The following supplement accompanies the article
Modelling the habitat use and distribution of the threatened Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus
Alke Voskamp1,2,*, E. Johanna Rode3, Camille N. Z. Coudrat3, Wirdateti4, Abinawanto5, Robert J. Wilson1, K. Anne-Isola Nekaris3
1
University of Exeter Cornwall Campus, Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
2
Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
3
Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP,UK
4
Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
5
University of Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Endangered Species Research 23: 277–286 (2014)
Supplement. Descriptive statistics and additional protected area information
Table S1. Different study sites, their location, IUCN protection status, minimum and maximum altitude, forest type and effort spent per site. The protected
areas are shown in bold print. (–): not applicable
Study site
Tamanjaya
Carita
Bodogol
Cibodas
Limbangan
Sokokembang
Location
Ujung Kulon
Regency
Banten,
IUCN status
–
National Park
Carita Nature
Recreation Park
GunungGedePangrango
National Park
Cibodas
UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
GunungMasgitKareumbi Game Reserve
Pandeglang
Banten,
Pandeglang
West Java, Sukabumi, Bogor, Cianjur
1991
V
1978
II
1980
–
1977
V
1976
Not reported
1940
TelagaSumrup
Game Reserve
West Java, Cipanas, Cianjur
West Java,
Tasikmalaya
Central Java,
Wonosobo
Forest type
Late stage
secondary/
Secondary forest
Forest plantation
Altitude (m)
2 - 104
Secondary forest
802 - 858
Late stage
secondary forest
Late stage
secondary forest
Late stage
secondary forest
1370 - 1574
22 - 217
814 - 848
606 - 667
Pronojiwo
BromoTenggerSemeru National Park
Bandealit
Raksajaya
MeruBetiri
National Park
South east border of
GunungGedePangrango NP
East border of
GunungPapandayan NP
Tasikmalaya area
Bantarkalong
Tasikmalaya area
Sumedang
Ciamis
Sumedang area
Tasikmalaya area
Cimungkat
Cipaganti
East Java,
Malang
East Java,
Banyuwangi
West Java, Cipanas, Cianjur
II
1982
II
1982
(II)
1980
(Ia)
1924
-
West Java,
Garut
West Java,
Tasikmalaya
West Java,
Tasikmalaya
West Java, Sumedang
West Java, Ciamis
-
Late stage
secondary forest
Late stage
secondary forest
Late stage
secondary forest
Agricultural area
764 - 904
Agricultural area/
Forest plantation
Agricultural area/
Forest plantation
Forest plantation
Forest plantation
425 - 848
22 - 170
1158 - 1167
1358 - 1369
425 - 848
560 - 685
425 - 848
Table S2. Models used including dependent and explanatory variables, random effects and error structure. GLMM: general linear mixed models; GLM:
general linear models; PA: protected area; (–): no random effect used in model
Model type Dependent variable Explanatory variables
GLMM
GLMM
Encounter rate
Loris presence
GLMM
Encounter rate
GLM
GLM
GLM
GLM
GLM
Sighting / km
Sighting / km
Visibility
Encounter rate
Encounter rate
Random effect Error structure
PA
Study site
Bamboo, Altitude
Study site
Tree height, Forest type
Bamboo, Visibility,
Study site
Forest type
Bamboo
Forest type
Bamboo, Forest type Time
Human litter
Anthropogenic noise
Logged trees
Poisson
Binomial
Gaussian
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Poisson
Table S3. Means and standard deviations (SD) of general environmental characteristics within the potential distribution of Nycticebus javanicus, predicted
by the MaxEnt model (under the minimum presence training threshold = 0.1893)
Environmental characteristic
Annual temp. (°C)
Annual precip. (mm)
Elevation
Percent vegetation cover
Top 2 habitat types
Mean ± SD (min. to max.)
23.4 ± 3.2 (8.0 to 27.8)
28201 ± 613 (974 to 4984)
570 ± 528 (–3 to 3166)
58 ± 16
(1) Closed to open (>15%), broad-leaved evergreen and/or semi-deciduous forest (>5 m)
(2) Mosaic cropland (50–70%)/vegetation (grassland, shrubland, forest) (20–50%)
Table S4. Results of the statistical models testing the importance of different habitat variables — bamboo, forest type, protected area, logged trees and
noise — for the probability of encountering Nycticebus javanicus (Javan slow loris) per km
Tested variable
n
x2
df
p-value
Bamboo
24
40.356
22,23
0.03
Forest type
31
96.128
3,6
0.02
Protected area
31
68.198
2,6
0.01
Logged trees
29
17.106
17,16
<0.01
Noise
12
31.451
17,18
<0.01
Visibility
19
75.133
4,9
0.057