by cyaniding-3-glucoside26. Cyanidin-3- glucoside provide
protection to caco-2 colon cancer cells against peroxy radical induced oxidative damage and reduce
its cytotoxicity29.
11) Cardioprotective activity:
Cyanidin-3-glucoside of Kokam enhanced e NOS expression and increased NO production
improving
endothelial
dysfunction,
harmonize
blood
pressure
and
possibly
prevent
30
atherosclerosis .
Conclusion:
Kokam fruit can be viewd as a wonder berry that has a pleasant, tangy-sweet taste and a myriad of
health benefits.
The exotic fruit is native to Sahyadri mountain range of western India. Kokam (Garcinia indica)
fruit grows on ornamental fruit trees and does not require irrigation, spraying or fertilizers. Since
Kokam fruit is disease and pest free, it provides a sustainable source of lively-hood for several
families and small rural farmers.
The Garcinia indica trees major health benefits are derived from garcinol, a substance found in fruit
rind, seeds and other parts of the tree. Garcinol is able to kill the H.pylori bacteria that can cause
ulcers and evidence suggests that garcinol could be usefull as anti-cancer agent. Kokam fruit helps
in reducing body weight by virtue of its anorectic property appetite suppressant activity and
cholesterol lowering effect.
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Kokam seed butter has greasy moisturizing properties that being used in many cosmetics, creams,
conditioners and soaps. Kokam tel is used in foot massage. Kokam fruit is a popular condiment used
in many states of India for making vegetarian and non-vegetarian preparation.
Kokam has culinary, medicinal and industrial uses. Kokam is loaded with B-complex and minerals
like potassium, manganese and magnesium, which helps in controlling heart rate and blood
pressure, offering protection against stroke and coronary heart disease.
This versatile super fruit has been used long time to combat digestive problems like indigestion,
flatulence, acidity, and constipation. It enjoys popularity as cool drink in summer and Kokam fruit
pocess anti- oxidant, chelating and free radical scavenging, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-fungal and anti-ulcer activity.
Acknowledgement:
I would like to thanks VGST, Govt.of Karnataka, Bangalore, and also management, National
Education Society, Shimoga, Karnataka
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Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com

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