J. Smajic1
“Green” Components for Future Smart Grids
1
Institute of Energy Technology (IET)
HSR - University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Oberseestrasse 10, Rapperswil, Switzerland
[email protected]
University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Outline
 Introduction
 Smart grids: concepts, ideas, problems, etc.
 Limitations of the existing power system (PS) components
 New “green” solutions for future Smart Grids
 New GIS-solutions for ultra-HV power transmission systems
 Dry-type power- and distribution transformers
 Dry-type drive transformers for power electronics
 HF-modeling and simulation of power- and distribution transformers
 Transmission of HF communication signals over the existing PS components
 Conclusions
2
University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Outline
 Introduction
 Smart grids: concepts, ideas, problems, etc.
 Limitations of the existing power system (PS) components
 New “green” solutions for future Smart Grids
 New GIS-solutions for ultra-HV power transmission systems
 Dry-type power- and distribution transformers
 Dry-type drive transformers for power electronics
 HF-modeling and simulation of power- and distribution transformers
 Transmission of HF communication signals over the existing PS components
 Conclusions
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Introduction: Smart Grids – Concepts, Ideas, Problems, etc.
Source: http://www.consumerenergyreport.com/smart-grid/
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Introduction: Smart Grids – Concepts, Ideas, Problems, etc.
 Concepts and ideas:
 Micro-grids and their integration into a large network.
 Locale generation and storage of electric energy (PV- und wind power stations).
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Introduction: Smart Grids – Concepts, Ideas, Problems, etc.
 Problems:
 Complexity of the structure (due to decentralized power generation: PV-, wind-,
biogas power stations/plants, etc.).
 Complicated load flow control, maintenance of the voltage stability in the
distribution grid, maintenance of the grid stability, etc.
 Intelligent grid components and communication with and between them.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Outline
 Introduction
 Smart grids: concepts, ideas, problems, etc.
 Limitations of the existing power system (PS) components
 New “green” solutions for future Smart Grids
 New GIS-solutions for ultra-HV power transmission systems
 Dry-type power- and distribution transformers
 Dry-type drive transformers for power electronics
 HF-modeling and simulation of power and distribution transformers
 Transmission of HF communication signals over the existing PS components
 Conclusions
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Limitations of the Existing Power System Components
k
Large synchronous turbo- and hydro-generators:
 Limited operating voltage ≤ 31.5kV
 High power ≤ 2GW
 High nominal (≤ 36kA) and short-circuit current
(≤ 685kApeak)
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Limitations of the Existing Power System Components
Generator -> Generator Circuti Breaker (GCB) -> Step-up Transformer
ABB GCB HECS-130R
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Limitations of the Existing Power System Components
Generator -> Generator Circuti Breaker (GCB) -> Step-up Transformer
The displacement of
the components of the GCB
ABB GCB HECS-130R due
to the magnetic effect of the
short-circuit current is
presented.
The short-circuit current
reaches the peak value of
360kA.
J. Smajic, C. Jäger, S. Neubauer, A. Bauer, D. J. Cheng, M. Widenhorn, “ Coupled Electromagnetic-Mechanical Dynamic
Analysis of Generator Circuit Breakers“, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 50, No. 2, Article#: 7005704, February 2014.
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Limitations of the Existing Power System Components
k
Power and distribution transformers:
 Oil-immersed transformers are dominant
 High explosion and fire risk
 Negative environmental impact
 Poor HF-signal transmission capabilities
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Limitations of the Existing Power System Components
k
HV Gas Insulated Switchgears (GIS):
 High pressure gas insulation (SF6)
 Negative environmental impact (SF6 is 10’000
times more harmful than CO2 in terms of the
greenhouse effect)
 Poor HF-signal transmission capabilities
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Outline
 Introduction
 Smart grids: concepts, ideas, problems, etc.
 Limitations of the existing power system (PS) components
 New “green” solutions for future Smart Grids
 New GIS-solutions for ultra-HV power transmission systems
 Dry-type power- and distribution transformers
 Dry-type drive transformers for power electronics
 HF-modeling and simulation of power- and distribution transformers
 Transmission of HF communication signals over the existing PS components
 Conclusions
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
New GIS-Solutions for Ultra-HV Power Transmission Systems
1’100kV AC Jingman Substation in China
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
New GIS-Solutions for Ultra-HV Power Transmission Systems
1’100kV AC Jingman Substation in China
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
New GIS-Solutions for Ultra-HV Power Transmission Systems
10.7m
1.5m
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
New GIS-Solutions for Ultra-HV Power Transmission Systems
Modeling and simulation of very fast transients (VFT) in the ABB GIS ELK-5 (1’100kV)
J. Smajic, W. Holaus, J. Kostovic, U. Riechert, “3D Full-Maxwell Simulations of Very Fast
Transients in GIS”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 1514-1517, May 2011.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
New GIS-Solutions for Ultra-HV Power Transmission Systems
Modeling and simulation of very fast transients (VFT) in the ABB GIS ELK-5 (1’100kV)
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Boundary initial value problem (BIVP):
𝜕𝐴⃗
1
𝜕
𝜕𝐴⃗
⃗
𝛻×
𝛻 × 𝐴 + 𝜇0 𝜎
+ 𝜇0 𝜀0
𝜀𝑟
= 0, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ Ω ⊆ 𝑅3
𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝑡
𝜇𝑟
𝜕𝜕
𝑛 × 𝐴⃗ = 0, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝜕𝑃𝑃𝑃 Ω ⊆ 𝑅2
−𝑛 ×
𝜇0 𝜕
2𝜇0
1
𝛻 × 𝐴⃗ −
𝑛 × 𝑛 × 𝐴⃗ =
𝑛 × 𝑛 × 𝐸0 , 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝜕𝑃𝑂𝑂𝑂 Ω ⊆ 𝑅2
𝑍𝑆 𝜕𝜕
𝑍𝑆
𝜇𝑟
𝐴⃗ = 0, 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ Ω ⊆ 𝑅3
Where 𝐴⃗ is the vector magnetic potential, 𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 is the magnetic permeability of the domain,
ε = 𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 is the dielectric permittivity of the domain, 𝜎 is the electric conductivity of the domain, Ω is
the 3D computational domain, 𝜕𝑃𝑃𝑃 Ω is the perfect electric conductor boundary of the domain (metal
conductor at high frequencies), 𝜕𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 Ω is the connecting port boundary of the domain over which is
its connection with the external source is established, 𝐸0 is the source electric field (voltage source)
over the connecting boundary, and 𝑍𝑆 is the surface wave impedance (can be also an impendence of
the conductors system attached to the computational domain over the interface boundary).
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Vector Finite Element Method (FEM):
Linear vector tetrahedral element:
𝑓⃗ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 = � 𝑁𝑒 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∙ 𝑓𝑖 (𝑡)
𝑒
University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
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New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
New GIS-Solutions for Ultra-HV Power Transmission Systems
Modeling and simulation of very fast transients (VFT) in the ABB GIS ELK-5 (1’100kV)
21
University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
New GIS-Solutions for Ultra-HV Power Transmission Systems
Modeling and simulation of very fast transients (VFT) in the ABB GIS ELK-5 (1’100kV)
J. Smajic, W. Holaus, J. Kostovic, U. Riechert, “3D Full-Maxwell Simulations of Very Fast
Transients in GIS”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 1514-1517, May 2011.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
New GIS-Solutions for Ultra-HV Power Transmission Systems
HF-Resonators for Damping of VFTs in Ultra-HV GIS
HF-Resonator:
J. Smajic, W. Holaus, M. Seeger, F. Greuter, A. Iordanidis, U. Riechert,
“Conductor Arrangement for Reducing Impact of Very Fast Transients”,
European Patent Office, Application/Patent No. 11174464.5 – 1231, Date of filing: 19.07.2011.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
New GIS-Solutions for Ultra-HV Power Transmission Systems
HF-Resonators for Damping of VFTs in Ultra-HV GIS
400
Ohne Resonator
Mit dem Resonator
300
Resonator’s design (2012)
Voltage (kV)
200
100
0
-100
Resonator’s
prototype (2012)
-200
Resonator’s measurement (2012)
-300
-50
50
0
150
100
Time (ns)
200
250
300
J. Smajic, A. Shoory, S. Burow, W. Holaus, U. Riechert, S. Tenbohlen, “Simulation Based Design
of HF Resonators for Damping Very Fast Transients in GIS“, Accepted for publication in IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, May 2014.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Dry-type power- and distribution transformers:
J. Tepper, R. Murillo, C. Roy, J. Smajic, M. Erichsen, M. Berrogain, "DryType Transformers for the 72.5 kV Voltage Class", Proceedings of the
21st International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2011),
Paper 0984, Frankfurt am Main, June 2011.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Induced stray losses in structural components:
J. Smajic, T. Steinmetz, B. Cranganu-Cretu, A. Nogues, R. Murillo, J. Tepper, “Analysis of Near and Far Stray Magnetic Fields of
Dry-Type Transformers: 3D Simulations vs. Measurements”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 1374-1377,
May 2011.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Induced stray losses in structural components:
J. Smajic, T. Steinmetz, B. Cranganu-Cretu, A. Nogues, R. Murillo, J. Tepper, “Analysis of Near and Far Stray Magnetic Fields of
Dry-Type Transformers: 3D Simulations vs. Measurements”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 1374-1377,
May 2011.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Analysis of amorphous DELTA-transformers:
T. Steinmetz, J. Smajic, S. Outten, T. Hartmann, M. Carlen, “Benefits of Transformers Based on Triangular
Wound Core Configurations“, CIGRÉ Report A2-306, 44th CIGRÉ Session, Paris, France, August 2012.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Analysis of amorphous DELTA-transformers:
T. Steinmetz, J. Smajic, S. Outten, T. Hartmann, M. Carlen, “Benefits of Transformers Based on Triangular
Wound Core Configurations“, CIGRÉ Report A2-306, 44th CIGRÉ Session, Paris, France, August 2012.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
2500 mm
Dry-type drive transformers for power electronics:
A typical high-power dry-type transformer for 12-pulse rectifier is presented.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Dry-type drive transformers for power electronics:
Rotationsachse
Rotationsachse
Limb
Limb
Yoke
Yoke
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Dry-type drive transformers for power electronics:
Electromagnetic analysis of transformer
winding losses by fully taking into account
the higher current harmonics is presented.
J. Smajic, J. Hughes, T. Steinmetz, D. Pusch, W. Mönig, M. Carlen, “Numerical Computation of Ohmic and
Eddy-Current Winding Losses of Converter Transformers Including Higher Harmonics of Load Current”, IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 827-830, February 2012.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Dry-type drive transformers for power electronics:
The fifth harmonic component of
The first harmonic component of
the transformer current (250Hz)
the transformer current (50Hz)
J. Smajic, J. Hughes, T. Steinmetz, D. Pusch, W. Mönig, M. Carlen, “Numerical Computation of Ohmic and
Eddy-Current Winding Losses of Converter Transformers Including Higher Harmonics of Load Current”, IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 827-830, February 2012.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
HF-modeling and simulation of power- and distribution transformers:
J. Smajic, T. Steinmetz, M. Rüegg, Z. Tanasic, R. Obrist, J. Tepper, B. Weber, M. Carlen, “Simulation and
Measurement of Lightning-impulse Voltage Distributions Over Transformer Windings”, IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, Vol. 50, No. 2, Article#: 7013604, February 2014.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
HF-modeling and simulation of power- and distribution transformers:
J. Smajic, T. Steinmetz, M. Rüegg, Z. Tanasic, R. Obrist, J. Tepper, B. Weber, M. Carlen, “Simulation and
Measurement of Lightning-impulse Voltage Distributions Over Transformer Windings”, IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, Vol. 50, No. 2, Article#: 7013604, February 2014.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
HF-modeling and simulation of power- and distribution transformers:
J. Smajic, T. Steinmetz, M. Rüegg, Z. Tanasic, R. Obrist, J. Tepper, B. Weber, M. Carlen, “Simulation and
Measurement of Lightning-impulse Voltage Distributions Over Transformer Windings”, IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, Vol. 50, No. 2, Article#: 7013604, February 2014.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
HF-modeling and simulation of power- and distribution transformers:
J. Smajic, T. Steinmetz, M. Rüegg, Z. Tanasic, R. Obrist, J. Tepper, B. Weber, M. Carlen, “Simulation and
Measurement of Lightning-impulse Voltage Distributions Over Transformer Windings”, IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, Vol. 50, No. 2, Article#: 7013604, February 2014.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
HF-modeling and simulation of power- and distribution transformers:
J. Smajic, T. Steinmetz, M. Rüegg, Z. Tanasic, R. Obrist, J. Tepper, B. Weber, M. Carlen, “Simulation and
Measurement of Lightning-impulse Voltage Distributions Over Transformer Windings”, IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, Vol. 50, No. 2, Article#: 7013604, February 2014.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
HF-modeling and simulation of power- and distribution transformers:
J. Smajic, T. Steinmetz, M. Rüegg, Z. Tanasic, R. Obrist, J. Tepper, B. Weber, M. Carlen, “Simulation and
Measurement of Lightning-impulse Voltage Distributions Over Transformer Windings”, IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, Vol. 50, No. 2, Article#: 7013604, February 2014.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Transmission of HF communication signals over the existing PS components:
J. Smajic, D. Dzung, T. von Hoff, “Bypass for Bypassing a High Frequency Power Line Communication
Signal”, European Patent Office, Application/Patent No. 11172130.4 – 1233, Date of filing: 30.06.2011.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
New “Green” Solutions for Future Smart Grids
Transmission of HF communication signals over the existing PS components:
J. Smajic, D. Dzung, T. von Hoff, “Bypass for Bypassing a High Frequency Power Line Communication
Signal”, European Patent Office, Application/Patent No. 11172130.4 – 1233, Date of filing: 30.06.2011.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Outline
 Introduction
 Smart grids: concepts, ideas, problems, etc.
 Limitations of the existing power system (PS) components
 New “green” solutions for future smart grids
 New GIS-solutions for ultra-HV power transmission systems
 Dry-type power- and distribution transformers
 Dry-type drive transformers for power electronics
 HF-modeling and simulation of power and distribution transformers
 Transmission of HF communication signals over the existing PS components
 Conclusions
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland
Conclusions
• The main limitations of the existing power system components concerning the
needs of future Smart Grids were discussed in detail:
• poor capabilities for transmitting HF communication signal,
• negative environmental impact (transformer oil, SF6, etc.), and
• limited voltage level due to dielectric issues.
• Several new solutions for mitigating the above problems were presented:
• VFT damping in modern UHV GIS based on HF-resonators,
• dry-type power-, distribution-, and drive transformers, and
• power- and distribution transformers capable of transmitting HF signals.
• Considering the presented promising solutions for power systems and considering
the present accelerated development of power electronics components and circuits,
it is evident that a solid component basis for developing Smart Grids already exists.
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University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland

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