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Agricultural Science Research Journal 4(5); pp. 104-110, May 2014
Available online at http://www.resjournals.com/ARJ
ISSN: 2026 – 6332 ©2014 International Research Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Agronomic and economic evaluation of organic and
mineral fertilizers for millet production on a sandy loam
soil of northeastern Nigeria
*
Adam L. Ngala, Haliru Yakubu, and Joshua D. Kwari
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria
*
Corresponding Author: [email protected] , +2348052614007
Abstract
A 2 year experiment was carried out to assess the agronomic and economic returns involved in the field
production of pearl millet using nine different organic and mineral combinations in Dusuman village
near Maiduguri. The 9 selected treatments were: the control (0t FYM, 0 NPK kg/ha); 2.5t Farm Yard
Manure (FYM) + N30 P15 K15 kg /ha; 2.0t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg /ha; 5.0t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg /ha; 5.0t FYM +
N60 P30 K30 kg /ha; 7.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg /ha;7.5 t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha; 7.5t FYM and N60 P30 K30
kg/ha laid out in a RCBD with 3 replicates. Data collected over the 2 years were statistically analyzed
using analysis of variance and means were separated using DMRT. Results showed that fertilizer
application significantly (P≤0.05) improved the plant performance. Integrated application of 7.5 t FYM +
N60 P30 K30 kg/ha produced the highest total dry matter and grain yields and nutrient uptake. The total
dry matter and grain yields increased by 5124 and 1651 kg/ha, representing 182 and 209%, respectively
compared with the control. Similarly, the same fertilizers increased the grain N, P and K uptake by
99.63, 3.96 and 65.67 kg/ha, respectively over the control. Economic analysis revealed that application
of N60 P30 K30 kg /ha had the highest cost-benefit ratio (2.01) and followed by 2.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg /ha
with 1.72. However, application of 2.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg /ha will be better for a sustainable millet
production by the resource-poor farmers in this region.
Keywords: Agronomic-practices; economic-evaluation; organic/inorganic fertilizers; sandy-loam soil; milletproduction.
INTRODUCTION
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.) is a very
important cereal crop in the Nigerian savanna, where its
production is constrained by inherently low fertility status.
Agboola (1979) reported that millet constitutes over 80%
of the cereal grains consumed in Nigerian sahel, and was
ranked by Ikwelle (1998) as the most important cereal in
the sahel and the northern Sudan savanna. Resourcespoor farmers use the stalks for constructing houses and
as fodder for feeding livestock during the dry season
(LCRI, 2007).
However, recently ICRISAT/FAO (1996) and FMARD
(2005) reported a decline in millet yield in this region.
This is partly due to soil fertility decline. Rayar (2000)
showed that majority of soils in Sudano-sahelian region
were inherently low in fertility, which was expressed in
low levels of organic carbon (generally less than 0.5%),
low total and available nitrogen and phosphorus and low
effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). The low
organic matter might be due to low turnover of plant
residues which was attributed mainly to low rainfall and
human and livestock activities, coupled with widespread
of erosions.
The problem of low fertility of the soils is further
accelerated by nutrient mining from the soils by the
farmers. Nutrient inflows are less than outflows and this
has caused negative nutrient balances in many cropping
systems (Yusuf and Yusuf, 2008). Consequently, a
sustainable crop production could be achieved by
105
application of chemical fertilizers plus manure to
replenish the depleted soil nutrients and increase the
organic matter contents of the soil (Kwari and Bibinu,
2002). Unfortunately, chemical fertilizers are very
expensive in this region and can cause environmental
pollution. In view of this, a combination of organic manure
and sub-optimal mineral fertilizer inputs may be a cost
effective strategy. This technology may offer a good
opportunity for small scale farmers to maintain yield at
reasonable and sustainable cost levels. Studies
conducted in some agro-ecological zones (Akinbola et
al., 2009; Ande et al., 2010) reported better performance
of organic-inorganic fertilizer combination than either
manure or chemical fertilizer alone. We therefore, carried
out this study in order to evaluate the agronomic and
economic benefits of integrated fertilizer application in
this region.
Materials and Methods
A two year experiment was conducted during 2008 and
2009 cropping seasons at Dusuman village in Jere local
government area of Borno state. It is located between
latitude 11050' N and longitude 130 11' E. The site has
average monthly temperature of 28.5-32.80C with high
temperatures in March to May and low temperature in
November to February. Annual rainfall is about 525mm
and the vegetation consists mainly of savanna
grasslands. Soil characterization was carried out prior to
treatments application. The experiment consisted of nine
selected treatments: control, 2.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15, 2.5t
FYM + N60 P30 K30, 5.0t FYM + N30 P15 K15, 5.0t FYM +
N60 P30 K30, 7.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15, 7.5t FYM + N60 P30
K30, 7.5t FYM and N60 P30 K30 kg/ha, laid out in a
randomized completely design and replicated three
times.
The land was manually cleared using cutlass and
harrowed with tractor. Three rows of plots were prepared
manually using hand hoe, each plot measuring 5m × 10m
and were marked out with a spacing of 0.6m between
and within rows. Farmyard manure was obtained from a
village opposite the University of Maiduguri livestock farm
and applied to the plots two weeks before planting
according to the treatments. Inorganic fertilizer (NPK
15:15:15) was obtained from open market and applied at
planting. N balance was made two week after planting
using urea (46% N). Seeds of pearl millet variety SOSATC88 were obtained from Lake Chad Research Institute,
Maiduguri, dressed with Apron Star 42 WS at the rate of
10g sachet per 4kg seeds for protection against soil and
seed borne pests and diseases. The seeds were planted
at 0.75m apart and 0.5m between stands in a plot 5m ×
10m. Seedlings were thinned to 3 plants per stand at 2
weeks after sowing (WAS). Millet plots were kept weed
free twice by hoeing manually at four weeks interval.
Millet was harvested after reaching physiological
maturity. The inner
rows excluding the outer boundaries were harvested.
Panicles were cut from the plants and weighed. Straw
weights per plot were also taken. In the second cropping
season, the plots of the previous season were maintained
in their respective positions. Each plot was cultivated
separately with hoe and its treatment repeated. All other
cultural practices were the same as the previous one.
Plant samples of leaf, straw and grain were collected and
analyzed for NPK contents as described by Marr and
Cresser (1983). Composite soil samples were also
collected after harvest and analyzed as described by Van
Reeuwijk (1992). All data collected were subjected to
analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistix 8.0
(Statistix, 2008) analytical software package. Differences
between treatment means were compared using Duncan
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability.
Partial budgeting was carried out to assess the cost of
production and economic returns under different
management practices using the procedure of CIMMYT
(1988).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Physico-chemical properties of the soil
The initial properties of the soil of experimental site
showed that the soil is a sandy loam in texture; neutral
(pH 6.69) in reaction, low in organic carbon, total
nitrogen, available phosphorus and cation exchange
capacity according to the FPDD (2002) soil fertility rating
(Table 1). This agreed with the report of Chiroma et al.
(2002) that the soils of millet producing areas of Borno
state are inherently low in fertility. External nutrients
inputs from inorganic fertilizers or organic sources (crop
residues, animal manure) are therefore, essential to
improve and sustain crop production on this soil.
Effect of the treatments on N, P and K content of the
soil
The effect of fertilizer application on N, P and K content
of the soil in 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons are
presented in Table 2. The treatment effects were not
significant during the 2008 cropping season. However, P
and K contents of the soil significantly (P≤0.05) increased
during 2009 season. The highest amount of P (8.81
mg/kg) was recorded in the soil that was treated with 5t
FYM + N60P30K30 and the lowest (4.08mg/kg) in control
plot. Soil treated with 7.5t FYM/ha contained the highest
(0.68 Cmol/kg) amount of K, although the difference was
not significant from that of 5t FYM + N30P15K15 kg/ha.
These results support the earlier report of Lombin et al.
(1991) that complementary use of organic manures and
mineral fertilizers is a sound soil fertility management
strategy. Similarly, study conducted in south-western
Nigeria by Adeniyan and Ojeniyi (2005) on the
106
Table 1: Physico-chemical characteristics of soil of the experimental site
Characteristic
pH 1:2.5 (H2O)
pH 1:2.5 (KCl)
EC (mmhos/cm)
Organic carbon (g/kg)
Total N (g/kg)
C : N ratio
Available P (Bray 1, mg/kg)
Exchangeable cations (ammonium Acetate, cmol/kg)
Ca
Mg
K
Na
H + Al
CEC
Base saturation (g/kg)
Particle size distribution (g/kg)
Sand
Silt
Clay
Texture
Value
6.69
4.80
0.04
2.20
0.40
5.50
2.92
3.60
2.80
0.46
0.05
0.80
6.91
896.0
765.7
63.7
170.6
Sandy loam
Table 2. Residual soil N, P and K contents
Treatment
Control
2.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
2.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
5.0t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
5.0t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
7.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
7.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
7.5t/ha FYM
N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
SE
N
(g/kg)
0.30a*
a
0.30
a
0.20
0.30a
0.30a
0.30a
0.20a
0.30a
a
0.30
0.004
2008
P
(mg/kg)
2.92a
a
3.75
a
5.25
3.38a
4.20a
3.56a
3.97a
3.50a
a
5.54
1.086
K
(Cmol/kg)
0.57a
a
0.49
a
0.52
0.52a
0.61a
0.58a
0.53a
0.59a
a
0.56
0.045
N
(g/kg)
0.40a*
a
0.40
a
0.30
0.30a
0.30a
0.30a
0.40a
0.40a
a
0.40
0.008
2009
P
(mg/kg)
4.08f
ef
4.26
cd
5.60
5.47cd
8.81a
5.72cd
6.77b
6.30bc
de
5.14
0.338
K
(Cmol/kg)
0.53e
de
0.54
bc
0.60
ab
0.64
0.55de
0.58cd
0.56cde
0.68a
e
0.52
0.015
* Values followed by the same letter(s) within a column are not significantly different from each other at
P(<0.05) according to Duncan Multiple Range Test(DMRT).
comparative effects of 300 kg/ha NPK fertilizer, 7.0t/ha
poultry manure and combinations of reduced levels of
NPK and poultry manure on maize performance and soil
chemical properties showed that the combination of NPK
and poultry manure proved superior to other treatments.
Effect of the Treatments on Nutrient Uptake
The results in tables 3 and 4 show that application of
fertilizers significantly increased the leaf and grain NPK
uptake, respectively. The treatments differed significantly
(P≤0.05) on their effects on the nutrient uptake.
Combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers proved
superior to farmyard manure or NPK alone. Plants
treated with 7.5t FYM + N60P30K30kg/ha had the highest
leave NPK uptake of 125, 5 and 23 kg/ha, respectively
over the control. Similarly, the same treatment produced
the highest grain NPK uptake of 100, 4 and 66 kg/ha,
respectively when compared with the control. However,
the effects did not differ significantly (P≤0.05) from that of
7.5t FYM + N30P15K15 kg/ha. This finding is in line with the
107
Table 3: Effect of FYM and NPK fertilizers on pearl millet leave N, P and K contents and uptake
Treatment
Control
2.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
2.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
5.0t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
5.0t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
7.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
7.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
7.5t/ha FYM
N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
SE
N
1.61c*
b
2.29
ab
2.64
a
2.73
ab
2.59
a
2.80
a
2.87
2.80a
1.82c
0.119
Nutrient (%)
P
0.08a
a
0.10
0.10a
a
0.12
0.08a
a
0.14
a
0.13
0.12a
0.13a
0.018
K
0.45a
a
0.53
0.50a
a
0.53
0.52a
a
0.53
a
0.57
0.50a
0.53a
0.030
Nutrient Uptake (kg/ha)
N
P
K
30.85d*
1.46c
8.85d
bc
bc
bc
93.40
3.69
21.01
ab
ab
ab
134.09
4.76
25.39
abc
ab
bc
115.55
5.03
22.55
abc
b
ab
120.84
3.86
24.04
ab
a
ab
137.85
7.04
26.40
a
a
a
159.17
6.46
31.47
c
bc
cd
81.85
3.26
15.21
78.97cd
5.05ab
21.43bc
16.926
0.777
2.638
* Values followed by the same letter(s) within a column are not significantly different from each other at
P(<0.05) according to Duncan Multiple Range Test(DMRT).
Table 4. Effect of FYM and NPK fertilizers on pearl millet straw N, P and K contents and uptake
Treatment
Control
2.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
2.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
5.0t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
5.0t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
7.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
7.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
7.5t/ha FYM
N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
SE
Nutrient Content (%)
N
P
K
1.12ab*
0.03b
2.32bc
ab
b
abc
1.19
0.03
2.39
a
b
1.31
0.03
2.58a
bc
b
0.96
0.03
2.38abc
c
a
bc
0.75
0.08
2.22
c
b
ab
0.82
0.04
2.43
0.79c
0.03b
1.82d
c
b
0.79
0.04
2.48ab
d
b
0.41
0.03
2.17c
0.093
0.005
0.088
Nutrient Uptake (kg/ha)
N
P
K
21.31d*
0.64d
44.88d
b
a
b
47.31
1.96
98.88
a
b
61.82
1.40
127.55a
bc
b
40.63
1.40
100.62b
c
cd
b
34.27
0.91
100.59
bc
a
41.26
2.05
126.10a
bc
a
41.10
1.88
101.44b
d
c
20.93
1.04
72.24c
c
bc
32.19
1.12
91.60b
3.054
0.097
5.472
* Values followed by the same letter(s) within a column are not significantly different from each other at
P(<0.05) according to Duncan Multiple Range Test(DMRT).
finding of Lawal et al. (2010) who recorded significantly
higher NPK uptake in yam treated with combined organic
fertilizer plus NPK fertilizer than those with organic or
NPK fertilizer alone in south-western Nigeria. In contrast,
study conducted by Ewulo et al. (2010) on effect of
sawdust ash (SDA), urea and their combinations on
tomato nutrient uptake showed that application of urea
gave the highest leaf N, while SDA gave the highest leaf
P, K, Ca and Mg. The results obtained in this study
indicated that millet grown with FYM plus NPK fertilizer
had a higher nutritional quality than those with FYM or
NPK fertilizer alone. The combined fertilizer is superior
because the organic manure content of this fertilizer
material must have enhanced appropriate release,
availability and consumption of nutrient by the crops in
addition to the mineral NPK fertilizer.
Effect of the Treatments on Yields
Total dry matter and grain yields significantly (P<0.05)
increased as a result of application of fertilizers (Table 5).
The treatments differed significantly (P≤0.05) on their
effects on all the parameters measured. Integrated
application of 7.5t FYM + N60P30K30 kg/ha produced the
highest total dry matter and grain yields of 5124 and 1651
kg/ha, respectively over the control. However, the
differences were not significant from those of 7.5t FYM +
N30P15K15 kg/ha. These results fortified the earlier findings
of Lawal et al. (2010) who reported that combined
application of organic fertilizer plus NPK produced
highest tuber yield of white yam in south-western Nigeria.
Similarly, a study by Ande et al. (2010) on maize yield
grown on degraded soil using organic and inorganic
108
Table 5. Effect of FYM and NPK fertilizers on pearl millet grain N, P and K contents and uptake
Treatment
Control
2.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
2.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
5.0t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
5.0t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
7.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
7.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
7.5t/ha FYM
N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
SE
Nutrient Content (%)
N
P
K
2.71abc*
0.12a
1.97a
a
a
a
3.03
0.12
2.03
cd
a
2.41
0.11
2.08a
bcd
a
a
2.57
0.11
1.68
bcd
a
2.61
0.11
1.78a
ab
a
a
2.82
0.11
1.82
ab
a
a
2.78
0.11
1.91
bcd
a
2.52
0.10
1.98a
d
a
2.31
0.08
1.87a
0.118
0.014
0.092
Nutrient Uptake (kg/ha)
N
P
K
51.99f*
2.41e
37.92d
bc
c
abc
128.99
4.70
84.82
bc
b
127.74
5.68
105.05a
d
c
bc
108.28
4.62
71.25
c
c
abc
122.81
4.82
81.77
ab
b
ab
141.35
5.70
90.72
a
a
a
151.62
6.37
103.59
e
de
cd
76.08
3.04
59.43
99.54d
3.37d
76.52bc
4.750
0.215
8.917
* Values followed by the same letter(s) within a column are not significantly different from each other at
P(<0.05) according to Duncan Multiple Range Test(DMRT).
Table 6. Effect of FYM and NPK fertilizers on pearl millet straw, panicle and total dry matter weights
and grain yield (kg/ha)
Treatment
Control
2.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
2.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
5.0t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
5.0t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
7.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
7.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
7.5t/ha FYM
N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
SE
Straw
1700c*
3700ab
4433a
3733ab
4033a
4500a
4867a
2600bc
3567ab
459.4
Panicle
267e
447cd
627a
487bcd
587ab
553abc
673a
393de
553abc
44.40
TDM
1967d
4147abc
5061ab
4220abc
4620ab
5053ab
5540a
2993cd
4120bc
466.9
Grain Yield
789f*
1703de
1930cd
1978bcd
2065bc
2301ab
2440a
1433e
1970bcd
111.7
* Values followed by the same letter(s) within a column are not significantly different from each other
at P(<0.05) according to Duncan Multiple Range Test(DMRT).
fertilizers revealed that grain yield for combined use of
inorganic and organic fertilizers was significantly (P≤0.05)
higher than all other treatments. In contrast, Akinbola et
al. (2009) observed that NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer applied
at 300 kg/ha gave a higher maize grain yield than
organo-mineral fertilizers.
The significantly (P≤0.05) higher yields obtained from 7.5t
FYM + N60P30K30 kg/ha than manure or NPK fertilizer
alone in this study may be due to the fact that inorganic
fertilizer supplied N, P and K. In addition, the manure
released both macro and micro nutrients, increased
cation exchange capacities and thus enhanced the
nutrient uptake which led to the increased crop yield.
differed significantly. N60P30K30 kg/ha had the highest
benefit-cost ratio of 1:2.01 and was followed by 2.5t FYM
+ N30P15K15 kg/ha with 1:1.72. the use of N60P30K30 kg/ha
however, is not best for sustainable millet production as
the cost of chemical fertilizer and its procurement is a
constraint to small scale farmers in this region (Kwari et
al., 1998). In addition, Kang and Juo (1988) reported that
continuous monoculture of cereals using chemical
fertilizers as the main source of nutrients can lead to
decline in yield after only a few years cropping because
of soil acidification and compaction. Therefore, integrated
use of 2.5t FYM + N30P15K15 kg/ha is the most feasible
practice for a sustainable millet production by the
resource-poor farmers in this region.
Economic Analysis
Conclusion
The economic analysis for millet production is presented
in Table 6. The benefit-cost ratio of the treatments
Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded
109
ble 7. Cost of production and economic returns to management practices for millet production, 2004 cropping season
Yield (kg/ha)
*
Control
789
1700
20229
32450
Return to
management
(N/ha)
12221
2.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
1703
3700
40613
69850
29237
17016
1.72
2.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
1930
4433
48615
79417
30802
18581
1.63
5.0t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
1978
3733
51078
81067
29989
17768
1.59
5.0t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
2065
4033
58166
84817
26651
14430
1.46
7.5t FYM + N30 P15 K15 kg/ha
2301
4500
61691
94250
32559
20338
1.53
7.5t FYM + N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
2440
4867
69175
100034
30859
18638
1.45
7.5t/ha FYM
1433
2600
50468
58500
8032
-4189
1.16
N60 P30 K30 kg/ha
1970
3567
40038
80584
40546
28325
2.01
Treatment
*
Grain
Straw
Total cost
production
(N/ha)
of
Gross
revenue
(N/ha)
Net
return
(N/ha)
-
Benefit–cost
ratio
1.60
Yield X unit price of N4000 per 100kg bag of millet grain and N5 per 10kg bile of straw.
that a combined application of 7.5t FYM + N60P30K30
kg/ha is superior in millet production, but economically
the use of 2.5t FYM + N30P15K15 kg/ha will be the most
promising for a sustainable millet production by the small
scale farmers who are the dominant in this region.
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