Menu Print Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________ CHAPTER 8 EARTHQUAKES Chapter 8 Test USING VOCABULARY To complete the following sentences, choose the correct term from each pair of terms listed, and write the term in the blank. of an earthquake may be far below the Earth’s sur- 3. Sections along an active fault may have little earthquake activity. (seismic gaps or elastic rebound) , where there is 4. Secondary waves are blocked by the Earth’s outer core, creating a at locations on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake’s focus. (fault or shadow zone) 5. The bending of rock causes . (Moho or deformation) UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 6. Strike-slip faults are prominent along _____________ plate boundaries. a. convergent b. transform c. transcontinental d. divergent 7. What causes the ground to move during an earthquake? a. elastic rebound b. deformation c. stress d. tectonic force 8. Primary seismic waves a. are slower than secondary waves. b. are the result of shearing forces in rock. c. can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. d. cause the Earth’s surface to roll up and down. 9. During an earthquake, people inside buildings should a. move to an outside wall. b. get under a strong piece of furniture in the center of the room. c. open all windows. d. stay standing as long as possible. 10. The strongest earthquakes usually occur along a. convergent plate boundaries. b. strike-slip faults. c. divergent plate boundaries. d. normal faults. CHAPTER TESTS WITH PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT 29 CHAPTER TESTS 2. The face. (epicenter or focus) . ▼ ▼ ▼ 1. The instrument used to record earthquake waves is a (seismograph or seismogram) Menu Print Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________ Chapter 8 Test, continued Short Answer 11. List two things seismologists can learn by studying seismic waves. CRITICAL THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING 13. In an earthquake, opposite sides of a fault suddenly slide past each other, whereas during a nuclear explosion, rocks compress symmetrically in all directions. How might a seismologist be able to tell an earthquake from an underground nuclear explosion? 30 HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 12. How are P waves different from S waves? Menu Print Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________ Chapter 8 Test, continued MATH IN SCIENCE CHAPTER TESTS 14. In the Earth’s inner core, which has a radius of about 1,200 km, S waves travel at 3.5 km/s. About how many minutes will it take an S wave to pass completely through Earth’s inner core? Show your work. INTERPRETING GRAPHICS The graph below compares seismic velocity with depth for S and P waves. ▼ ▼ ▼ Seismic velocites (km/sec) Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Seismic Velocities vs. Depth 14 12 e P-wav 10 8 Moho 6 S-wave S-wave 4 Moho 2 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Depth (km) 15. At the depth of 2,500 km, about how fast is the S wave traveling? 16. At what range of depths are S waves not transmitted? Explain this finding. CHAPTER TESTS WITH PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT 31 Menu Print Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________ Chapter 8 Test, continued CONCEPT MAPPING 17. Use the following terms to complete the concept map below: body waves, focus, P waves, epicenter, S waves, seismic waves, surface waves. Seismologists study seismic waves which are classified as which originate at an earthquake‘s faster focus surface waves body waves epicenter P waves as commonly determined by the which cause rock to behave like a S-P method spring HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY S waves Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. which consist of which is below its 32 slower Menu Print Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________ CHAPTER 8 EARTHQUAKES Chapter 8 Test USING VOCABULARY (Recommended 3 pts. each) To complete the following sentences, choose the correct term from each pair of terms listed, and write the term in the blank. of an earthquake may be far below the Earth’s sur- seismic gaps 3. Sections along an active fault may have little earthquake activity. (seismic gaps or elastic rebound) , where there is 4. Secondary waves are blocked by the Earth’s outer core, creating a shadow zone at locations on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake’s focus. (fault or shadow zone) deformation 5. The bending of rock causes . (Moho or deformation) UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS Multiple Choice (Recommended 5 pts. each) Circle the correct answer. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 6. Strike-slip faults are prominent along _____________ plate boundaries. a. convergent b. transform c. transcontinental d. divergent 7. What causes the ground to move during an earthquake? a. elastic rebound b. deformation c. stress d. tectonic force 8. Primary seismic waves a. are slower than secondary waves. b. are the result of shearing forces in rock. c. can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. d. cause the Earth’s surface to roll up and down. 9. During an earthquake, people inside buildings should a. move to an outside wall. b. get under a strong piece of furniture in the center of the room. c. open all windows. d. stay standing as long as possible. 10. The strongest earthquakes usually occur along a. convergent plate boundaries. b. strike-slip faults. c. divergent plate boundaries. d. normal faults. CHAPTER TESTS WITH PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT 29 CHAPTER TESTS focus 2. The face. (epicenter or focus) . ▼ ▼ ▼ seismograph 1. The instrument used to record earthquake waves is a (seismograph or seismogram) Menu Print Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________ Chapter 8 Test, continued Short Answer (Recommended 10 pts. each) 11. List two things seismologists can learn by studying seismic waves. Sample answers: By studying seismic waves, seismologists can learn the strength of an earthquake, locate an earthquake’s epicenter and focus, and draw conclusions about the internal structure of the Earth. 12. How are P waves different from S waves? P waves behave like springs, squeezing and stretching in a straight line. S waves move with a shearing motion, rocking from side to side. Also, P waves are faster than S waves. Finally, P waves CRITICAL THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING (Recommended 10 pts.) 13. In an earthquake, opposite sides of a fault suddenly slide past each other, whereas during a nuclear explosion, rocks compress symmetrically in all directions. How might a seismologist be able to tell an earthquake from an underground nuclear explosion? Sample answer: Due to their shearing motion, earthquakes generate much stronger S waves than explosions do. Also, earthquakes last longer than explosions do. 30 HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. can travel through liquid, which S waves cannot do. Menu Print Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________ Chapter 8 Test, continued MATH IN SCIENCE (Recommended 7 pts.) 14. In the Earth’s inner core, which has a radius of about 1,200 km, S waves travel at 3.5 km/s. About how many minutes will it take an S wave to pass completely through Earth’s inner core? Show your work. The diameter of Earth’s inner core 2 × radius 2 × (1,200 km) 2,400 km CHAPTER TESTS 2,400 km 3.5 km/s 686 s 686 s 60 s/min 11 minutes INTERPRETING GRAPHICS (Recommended 8 pts. each) The graph below compares seismic velocity with depth for S and P waves. ▼ ▼ ▼ Seismic velocites (km/sec) Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Seismic Velocities vs. Depth 14 12 e P-wav 10 8 Moho 6 S-wave S-wave 4 Moho 2 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Depth (km) 15. At the depth of 2,500 km, about how fast is the S wave traveling? At 2,500 km, the S wave is traveling about 7 km/s. 16. At what range of depths are S waves not transmitted? Explain this finding. S waves are not transmitted from a depth of about 2,900 km to a depth of about 5,100 km, which represents the size of the Earth’s outer core. S waves do not travel through liquids, such as the outer core. CHAPTER TESTS WITH PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT 31 Menu Print Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________ Chapter 8 Test, continued CONCEPT MAPPING (Recommended 1 pt. each) 17. Use the following terms to complete the concept map below: body waves, focus, P waves, epicenter, S waves, seismic waves, surface waves. Seismologists study seismic waves which are classified as which originate at an earthquake‘s faster focus surface waves body waves epicenter P waves as commonly determined by the which cause rock to behave like a S-P method spring HOLT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY S waves Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. which consist of which is below its 32 slower
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