Chapter 12
Evaluation and Comparative Analysis on EHC
12.1
Evaluation Results of EHC
According to the evaluation indicator system and the mathematic model of EHC,
the evaluation and analysis are made on EHC in 2012. Table 12.1 lists the rankings
and scores of EHC in 2012 and Fig. 12.1 displays the EHC scores of the six
continents as well as the top three countries of each continent in 2012.
According to Table 12.1, the countries with EHC ranking 1st–10th include
Singapore, Costa Rica, Gabon, Uruguay, Myanmar, Albania, Ecuador, Brazil, El
Salvador and Sri Lanka; the 11th–20th rankings are Georgia, Peru, Panama, Congo,
Rep., Norway, Chile, Angola, Paraguay, Guatemala and Philippines; the 21st–30th
rankings are Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Turkey, Armenia, Venezuela,
RB, Cameroon, Algeria, Tajikistan and Switzerland; and the bottom ten countries
are Zimbabwe, Turkmenistan, Mauritius, Cote d’Ivoire, Kazakhstan, Kuwait,
Mauritania, Madagascar, Niger and Lesotho.
In 2012, the highest score of EHC is 80.3 points, the lowest score is 23.8, the
average score is 65.1 and the standard deviation is 8.9. The highest score and the
lowest score differ greatly with the margin of 56.5 points. 87 countries score higher
than the average point. It indicates that the overall level of EHC is rather high and
the differences are very little among the countries.
The scores of EHC show olive-shaped distribution. Only one country scores
above 80 points; 39 countries score 70–80; 66 countries score 60–70; 17 countries
50–60; 8 countries score 40–50; 2 countries score below 40 points, of 29.2 and 23.8.
The countries with higher EHC are mainly developing countries. Among the 10
countries ranking ahead, 9 are developing countries; among the 30 countries ranking
ahead, 27 are developing countries. Overall, the developed countries rank at the middle
level on EHC, with 17 countries ranking No. 41–80, accounting for half of the total
developed countries. And most developing countries still have relatively low EHC,
ranking behind.
To compare and analyze the EHC levels of all the countries in a more visual way,
the EHC scores are displayed in Fig. 12.2. According to Fig. 12.2, the EHC scores
L. Jianping et al. (eds.), Report on Global Environmental Competitiveness (2013),
Current Chinese Economic Report Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54678-5_12,
© The Author(s) 2014
253
254
12 Evaluation and Comparative Analysis on EHC
Table 12.1 Scores and rankings of EHC as well as the tertiary and individual indicators in 2012
Indicators
Countries
Singapore
Costa Rica
Gabon
Uruguay
Myanmar
Albania
Ecuador
Brazil
El Salvador
Sri Lanka
Georgia
Peru
Panama
Congo, Rep.
Norway
Chile
Angola
Paraguay
Guatemala
EHC
80.3
1
77.0
2
76.9
3
76.7
4
76.0
5
75.6
6
75.3
7
74.4
8
74.3
9
74.3
10
74.2
11
74.2
12
74.1
13
74.0
14
73.9
15
73.6
16
73.4
17
73.3
18
73.1
19
Population
and
Environment
65.9
91
82.1
8
83.4
4
80.8
13
84.6
2
81.9
9
84.8
1
76.9
32
79.6
16
81.4
10
82.3
7
83.2
5
78.6
24
78.9
22
73.5
46
81.1
11
75.8
37
78.3
25
78.3
26
Percentage
of population
with access
to Improved
sanitation
facilities
100.0
1
95.0
46
33.0
108
100.0
1
81.0
77
98.0
33
92.0
56
80.0
78
87.0
67
91.0
58
95.0
47
68.0
90
69.0
88
30.0
114
100.0
1
96.0
42
57.0
92
70.0
87
81.0
76
Renewable
Motor
internal
vehicles
freshwater
per 1,000 resources
people
per capita
81.0
0.1
74
123
79.8
26.8
77
15
98.5
100.0
16
2
75.6
21.2
83
22
99.4
25.1
7
18
85.4
10.1
63
39
92.5
33.3
42
12
68.3
33.3
87
13
89.9
3.4
50
68
94.4
3.1
38
71
85.9
15.7
60
27
91.9
66.5
44
5
82.8
39.1
67
8
97.0
64.9
26
6
28.9
93.3
122
3
78.8
61.9
80
7
95.3
9.1
36
42
89.0
17.3
52
25
85.4
8.2
61
43
SO2
emissions
per capita
81.5
111
98.3
31
95.7
66
97.4
48
99.7
7
98.6
29
97.2
50
96.7
58
98.1
38
96.5
61
98.9
22
82.9
108
96.0
64
94.2
78
97.8
45
69.9
122
99.6
10
99.2
21
98.1
37
255
12.1 Evaluation Results of EHC
CO2
emissions
per capita
66.5
121
96.3
43
95.3
51
94.9
53
99.7
11
96.9
39
94.2
56
94.7
54
97.5
36
98.4
27
97.1
38
96.2
46
93.6
60
99.0
23
78.4
105
89.0
77
97.7
34
98.1
30
98.2
28
Land
Economy
Energy
resource
consumption and
utilization
Environment efficiency
per capita
50.1
94.7
100.0
117
1
1
92.7
71.9
0.2
51
18
42
89.9
70.4
0.0
64
26
107
91.3
72.5
0.1
60
16
79
98.8
67.4
0.0
5
49
97
96.0
69.2
0.1
30
33
56
94.5
65.8
0.1
44
60
82
90.4
71.8
0.1
62
20
73
95.8
69.0
0.3
32
38
36
97.3
67.2
0.3
20
51
38
95.6
66.2
0.1
34
57
87
95.8
65.2
0.0
31
67
93
92.6
69.7
0.1
53
31
62
98.2
69.0
0.0
11
36
115
48.7
74.2
0.5
118
5
30
86.8
66.0
0.1
72
59
68
95.5
71.0
0.0
38
23
98
95.3
68.3
0.0
41
42
110
95.5
67.9
0.1
36
46
59
Sulfur
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
96.7
44
98.4
22
96.3
53
98.4
24
97.4
31
97.2
34
94.8
65
97.8
30
95.9
56
88.8
93
96.8
43
75.5
119
96.1
54
85.1
104
99.9
3
81.9
108
99.4
16
97.9
28
95.1
63
Carbon
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
90.8
48
95.4
10
94.6
19
96.1
9
95.1
14
89.9
54
81.4
88
95.4
11
91.7
45
91.8
42
85.6
74
91.7
44
90.1
53
97.1
6
98.9
3
89.7
57
94.4
22
92.4
37
92.4
35
Energy
consumption
per unit
of GDP
91.5
36
93.5
25
90.8
40
95.3
16
77.2
85
89.7
45
87.0
56
93.9
23
88.1
50
87.8
51
82.3
74
93.7
24
92.5
28
94.0
22
97.6
4
92.3
29
90.2
41
82.8
71
83.8
67
(continued)
256
12 Evaluation and Comparative Analysis on EHC
Table 12.1 (continued)
Indicators
Countries
EHC
Population
and
Environment
Philippines
72.8
20
72.5
21
72.5
22
72.2
23
72.1
24
71.6
25
71.6
26
71.4
27
71.4
28
71.4
29
71.0
30
70.9
31
70.7
32
70.2
33
70.1
34
70.1
35
70.1
36
70.0
37
70.0
38
79.3
19
73.4
48
79.5
18
76.5
33
75.7
38
78.9
21
77.8
29
76.1
35
77.8
27
83.9
3
65.8
92
72.1
57
77.8
28
75.6
40
80.6
15
72.6
54
66.8
88
78.8
23
72.0
58
Colombia
Cuba
Dominican
Republic
Turkey
Armenia
Venezuela,
RB
Cameroon
Algeria
Tajikistan
Switzerland
Croatia
Honduras
Morocco
Egypt, Arab
Rep.
Argentina
Sweden
Nicaragua
Hungary
Percentage
of population
with access
to Improved
sanitation
facilities
Motor
vehicles
per 1,000
people
Renewable
internal
freshwater
resources
per capita
SO2
emissions
per capita
76.0
82
51.0
98
91.0
58
83.0
73
90.0
62
90.0
62
91.0
58
47.0
102
95.0
47
94.0
52
100.0
1
99.0
31
71.0
86
69.0
88
94.0
52
90.0
62
100.0
1
52.0
95
100.0
1
96.2
30
85.4
61
95.6
34
84.4
65
82.7
68
87.3
55
82.1
70
98.5
16
81.2
71
95.6
34
30.9
119
52.8
101
88.3
53
91.6
46
94.9
37
61.5
94
35.8
109
93.1
40
63.1
92
6.1
51
21.2
22
4.1
61
2.5
79
3.7
64
2.7
76
29.9
14
16.5
26
0.4
118
11.0
33
6.2
50
10.4
37
15.0
29
1.1
104
0.0
131
8.2
44
21.9
21
39.1
9
0.7
111
97.2
52
97.9
42
90.9
92
94.7
75
90.8
93
95.6
67
94.8
73
99.3
20
98.8
26
98.0
40
98.8
27
93.5
82
97.6
46
95.4
69
97.1
54
98.6
30
98.2
36
98.0
39
93.9
79
257
12.1 Evaluation Results of EHC
CO2
emissions
per capita
Economy
Energy
consumption and
Environment
per capita
Land
resource
utilization
efficiency
97.9
33
94.2
56
92.9
61
95.0
52
90.2
73
96.6
41
82.9
93
99.4
14
92.6
64
99.0
22
84.8
88
88.4
79
97.5
37
96.2
45
94.2
58
88.7
78
86.3
84
98.0
31
86.8
83
97.7
16
93.9
48
93.4
50
94.5
45
89.7
65
94.9
43
80.0
86
98.3
10
92.1
56
98.5
7
74.7
98
85.9
75
96.4
28
97.0
24
94.0
47
86.5
74
57.9
113
96.8
26
80.8
84
0.2
46
0.1
71
0.2
49
0.3
34
0.3
37
0.1
63
0.1
64
0.0
113
0.0
100
0.0
114
4.8
5
0.3
35
0.0
92
0.1
85
0.1
84
0.0
91
0.4
33
0.0
101
0.5
31
66.3
56
71.7
21
65.5
64
67.9
45
68.4
41
64.3
72
65.4
66
66.8
53
65.0
69
58.9
94
76.1
2
69.7
29
63.6
77
64.8
71
59.7
91
67.6
48
73.4
8
61.2
85
68.0
44
Sulfur
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
Carbon
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
90.1
87
98.4
23
87.9
95
92.3
75
93.1
71
89.1
90
96.4
49
95.1
64
98.1
26
81.3
110
100.0
2
96.4
51
91.1
84
87.6
97
91.9
80
98.9
20
99.8
8
89.7
88
96.4
49
87.3
71
94.2
25
83.9
79
88.2
64
88.0
65
85.3
76
79.7
92
93.7
29
78.2
97
83.2
82
99.5
2
89.8
55
83.5
81
82.3
85
70.0
109
84.1
77
98.6
4
81.4
90
87.4
70
Energy
consumption
per unit
of GDP
87.5
54
94.0
21
90.1
42
90.8
39
92.3
31
82.8
70
85.3
64
78.3
84
83.8
68
70.9
100
100.0
1
92.3
30
79.9
81
89.2
47
76.9
86
87.6
53
94.9
20
73.9
92
87.8
52
(continued)
258
12 Evaluation and Comparative Analysis on EHC
Table 12.1 (continued)
Indicators
Countries
Sudan
EHC
70.0
39
Tunisia
70.0
40
Bangladesh
69.8
41
Senegal
69.8
42
Mexico
69.4
43
Portugal
69.4
44
Jordan
69.2
45
Denmark
69.2
46
Ireland
69.2
47
United
69.1
Kingdom 48
Austria
68.8
49
Slovak
68.7
Republic 50
France
68.7
51
Jamaica
68.6
52
Thailand
68.5
53
Latvia
68.3
54
Japan
68.2
55
New Zealand 68.1
56
Macedonia, 68.1
FYR
57
Population
and
Environment
Percentage
of population
with access
to Improved
sanitation
facilities
Motor
vehicles
per 1,000
people
Renewable
internal
freshwater
resources
per capita
SO2
emissions
per capita
70.9
63
76.3
34
75.4
41
74.6
45
71.4
61
66.9
87
77.4
30
64.1
104
65.2
96
64.9
97
64.2
103
69.6
72
64.0
106
75.3
42
77.0
31
67.1
86
62.6
111
64.9
99
75.9
36
34.0
107
85.0
71
53.0
94
51.0
98
85.0
71
100.0
1
98.0
33
100.0
1
99.0
31
100.0
1
100.0
1
100.0
1
100.0
1
83.0
73
96.0
42
78.0
80
100.0
1
N/A
N/A
88.0
66
96.9
28
86.2
58
99.9
2
97.5
24
66.2
89
34.0
113
81.2
71
32.5
115
33.3
114
35.4
111
31.0
118
57.3
97
29.3
121
85.4
63
79.9
76
43.6
104
27.5
123
11.6
130
81.1
73
1.1
107
0.5
116
0.8
109
2.4
80
4.3
59
4.4
58
0.1
125
1.3
101
13.0
30
2.8
75
7.9
45
2.8
74
3.7
65
4.2
60
3.9
63
9.8
41
4.1
62
89.8
4
3.2
70
99.5
13
91.8
87
99.6
9
98.8
25
91.5
88
91.4
89
93.2
84
98.3
33
92.8
85
95.2
70
98.6
28
93.3
83
96.4
63
88.9
99
96.6
60
99.3
19
97.2
51
91.4
90
97.9
42
259
12.1 Evaluation Results of EHC
CO2
emissions
per capita
Economy
Energy
consumption and
Environment
per capita
Land
resource
utilization
efficiency
99.3
18
94.5
55
99.1
20
98.9
24
89.7
74
87.8
82
91.8
67
77.1
108
76.7
109
79.0
103
77.7
107
82.6
94
85.1
87
92.1
66
90.4
71
90.3
72
75.8
111
81.0
100
89.3
75
98.2
12
93.9
48
99.5
2
99.0
4
88.7
68
83.6
79
91.7
59
73.7
99
75.7
95
75.4
96
69.3
104
75.2
97
69.3
103
92.2
55
87.7
70
85.5
76
70.3
101
68.2
106
90.0
63
0.0
119
0.1
72
0.2
41
0.0
103
0.2
52
0.8
24
0.1
69
2.3
13
0.9
20
3.0
11
1.5
16
0.6
27
1.5
17
0.4
32
0.2
48
0.1
58
4.7
6
0.2
51
0.1
60
69.0
37
63.6
78
64.1
74
64.9
70
67.4
50
71.9
19
61.1
86
74.4
4
73.3
12
73.2
13
73.3
11
67.8
47
73.4
10
61.9
83
60.0
90
69.5
32
73.8
7
71.4
22
60.4
88
Sulfur
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
Carbon
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
98.2
25
85.2
103
95.8
57
91.5
83
93.0
72
97.0
37
88.2
94
99.9
4
98.9
19
99.1
18
99.9
5
96.9
42
99.4
14
83.0
107
94.4
68
99.6
10
99.6
11
98.1
27
96.5
47
94.2
24
82.7
83
81.4
89
85.5
75
86.5
73
94.2
26
74.3
103
96.6
8
95.1
13
94.1
27
95.3
12
86.5
72
97.0
7
78.8
96
71.3
108
89.1
60
94.3
23
93.9
28
66.5
110
Energy
consumption
per unit
of GDP
83.8
69
86.3
60
79.0
82
82.7
72
90.0
43
95.5
14
81.9
76
98.9
2
98.2
3
96.6
7
96.6
8
87.4
55
95.5
13
85.5
63
74.2
91
89.0
48
96.5
9
93.5
26
78.4
83
(continued)
260
12 Evaluation and Comparative Analysis on EHC
Table 12.1 (continued)
Indicators
Countries
EHC
Population
and
Environment
Indonesia
68.1
58
68.0
59
68.0
60
67.9
61
67.7
62
67.7
63
67.6
64
67.6
65
67.5
66
67.4
67
67.4
68
67.4
69
67.1
70
67.0
71
67.0
72
67.0
73
66.9
74
66.8
75
66.6
76
66.6
77
73.0
49
65.6
94
80.9
12
65.4
95
61.7
114
63.2
109
73.0
50
69.1
74
69.5
73
79.6
17
71.5
60
65.8
93
70.1
68
68.6
77
64.3
102
68.2
80
60.8
116
66.6
90
60.4
119
72.4
56
Greece
Tanzania
Israel
Netherlands
Spain
Malaysia
Lebanon
Botswana
Syrian Arab
Republic
Cambodia
Canada
Nigeria
Azerbaijan
Slovenia
Haiti
Germany
Ghana
Belgium
Bolivia
Percentage
of population
with access
to Improved
sanitation
facilities
Motor
vehicles
per 1,000
people
Renewable
internal
freshwater
resources
per capita
SO2
emissions
per capita
52.0
95
98.0
33
N/A
N/A
100.0
1
100.0
1
100.0
1
96.0
42
98.0
33
60.0
91
96.0
42
29.0
115
100.0
1
32.0
110
45.0
103
100.0
1
17.0
121
100.0
1
13.0
124
100.0
1
25.0
118
90.5
48
44.6
103
99.4
7
58.0
96
35.7
110
25.2
125
57.0
98
46.7
102
86.3
57
92.5
43
97.7
22
23.7
126
96.4
29
89.3
51
30.4
120
98.8
12
22.0
127
96.2
30
31.4
117
91.9
44
10.1
40
6.2
49
2.2
84
0.1
127
0.8
110
2.9
72
24.3
19
1.4
99
1.4
94
0.4
117
10.2
38
100.0
1
1.6
88
1.1
106
11.0
34
1.6
91
1.6
89
1.5
93
1.3
100
36.4
11
97.2
53
79.3
114
99.7
8
72.2
121
98.3
32
87.7
102
95.0
72
89.2
98
80.8
113
93.6
80
99.6
11
73.5
120
99.5
15
93.6
81
90.7
94
99.7
6
97.1
56
99.5
14
95.9
65
98.8
24
261
12.1 Evaluation Results of EHC
CO2
emissions
per capita
Economy
Energy
consumption and
Environment
per capita
Land
resource
utilization
efficiency
95.5
49
79.9
101
99.7
9
75.9
110
69.6
118
84.3
91
82.4
95
88.2
81
93.9
59
92.4
65
99.4
15
57.4
125
99.3
17
92.7
63
79.8
102
99.5
13
74.8
113
99.1
21
73.6
114
96.3
44
94.3
46
81.8
82
97.6
19
77.4
93
61.5
111
79.2
88
80.9
83
89.1
66
92.2
54
92.7
52
98.3
9
42.8
122
95.5
37
90.8
61
73.3
100
99.3
3
69.5
102
98.1
13
57.0
114
95.3
40
0.1
57
0.7
26
0.0
120
3.3
9
7.2
2
0.9
21
0.3
39
1.1
19
0.0
117
0.1
66
0.0
104
0.1
88
0.1
78
0.2
45
0.7
25
0.1
80
3.0
10
0.0
90
5.0
4
0.0
124
63.1
80
70.5
25
55.1
104
70.3
28
73.8
6
72.3
17
62.2
82
66.0
58
65.6
63
55.3
103
63.3
79
68.9
39
64.0
75
65.4
65
69.7
30
65.7
61
72.9
14
67.1
52
72.8
15
60.8
87
Sulfur
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
Carbon
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
92.7
73
94.0
69
94.8
66
92.7
74
99.8
7
97.0
41
95.7
59
90.7
85
80.3
113
83.3
106
96.0
55
95.7
58
97.4
33
91.7
81
97.0
39
97.0
40
99.5
12
97.2
35
99.4
15
95.6
60
79.3
95
91.1
46
92.2
39
90.1
52
93.0
34
94.9
16
72.5
106
82.5
84
90.3
50
63.3
114
89.2
59
89.0
63
94.6
18
83.9
78
89.5
58
89.8
56
93.3
32
90.8
47
93.5
30
73.9
104
Energy
consumption
per unit
of GDP
80.2
78
96.2
11
33.4
120
95.3
15
95.2
18
96.4
10
80.2
79
89.9
44
91.6
33
74.3
90
67.9
103
91.0
38
64.1
109
85.8
62
91.5
35
76.1
87
95.8
12
80.5
77
93.4
27
73.9
93
(continued)
262
12 Evaluation and Comparative Analysis on EHC
Table 12.1 (continued)
Indicators
Countries
EHC
Population
and
Environment
Lithuania
66.5
78
66.5
79
66.4
80
66.4
81
65.9
82
65.8
83
65.7
84
65.6
85
65.6
86
65.4
87
64.9
88
64.7
89
64.1
90
64.0
91
63.8
92
63.1
93
63.1
94
62.5
95
62.2
96
61.8
97
64.8
100
68.9
75
69.8
70
67.6
82
73.4
47
64.9
98
71.9
59
60.6
118
60.8
117
75.7
39
70.2
67
79.0
20
72.8
53
62.3
113
82.5
6
62.5
112
52.9
125
69.6
71
66.6
89
75.0
43
Romania
Libya
Eritrea
Yemen, Rep.
Korea, Rep.
Nepal
Finland
Cyprus
Moldova
Kenya
Vietnam
Pakistan
Czech
Republic
Kyrgyz
Republic
Poland
Italy
India
Benin
Iraq
Percentage
of population
with access
to Improved
sanitation
facilities
Motor
vehicles
per 1,000
people
Renewable
internal
freshwater
resources
per capita
SO2
emissions
per capita
86.0
70
72.0
85
97.0
39
14.0
123
52.0
95
100.0
1
31.0
111
100.0
1
100.0
1
79.0
79
31.0
111
75.0
83
45.0
103
98.0
33
93.0
54
90.0
62
N/A
N/A
31.0
111
12.0
125
73.0
84
31.7
116
71.9
85
64.4
91
98.9
11
95.9
32
53.5
100
99.1
10
27.3
124
18.9
128
82.2
69
97.4
25
98.6
14
98.6
14
40.4
106
93.0
41
37.5
108
15.1
129
98.0
19
97.7
22
94.1
39
6.2
48
2.4
81
0.1
126
0.6
113
0.1
129
1.6
90
7.9
46
24.0
20
0.8
108
0.3
120
0.6
114
5.0
53
0.4
119
1.5
92
10.7
36
1.7
87
3.6
66
1.4
95
1.4
98
1.3
102
94.8
74
86.2
106
94.4
77
99.6
12
95.6
68
96.6
59
99.4
17
94.5
76
86.6
104
98.3
34
99.4
16
98.2
35
98.0
41
91.0
91
97.8
44
86.3
105
97.1
55
97.6
47
99.7
5
92.6
86
263
12.1 Evaluation Results of EHC
CO2
emissions
per capita
Economy
Energy
consumption and
Environment
per capita
Land
resource
utilization
efficiency
89.2
76
90.6
69
78.1
106
99.9
5
97.7
35
68.9
119
99.8
7
68.3
120
75.7
112
95.5
50
99.4
16
96.0
48
98.0
32
70.6
116
96.6
40
78.4
104
82.2
96
96.3
42
98.7
25
91.3
68
84.5
77
88.2
69
77.3
94
100.0
1
98.8
6
61.1
112
98.4
8
47.5
119
83.6
80
95.3
39
97.3
21
95.7
33
97.3
23
68.0
107
96.9
25
80.1
85
78.9
89
96.7
27
97.9
15
91.8
57
0.2
47
0.2
44
0.0
126
0.0
122
0.0
109
3.4
8
0.0
94
0.3
40
0.8
23
0.1
86
0.0
112
0.1
61
0.1
75
0.8
22
0.0
116
0.5
28
2.2
14
0.2
50
0.0
108
0.1
81
68.3
43
64.1
73
63.1
81
65.2
68
58.5
95
66.6
55
59.5
93
70.7
24
70.4
27
55.0
105
59.7
92
50.4
111
55.5
100
65.7
62
45.1
118
63.8
76
73.4
9
55.3
101
57.9
96
48.7
113
Sulfur
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
Carbon
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
96.5
46
86.1
101
96.3
52
91.9
78
74.1
120
98.8
21
91.9
79
99.1
17
95.2
62
92.0
77
94.6
67
89.0
91
84.6
105
96.4
48
81.3
111
91.6
82
99.4
13
86.6
100
97.4
32
77.7
117
87.9
67
83.9
80
73.7
105
93.3
33
74.6
101
80.3
91
93.5
31
91.9
41
90.1
51
60.3
117
89.1
62
53.3
125
71.9
107
79.5
94
44.0
127
76.5
98
94.8
17
63.8
113
75.0
99
50.8
126
Energy
consumption
per unit
of GDP
88.5
49
86.4
59
82.3
73
75.6
89
85.3
64
84.0
66
52.5
118
91.4
37
95.3
17
67.8
104
55.0
116
59.1
114
65.3
107
86.0
61
54.9
117
86.5
58
97.1
6
70.8
101
59.1
115
66.4
105
(continued)
264
12 Evaluation and Comparative Analysis on EHC
Table 12.1 (continued)
Indicators
Countries
Belarus
EHC
61.8
98
Luxembourg 61.4
99
United Arab
61.4
Emirates 100
Togo
61.3
101
Iran, Islamic
61.0
Rep.
102
Russian
60.8
Federation 103
South Africa
60.5
104
Bosnia
60.4
and
105
Herzegovina
China
60.1
106
Oman
59.7
107
Australia
59.4
108
Namibia
59.3
109
United States 58.8
110
Mozambique 58.5
111
Guinea
57.9
112
Ethiopia
57.8
113
Zambia
57.2
114
Estonia
56.8
115
Mali
55.4
116
Population
and
Environment
Percentage
of population
with access
to Improved
sanitation
facilities
Motor
vehicles
per 1,000
people
Renewable
internal
freshwater
resources
per capita
SO2
emissions
per capita
70.6
65
48.2
129
56.1
123
67.3
85
70.2
66
68.4
79
67.4
83
74.7
44
93.0
54
100.0
1
97.0
39
12.0
125
83.0
73
87.0
67
77.0
81
95.0
47
65.4
90
7.8
132
61.6
93
100.0
1
78.6
81
66.8
88
80.2
75
83.6
66
4.8
54
2.3
82
0.0
132
2.3
83
2.1
85
36.5
10
1.1
105
11.4
32
95.1
71
96.7
57
82.0
110
99.8
4
90.3
95
82.4
109
77.8
116
75.1
118
68.6
76
59.1
120
49.7
126
62.7
110
48.5
128
68.4
78
67.9
81
67.3
84
72.5
55
57.9
122
60.8
115
55.0
93
87.0
67
100.0
1
33.0
108
100.0
1
17.0
121
19.0
120
12.0
125
49.0
101
95.0
47
36.0
106
90.0
49
73.7
84
10.1
131
87.5
54
0.0
133
98.8
12
99.6
5
99.9
2
97.8
20
41.7
105
98.5
16
2.5
78
0.6
115
26.7
17
3.2
69
10.9
35
5.1
52
26.8
16
1.7
86
7.2
47
11.5
31
4.6
57
89.4
96
74.0
119
47.1
126
62.0
123
81.2
112
99.4
18
100.0
2
99.8
3
84.5
107
61.5
124
N/A
N/A
265
12.1 Evaluation Results of EHC
Sulfur
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
Carbon
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
Energy
consumption
per unit
of GDP
CO2
emissions
per capita
Economy
Energy
consumption and
Environment
per capita
Land
resource
utilization
efficiency
81.4
98
43.2
130
44.5
129
99.6
12
81.4
97
69.8
117
81.3
99
85.7
85
78.0
92
35.2
124
35.8
123
97.6
18
78.9
90
62.2
110
79.5
87
87.7
71
53.1
108
74.6
3
66.7
54
55.3
102
51.8
109
53.3
107
53.7
106
46.2
117
0.1
76
6.7
3
1.3
18
0.0
106
0.1
70
0.0
95
0.1
67
0.1
65
93.7
70
99.9
6
96.6
45
97.1
36
87.3
98
87.3
99
76.8
118
57.2
124
55.0
119
94.5
21
81.8
87
87.9
66
54.9
120
59.8
118
64.2
112
54.5
121
63.5
111
97.3
5
87.0
57
36.1
119
64.8
108
65.9
106
73.6
96
72.9
97
85.5
86
60.8
124
54.0
127
96.2
47
53.1
128
99.8
6
99.8
8
99.9
2
99.7
10
62.7
122
100.0
1
86.8
73
44.3
121
56.5
115
95.6
35
44.5
120
97.7
17
N/A
N/A
98.0
14
96.2
29
68.3
105
N/A
N/A
51.6
110
60.3
89
69.1
35
55.9
98
69.2
34
48.6
114
48.0
116
48.4
115
41.8
120
55.7
99
50.0
112
0.2
43
0.1
83
0.1
89
0.0
129
0.5
29
0.0
128
0.0
125
0.0
118
0.0
121
0.2
54
0.0
130
81.8
109
90.6
86
92.3
76
40.7
125
97.0
38
87.8
96
99.7
9
95.6
61
5.9
129
79.2
115
N/A
N/A
53.4
124
74.6
100
89.1
61
90.6
49
87.7
68
91.8
43
92.2
38
94.6
20
97.9
5
63.2
115
100.0
1
71.1
99
76.0
88
95.0
19
92.2
32
91.5
34
14.8
123
N/A
N/A
3.4
125
63.5
110
80.1
80
N/A
N/A
(continued)
12 Evaluation and Comparative Analysis on EHC
266
Table 12.1 (continued)
Indicators
Countries
Mongolia
EHC
53.9
117
Bulgaria
53.8
118
Qatar
53.6
119
Saudi Arabia
52.8
120
Uzbekistan
52.2
121
Ukraine
51.4
122
Serbia
50.0
123
Zimbabwe
49.8
124
Turkmenistan 49.6
125
Mauritius
48.4
126
Cote d'Ivoire 47.9
127
Kazakhstan
46.9
128
Kuwait
46.9
129
Mauritania
45.4
130
Madagascar
43.2
131
Niger
29.2
132
Lesotho
23.8
133
Highest score 80.3
Lowest score 23.8
Average score 65.1
Standard
8.9
deviation
Population
and
Environment
Percentage
of population
with access
to Improved
sanitation
facilities
Motor
vehicles
per 1,000
people
Renewable
internal
freshwater
resources
per capita
SO2
emissions
per capita
70.8
64
63.5
108
38.7
132
49.2
127
80.6
14
72.8
52
64.0
105
69.8
69
71.1
62
72.8
51
54.3
124
58.4
121
32.5
133
64.6
101
63.9
107
46.3
131
47.6
130
84.8
32.5
69.5
9.4
50.0
100
100.0
1
100.0
1
N/A
N/A
100.0
1
95.0
47
92.0
57
44.0
105
98.0
33
91.0
58
23.0
119
97.0
39
100.0
1
26.0
117
11.0
128
9.0
129
29.0
115
100.0
9.0
74.5
29.1
91.4
47
54.0
99
34.6
112
58.8
95
95.7
33
79.6
79
69.1
86
86.2
58
87.2
56
79.8
78
97.8
20
75.7
82
39.1
107
99.6
5
97.0
26
99.3
9
99.8
4
100.0
0.0
72.4
27.3
15.0
28
3.5
67
0.0
130
0.1
128
0.7
112
1.4
96
1.4
97
1.2
103
0.3
121
2.6
77
4.6
56
4.7
55
0.0
133
0.1
124
19.1
24
0.3
122
2.9
73
100.0
0.0
11.3
19.5
88.4
100
47.6
125
78.7
115
75.7
117
96.5
62
87.9
101
43.5
127
97.3
49
87.6
103
89.4
97
0.0
131
27.8
128
12.8
130
100.0
1
98.9
23
17.8
129
N/A
N/A
100.0
0.0
89.5
17.0
267
12.1 Evaluation Results of EHC
CO2
emissions
per capita
Economy
Energy
consumption and
Environment
per capita
Land
resource
utilization
efficiency
88.4
80
84.3
89
0.0
132
56.0
126
90.5
70
84.3
90
83.0
92
98.2
29
71.8
115
92.8
62
99.2
19
61.5
123
13.5
131
98.5
26
99.9
3
99.9
4
N/A
N/A
100.0
0.0
86.6
16.0
91.7
58
82.4
81
0.0
126
52.4
116
89.0
67
78.6
91
84.2
78
95.1
42
67.7
108
N/A
N/A
97.3
22
64.8
109
4.7
125
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
100.0
0.0
82.9
18.5
0.0
131
0.1
55
4.4
7
0.1
77
0.0
96
0.1
74
0.2
53
0.0
123
0.0
111
1.6
15
0.0
102
0.0
105
2.9
12
0.0
133
0.0
127
0.0
132
0.0
99
100.0
0.0
1.3
8.7
36.9
122
44.2
119
68.5
40
56.3
97
23.7
130
30.0
125
36.0
123
29.8
126
28.0
127
24.0
129
41.4
121
35.5
124
61.2
84
26.1
128
22.5
131
12.1
132
0.0
133
94.7
0.0
60.7
14.0
Sulfur
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
Carbon
dioxide
emissions
per unit
of GDP
Energy
consumption
per unit
of GDP
60.9
123
37.1
127
97.9
29
88.8
92
80.4
112
69.1
121
18.3
128
65.6
122
78.5
116
89.4
89
3.2
130
39.4
126
85.5
102
100.0
1
79.5
114
0.0
131
N/A
N/A
100.0
0.0
88.1
18.4
25.5
129
65.7
111
82.2
86
62.8
116
0.0
132
23.9
130
54.4
122
53.5
123
6.8
131
87.4
69
92.0
40
39.5
128
74.4
102
79.7
92
94.9
15
92.4
36
N/A
N/A
100.0
0.0
81.3
17.7
61.4
113
73.8
94
89.6
46
73.6
95
14.4
124
27.0
121
71.2
98
0.0
126
26.5
122
N/A
N/A
70.3
102
63.1
112
82.2
75
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
100.0
0.0
79.3
19.3
268
12 Evaluation and Comparative Analysis on EHC
Fig. 12.1 EHC scores of six continents & top three countries of each continent in 2012
of the countries are concentrated, mostly in 5060–70 80 points (up to 116 105 countries,
accounting for 87.2278.95 % of the total), showing little differences among the
countries except for individual countries. Among the developed countries, Norway
Singapore scores the highest, 74.180.3 points; among the developing countries,
Costa Rica scores the highest, 77.0 68.5 points. They have little difference.
12.2
Factor Scores and Contribution Rates of EHC
Table 12.1 lists the evaluation results of the subordinate indicators of EHC and
displays the scores and rankings of two pillars and ten individual indicators of EHC
in 2012 so as to analyze the influences of the tertiary and individual indicators on
EHC of the countries.
On pillars, the indicator of economy and environment enjoys the highest
standard deviation, hitting 14.0, and the indicator of population and environment
has the standard deviation of 9.4, indicating that the indicator of economy and
environment has larger differences among the countries and is the most primary
factor causing EHC differences among the countries. The indicator of population
and environment has little influence on EHC differences among the countries.
Overall, the differences of EHC among the countries are mainly caused by the differences
of economy and environment.
On individual indicators, percentage of population with access to Improved sanitation facilities enjoys the highest standard deviation, hitting 29.1, indicating that
12.2
Factor Scores and Contribution Rates of EHC
269
Average: 65.1
20
30
40
50
60
Average: 65.1
70
1 Singapore............80.3
2 Costa Rica.......... 77.0
3 Gabon..................76.9
4 Uruguay.............. 76.7
5 Myanmar..............76.0
6 Albania.................75.6
7 Ecuador...............75.3
8 Brazil....................74.4
9 El Salvador..........74.3
10 Sri Lanka.............74.3
11 Georgia................74.2
12 Peru.....................74.2
13 Panama...............74.1
14 Congo, Rep........74.0
15 Norway...............73.9
16 Chile...................73.6
17 Angola................73.4
18 Paraguay............73.3
19 Guatemala..........73.1
20 Philippines..........72.8
21 Colombia............72.5
22 Cuba...................72.5
23 Dominican Republic....72.2
24 Turkey.................72.1
25 Armenia..............71.6
26 Venezuela...........71.6
27 Cameroon...........71.4
28 Algeria..................71.4
29 Tajikistan.............71.4
30 Switzerland.........71.0
31 Croatia................70.9
32 Honduras............70.7
33 Morocco...............70.2
34 Egypt....................70.1
35 Argentina................70.1
36 Sweden...............70.1
37 Nicaragua...........70.0
38 Hungary..............70.0
39 Sudan.................70.0
40 Tunisia................70.0
41 Bangladesh.........69.8
42 Senegal..............69.8
43 Mexico................69.4
44 Portugal..............69.4
45 Jordan..................69.2
46 Denmark.............69.2
47 Ireland..................69.2
48 United Kingdom..69.1
49 Austria................68.8
50 Slovak................ 68.7
51 France................68.7
52 Jamaica..............68.6
53 Thailand............. 68.5
54 Latvia................. 68.3
55 Japan................. 68.2
56 New Zealand...... 68.1
57 Macedonia...........68.1
58 Indonesia............68.1
59 Greece............... 68.0
60 Tanzania............ 68.0
61 Israel.................. 67.9
62 Netherlands........67.7
63 Spain..................67.7
64 Malaysia.............67.6
65 Lebanon.............67.6
66 Botswana........... 67.5
67 Syria...................67.4
20
30
40
50
60
70
68 Cambodia...........67.4
69 Canada...............67.4
70 Nigeria.................67.1
71 Azerbaijan...........67.0
72 Slovenia..............67.0
73 Haiti.................... 67.0
74 Germany.............66.9
75 Ghana.................66.8
76 Belgium...............66.6
77 Bolivia.................66.6
78 Lithuania.............66.5
79 Romania.............66.5
80 Libya...................66.4
81 Eritrea.................66.4
82 Yemen................65.9
83 Korea, Rep......... 65.8
84 Nepal..................65.7
85 Finland................65.6
86 Cyprus................65.6
87 Moldova..............65.4
88 Kenya................. 64.9
89 Vietnam.............. 64.7
90 Pakistan..............64.1
91 Czech Republic.. 64.0
92 Kyrgyz Republic. 63.8
93 Poland.................63.1
94 Italy..................... 63.1
95 India....................62.5
96 Benin.................. 62.2
97 Iraq..................... 61.8
98 Belarus............... 61.8
99 Luxembourg....... 61.4
100 United Arab Emirates..61.4
101 Togo.................. 61.3
102 Iran.................... 61.0
103 Russia................60.8
104 South Africa.......60.5
105 Bosnia and Herzegovina...60.4
106 China..................60.1
107 Oman.................59.7
108 Australia.............59.4
109 Namibia............. 59.3
110 United States.....58.8
111 Mozambique......58.5
112 Guinea...............57.9
113 Ethiopia..............57.8
114 Zambia...............57.2
115 Estonia...............56.8
116 Mali....................55.4
117 Mongolia............53.9
118 Bulgaria............. 53.8
119 Qatar..................53.6
120 Saudi Arabia......52.8
121 Uzbekistan.........52.2
122 Ukraine..............51.4
123 Serbia................50.0
124 Zimbabwe..........49.8
125 Turkmenistan.....49.6
126 Mauritius............48.4
127 Cote d'Ivoire.......47.9
128 Kazakhstan........46.9
129 Kuwait................46.9
130 Mauritania..........45.4
131 Madagascar.......43.2
132 Niger..................29.2
133 Lesotho..............23.8
Fig. 12.2 Rankings and scores of EHC in 2012
this indicator has the largest differences among the countries and is the most
primary factor causing EHC differences among the countries. Motor vehicles per
1,000 people, renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, energy consumption per capita, sulfur dioxide emissions per unit of GDP and energy consumption
per unit of GDP also have high standard deviation, all higher than 18.0, which all
contribute a lot to EHC differences among the countries. The other indicators have
lower standard deviation, indicating they have less influence on EHC differences
among the countries.
Fig. 12.3 Contribution rates of pillars of EHC in 2012
0%
20%
10%
30%
50%
40%
60%
70%
90%
80%
100%
0%
10%
30%
20%
50%
40%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Population and Environment
Economy and Environment
Economy and Environment
Average
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Guinea
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Population and Environment
Lebanon
Lesotho
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela, RB
Vietnam
Yemen, Rep.
Zambia
Zimbabwe
12 Evaluation and Comparative Analysis on EHC
270
12.2
Factor Scores and Contribution Rates of EHC
271
To analyze the contribution of the pillars to EHC, we could firstly multiply the
scores of the pillars by respective weights, then convert them into the scores at
sub-index and finally divide them by the total score of sub-index to get the contribution rates of the pillars. Thus, we could find the contribution of each pillar to the
sub-index more visually, as shown in Fig. 12.3.
According to Fig. 12.3, population and environment has slightly higher contribution
rate to EHC than economy and environment: the former having the average
contribution rate of 53.4 % and the latter having the average contribution rate of
46.6 %. Therefore, to enhance EHC, the countries shall focus more on economy and
environment and population and environment.
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.

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