CONTENTS Editorial Board v Contributors vii Preface xix Introduction to Volume 1 xxi Volume 1 Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 1.01 History of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging TF Budinger and T Jones 1.02 Single-Photon Radionuclide Imaging and SPECT RS Miyaoka 39 1.03 Dynamic Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography GT Gullberg 61 1.04 Scatter Correction in SPECT MA King and PH Pretorius 93 1.05 Compton Emission Tomography JS Maltz 103 1.06 Positron Emission Tomography TK Lewellen 123 1.07 Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography WW Moses 141 1.08 Time-of-Flight PET Reconstruction Strategies ME Daube-Witherspoon 149 1.09 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Computer Tomography (CT) F Bu¨ther and O Schober 157 1.10 High-Resolution Small Animal Imaging KP Scha¨fers, K Bolwin, F Bu¨ther, S Hermann, AH Jacobs, T Ko¨sters, M Kuhlmann, M Scha¨fers, and T Viel 181 1.11 Emission Tomography Motion Compensation R Boutchko 213 1.12 Tracer Kinetic Models in PET VJ Cunningham and A Welch 229 1.13 Absorbed Radiation Dose Assessment from Radionuclides TF Budinger 253 1 ix x Contents Volume 2 X-Ray and Ultrasound Imaging 2.01 Physical Basis of x-Ray Imaging P Russo 2.02 Physical Parameters of Image Quality A Konstantinidis 49 2.03 Computed Tomography D Panetta 65 2.04 Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology R Molteni 89 2.05 Breast Imaging A Taibi and S Vecchio 121 2.06 Dual-Energy and Spectral Imaging TP Szczykutowicz 155 2.07 Quality Controls in x-Ray Imaging S Valzano and R Matheoud 167 2.08 x-Ray Imaging with Coherent Sources L Rigon 193 2.09 High-Resolution CT for Small-Animal Imaging Research CT Badea and D Panetta 221 2.10 Radiation Protection and Dosimetry in x-Ray Imaging EM Ferdeghini 243 2.11 Fundamentals of CT Reconstruction in 2D and 3D JA Fessler 263 2.12 The Basics of Ultrasound M Demi 297 2.13 Ultrasound Imaging Arrays JM Thijssen and M Mischi 323 2.14 Doppler Ultrasound H Torp and L Lvstakken 343 2.15 Ultrasound Imaging Modalities M Mischi, NG Rognin, and MA Averkiou 361 2.16 Nonlinear Acoustics L Demi and MD Verweij 387 2.17 Biomedical Applications of Ultrasound G Soldati 401 2.18 Biological Effects in Diagnostic Ultrasound DL Miller 437 2.19 Simulation of Ultrasound Fields MD Verweij, BE Treeby, KWA van Dongen, and L Demi 465 2.20 Ultrasound Research Platforms P Tortoli, A Ramalli, and E Boni 501 1 Contents xi Volume 3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy 3.01 Fundamentals of MR Imaging DW McRobbie 3.02 Image Contrast and Resolution in MRI PG Morris and AN Price 21 3.03 Perfusion Imaging and Hyperpolarized Agents for MRI R Wirestam, S Ma˚nsson, and L Knutsson 37 3.04 High Versus Low Static Magnetic Fields in MRI ME Ladd 55 3.05 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) AS Bick, N Levin, and G Goelman 69 3.06 Diffusion-Weighted MRI M Descoteaux and C Poupon 81 3.07 MRI of the Brain A Horska´ and DDM Lin 99 3.08 MRI of the Cardiovascular System F von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff and J Schulz-Menger 115 3.09 MRI of the Liver RC Semelka, RM Azevedo, and BM Dale 139 3.10 MRI of the Pancreas and Kidney DB Caovan and KJ Chang 155 3.11 MRI of the Small and Large Bowel F Maccioni 173 3.12 MR Imaging of the Prostate Y Mazaheri, A Shukla-Dave, and H Hricak 193 3.13 MRI of the Breast GM Tse, DKW Yeung, and WCW Chu 205 3.14 MRI of the Female Genitourinary Tract I Imaoka, T Araki, and M Takeuchi 221 3.15 Three-Dimensional Multispectral MRI for Patients with Metal Implants KM Koch, AC Brau, W Chen, GE Gold, BA Hargreaves, MF Koff, GC McKinnon, HG Potter, and KF King 241 3.16 Fundamentals of MR Spectroscopy MA McLean 257 3.17 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) of the Brain N Fayed and E Gonzalez-Toledo 273 3.18 MR Spectroscopy (MRS) of the Prostate V Kumar and NR Jagannathan 287 3.19 MRS of the Breast H Allouche-Arnon, T Arazi-Kleinman, S Fraifeld, B Uziely, and R Katz-Brull 299 3.20 Potential and Obstacles of MRS in the Clinical Setting S Williams, Dzˇ Belkic´, and K Belkic´ 315 1 xii Contents 3.21 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging RW Prost 331 3.22 Clinical Applications of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Y Lu, Y Mazaheri, H Hricak, and A Shukla-Dave 347 3.23 In Vivo Two-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy A Huda, R Nagarajan, J Furuyama, and MA Thomas 359 3.24 Basic Science Input into Clinical MR Modalities H Degani 379 3.25 Mathematically Optimized MR Reconstructions Dzˇ Belkic´ 399 3.26 Interdisciplinarity of MR and Future Perspectives with a Focus on Screening K Belkic´ 417 Volume 4 Optical Molecular Imaging 4.01 Bio-optical Imaging J Napp and F Alves 4.02 Signal-Relevant Properties of Fluorescent Labels and Optical Probes and Their Determination U Resch-Genger, K Hoffmann, and J Pauli 15 4.03 Fluorescent Proteins RM Hoffman 27 4.04 Fluorescent Nanoparticles A Kuzmanoski and C Feldmann 33 4.05 Molecular Imaging Probes: Activatable and Sensing Probes MR Longmire, PL Choyke, and H Kobayashi 53 4.06 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Probes I Hilger 63 4.07 Multimodal Optical Imaging Probes Stanley Fokong, Jabadurai Jayapaul, and Fabian Kiessling 73 4.08 Fluorescent Reporters and Optical Probes: Dye Classes, Conjugation Chemistry, Spectroscopic Properties, and Design Concepts K Licha and U Resch-Genger 1 85 4.09 Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy J Enderlein 111 4.10 Uncovering Tumor Biology by Intravital Microscopy E Chung, C Yeon, RK Jain, and D Fukumura 153 4.11 Two-Photon Microscopy Z Wu and M van Zandvoort 165 4.12 Optical Frequency-Domain Imaging W-Y Oh 175 4.13 Raman-Based Technologies for Biomedical Diagnostics C Krafft and J Popp 189 4.14 Optical Coherence Tomography B Liu and ME Brezinski 209 Contents xiii 4.15 Two-Dimensional In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging MA Markus, C Dullin, and F Alves 227 4.16 Bioluminescence Imaging M Keyaerts, V Caveliers, and T Lahoutte 245 4.17 Inverse Models for Diffuse Optical Molecular Tomography HK Kim and AH Hielscher 257 4.18 Hybrid Optical Imaging F Gremse and F Kiessling 269 4.19 Optoacoustic Imaging D Razansky 281 4.20 Fluorescence-Guided Surgery: A Promising Approach for Future Oncologic Surgery PBAA van Driel, S Keereweer, TJA Snoeks, and CWGM Lo¨wik 301 4.21 Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy Applications F Duconge´ and F Lacombe 335 4.22 Optical Imaging in Mammography A Poellinger and D Grosenick 345 4.23 External Transdermal Procedures M Eisenbla¨tter and C Bremer 363 4.24 High Content Screening and Analysis with Nanotechnologies Y Williams, A Prina-Mello, and Y Volkov 379 Volume 5 Physics of Physiological Measurements 5.01 Electrical Activities in the Body J Werner 5.02 Electrocardiography J Werner 25 5.03 Bioelectric Measurements: Magnetoencephalography JP Ma¨kela¨ 47 5.04 Tissue Impedance Spectroscopy and Impedance Imaging B Brown 73 5.05 Blood Flow Measurement T Tamura 91 5.06 Measurement of Temperatures of the Human Body J Werner 107 5.07 Force Measurements A Freivalds 127 5.08 Smart Homes: Ambient Intelligence and How IT Can Help Increase Longevity N Noury 139 5.09 Wearable Sensors A Bonfiglio 155 1 Volume 6 Bioinformatics 6.01 Artificial Neural Networks ZR Yang and Z Yang 1 xiv Contents 6.02 Learning Rule-Based Models – The Rough Set Approach J Komorowski 19 6.03 Algorithms for Mapping High-Throughput DNA Sequences J Frellsen, P Menzel, and A Krogh 41 6.04 Text Mining M Krallinger, F Leitner, M Vazquez, and A Valencia 51 6.05 Semantic Web, Ontologies, and Linked Data P Lambrix 67 6.06 Nomenclature of Genes and Proteins EA Bruford 77 6.07 Phylogenetic Analyses P Bawono and J Heringa 93 6.08 Computational Approaches for Predicting Mutation Effects on RNA Structure R Sabarinathan and J Gorodkin 111 6.09 Chemoinformatics ML Peach, AV Zakharov, L Guasch, and MC Nicklaus 123 6.10 Lipidomics in Metabolomics WJ Griffiths and Y Wang 157 6.11 Genome-Scale Metabolic Models: A Link between Bioinformatics and Systems Biology J Nielsen, S Bordel, and I Nookaew 165 6.12 EBI and ELIXIR LC Crosswell and JM Thornton 175 6.13 Databases and Datasources at SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics A Bridge, L Lane, H Stockinger, R Appel, and I Xenarios 191 Volume 7 Radiation Biology and Radiation Safety 7.01 Early Events Leading to Radiation-Induced Biological Effects D Alloni, LG Mariotti, and A Ottolenghi 7.02 Microbeam Radiation Biology KM Prise and G Schettino 23 7.03 Molecular Radiation Biology AC Begg 43 7.04 Cellular Radiation Biology JH Hendry 63 7.05 Normal Tissue Radiobiology W Do¨rr and M Schmidt 75 7.06 Tumor Radiation Biology JM Brown and EE Graves 97 7.07 Accurate Analytical Description of the Cell Survival and Dose–Response Relationships at Low and High Doses and LETs A Brahme 7.08 Genetic Susceptibility and Predictive Assays CML West 1 121 143 Contents xv 7.09 Genetic Effects and Risk Estimation K Sankaranarayanan 157 7.10 Light Ion Radiation Biology K Ando, Y Kase, and N Matsufuji 195 7.11 Radiological Protection of Patients and Personnel P Ortiz Lo´pez and S Carlsson 211 7.12 Radiation Biology of Radiation Protection JH Hendry 247 7.13 Radiation Biology of Tissue Radiosterilization N Yusof and N Hilmy 263 7.14 Established and Emerging Methods of Biological Dosimetry K Rothkamm and D Lloyd 289 7.15 Radiation and Environmental Protection RJ Pentreath 311 7.16 Biological Effects and Health Consequences of ELF and RF Fields RD Saunders, RJ Croft, and E van Rongen 323 Volume 8 Radiation Sources and Detectors 8.01 Electron Linear Accelerators M Uesaka and E Tanabe 8.02 Synchrotron Radiation N Yagi 17 8.03 Inverse Compton Scattering Sources R Kuroda 35 8.04 Tabletop Synchrotron Light Source H Yamada, D Hasegawa, T Yamada, AI Kleev, D Minkov, N Miura, A Moon, T Hirai, and M Haque 43 8.05 Free-Electron Laser Sources R Hajima, H Hazama, and K Awazu 67 8.06 Petawatt Laser and Laser Ion/Electron Accelerator K Kondo and V Malka 75 8.07 Electron-Impact Liquid-Metal-Jet Hard x-Ray Sources HM Hertz, O Hemberg, M Otendal, T Tuohimaa, and BAM Hansson 91 8.08 Laser-Impact Metal Droplet EUV Source H Mizoguchi and J Fujimoto 111 8.09 x-Ray Free-Electron Lasers S Schreiber 127 8.10 Ion Linac and Synchrotron Y Iwata and K Noda 153 8.11 FFAG Y Mori 169 8.12 Cyclotrons A Goto, T Tachikawa, Y Jongen, and M Schillo 179 1 xvi Contents 8.13 Neutron Sources H Kumada 197 8.14 Radionuclide Production K Hashimoto and Y Nagai 219 8.15 Diamond Detectors for Dosimetry M Bucciolini, C De Angelis, and C Talamonti 229 8.16 Scintillator-Based Detectors CWE van Eijk 249 8.17 Active Pixel CMOS-Based Radiation Detectors CD Arvanitis and SE Bohndiek 271 8.18 CdTe Detectors L Abbene and S Del Sordo 285 8.19 Amorphous Silicon Detectors W Zhao and JA Rowlands 315 8.20 Selenium Detectors JA Rowlands and W Zhao 331 8.21 Silicon Photomultipliers E Garutti 349 8.22 Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) Detectors: Principles of Operation and Applications F Sauli 367 8.23 Silicon Trackers BD Girolamo and M Nessi 409 Volume 9 Radiation Therapy Physics and Treatment Optimization 9.01 Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter B Nilsson and A Brahme 1 9.02 Particle Transport Theory and Absorbed Dose A Brahme and J Kempe 37 9.03 Biophysical Basis of Ionizing Radiation H Nikjoo and T Liamsuwan 65 9.04 Modeling of Radiation Effects in Cells and Tissues W Friedland and P Kundra´t 105 9.05 From Cell Survival to Dose–Response Relations for Organized Tissues A Brahme and P Mavroidis 143 9.06 Dose–Response Relations for Tumors and Normal Tissues P Mavroidis, A Brahme, and BK Lind 167 9.07 Accurate Description of Heterogeneous Tumors by Their Effective Radiation-Sensitive and -Resistant Cell Compartments A Brahme 191 9.08 Tumor Hypoxia M Nordsmark, M Busk, JB Petersen, J Alsner, J Overgaard, and MR Horsman 205 9.09 Long-Term Effects and Secondary Tumors A Dasu and I Toma-Dasu 223 Contents xvii 9.10 Patient Dose Computation A Ahnesjo¨ 235 9.11 Convolutions and Deconvolutions in Radiation Dosimetry D Harder, HK Looe, and B Poppe 249 9.12 Fundamentals of Physically and Biologically Based Radiation Therapy Optimization A Brahme and J Lo¨f 271 9.13 Brachytherapy Physics B Thomadsen and R Miller 315 9.14 Stereotactic Radiation Therapy Planning F Zimmermann, A Papachristofilou, K Mosna, and MW Gross 383 9.15 Modulated Arc Therapy Planning RM Howell and SF Kry 395 9.16 In-Room Image-Guided Radiation Therapy LE Court 401 9.17 Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Planning AL Boyer and J Unkelbach 431 9.18 Adaptive Treatment Planning N Papanikolaou, P Mavroidis, C Knaup, A Gutierrez, and S Stathakis 471 9.19 Light-Ion Radiation Therapy Planning O Ja¨kel 487 9.20 Stereotactic Radiation Therapy SH Benedict, JR Perks, S Goetsch, K Wijesooriya, M Miften, Y Vinogradskiy, P Medin, M Descovich, DM Lovelock, DA Low, and SF Kry 505 9.21 Biologically Optimized Light Ion Therapy A Brahme 529 Volume 10 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 10.01 Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Adaptation J Watkins 10.02 Mechanics of Biofluids in Living Body K Van Canneyt and P Verdonck 39 10.03 Bioelectromagnetism in the Living Body J Miyakoshi and T Shigemitsu 55 10.04 Ion Channels in the Cell Membrane: Structure, Function, and Modeling D Wu and J Cui 71 10.05 Water Biology in Human Body M Yasui 83 10.06 Human Immune System S Xiong and W Xu 91 10.07 Hyperthermia Therapy for Cancer PR Stauffer and MM Paulides 115 10.08 Ultrasound Therapy R Alkins and K Hynynen 153 1 xviii Contents 10.09 Laser Surgery A Douplik 169 10.10 Photodynamic Techniques in Medicine BC Wilson 205 10.11 Electro-Muscle Stimulation Therapy AR Ward 231 10.12 Defibrillation N Trayanova 255 10.13 Electroporation Therapy CB Arena, RE Neal II, and RV Davalos 269 10.14 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation MS George 289 10.15 Biophysical Bases of Acupuncture G Ding, Z Wu, D Zhang, Z Sa, and K Cheng 299 10.16 Music Psychophysics and Therapy JM Standley 317 10.17 Medical Bionics RK Shepherd, JB Fallon, and HJ McDermott 327 10.18 Cold Plasma Therapy SA Ermolaeva, OF Petrov, BS Naroditsky, VE Fortov, GE Morfill, and AL Gintsburg 343 10.19 Smart-Drug Delivery and Target-Specific Therapy Z Shaposhnik and F Tamanoi 369 10.20 Orthopedic Physical Therapy Y-F Lin, D-H Lin, M-H Jan, C-HJ Lin, and C-K Cheng 379 10.21 Neurological Rehabilitation R Levi 401 10.22 Pulmonary Rehabilitation RA Evans and RS Goldstein 411 10.23 Principles and Applications of Vestibular Rehabilitation MC Schubert 423
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