Sensors with Lasers: Building a WSN Power Grid Naveed Anwar Bhatti, Affan A. Syed Systems and Networking (SysNet) Lab, Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan Hamad Alizai EmNets, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan Problem WSN Platforms Physical Plane 2 Problem WSN Platforms Physical Plane 3 Problem High Low Sensing Plane 4 Problem Energy Plane Low High High Low Sensing Plane 5 Problem Energy Plane Low High Lesser lifetime Greater sensing fidelity High Low Sensing Plane 6 Problem Energy Plane Low High Lesser lifetime Greater sensing fidelity Greater lifetime Lesser sensing fidelity High Low Sensing Plane 7 Problem Energy Plane Low High Lesser lifetime Greater sensing fidelity Greater lifetime Lesser sensing fidelity WSN platform cannot use abundant energy available High Low physically distant from their location Sensing Plane 8 Other examples Matterhorn Costa Rican (rainforest) Body Sensor Network 9 Problem Energy Plane Low High C Sink node B A Varying energy consumption across a WSN High Low Sensing Plane 10 Problem Energy Plane Low High C Sink node B A Varying energy consumption across a WSN High Low Sensing Plane 11 Problem Energy Plane Low High C Sink node B A Varying energy consumption across a WSN WSN platform impossible to use abundant energy available High Low physically distant from their location Sensing Planethe global energy available is Non-functional WSN even when sufficient for its operation. 12 Proposed Idea Energy Plane Low High C A Energy Distribution System B High Low Sensing Plane 13 Proposed Idea Energy Plane Low High C A Energy Distribution System B High Low Sensing Plane 14 Proposed Idea Energy Plane Low High C A Energy Distribution System B High Low Sensing Plane Grid Station 15 Towards Solution: Practical System Requirements Energy Distribution System 16 Towards Solution: Practical System Requirements Wireless with small footprint Low cost Energy Distribution System Provide energy at radio comparable range Deliver enough energy 17 Towards Solution: Evaluating energy transfer technologies RF PowerCast Module (3W) 18 Towards Solution: Evaluating energy transfer technologies Light POWER LED TORCH (3W) 19 Towards Solution: Evaluating energy transfer technologies Laser 808nm near infrared (0.8 W) 20 Towards Solution: Evaluating energy transfer technologies • LASER beaming is only mechanism to provide enough energy at 80100m range 21 Towards Solution: Evaluating energy transfer technologies • LASER beaming is only mechanism to provide enough energy at 80100m range • LASER micro beaming supports typical WSN applications and devices 22 Towards Solution : Cost and Conclusion LASER • • • • Light RF COST $ 67 $ 31 $ 421 RANGE 100m 5-6m 1-2m POWER 7mW 4mW 2-3mW Wireless with small footprint Low cost Provide energy at radio comparable range Deliver enough energy to support existing mote class devices We thus select Laser power beaming 23 Problem Proposed Idea Evaluation of wireless energy transfer technology LAMP: Goals and Architecture Evaluation of LAMP Limits and Conclusion A novel energy distribution architecture for sensor networks LAMP: GOALS AND ARCHITECTURE 24 LAMP Goals GOAL #1 : Transport energy between E-plane and S-plane GOAL #2 : Support existing sensornets with minimal changes Goal #1 Design Decision: Heterogeneous energy distribution architecture (Master/Slave) Laser Tilt Energy Plane Pan Power Socket LAMP Master Sensing Plane LAMP Leaves Goal #1 Design Decision: Heterogeneous energy distribution architecture (Master/Slave) Laser Tilt Energy Plane Pan Power Socket LAMP Master Sensing Plane LAMP Leaves Goal #1 Design Decision: Heterogeneous energy distribution architecture (Master/Slave) LASER Module Dual-axis, pan-tilt mechanism using servo motors Laser Tilt Energy Plane Pan Power Socket TelosB mote LAMP Master TelosB mote (Without Battery) Sensing Plane Capacitor used as buffer LAMP Leaves Monocrystalline solar panel 29 Goal #2 Design Decision: Support two type of operational modes (Mesh/Cluster) Mesh Mode: No changes to existing WSN protocols but with fewer leaves/master Cluster Mode: A few changes to WSN protocols for greater number of leaves/master 29 Mesh mode Sensed Information LAMP Master Energy Transference Sink node Pro : No change in existing WSN Con: Master supports less number of Leaves 30 Cluster mode Sensed Information Energy Transference LAMP Master CTP Routing Path Sink node Data X A B Pro : Master support more Leaves Con: Require changes in WSN application 31 Cluster mode Sensed Information Energy Transference LAMP Master CTP Routing Path Sink node A Data X B Pro : Master support more Leaves Con: Require changes in WSN application 32 Cluster mode Sensed Information Energy Transference LAMP Master CTP Routing Path Sink node Data Y A B Pro : Master support more Leaves Con: Require changes in WSN application 33 Problem Proposed Idea Evaluation of wireless energy transfer technology LAMP: Goals and Architecture • Energy Plane Control Protocol Evaluation of LAMP Limits and Conclusion Implementing the two operational modes AN ENERGY PLANE CONTROL PROTOCOL 34 LAMP Operation: E-plane control protocol (Cluster Mode) Sink node LAMP Master Leaf 1 Leaf 2 Energy Variable charging epoch of Leaf 1 Listening Ack [+Data X] Wait Sent Wait Received Ack Data X Sleep Interval Data Y Radio Off Radio Off Refocusing to leaf 2 Radio Off Listening Radio Off 𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 Sent Capacitor energy Response Interval Lamp Master Radio Off Radio Off Received Lamp Leaf 1 Lamp Leaf 2 Interaction Interval Listening Variable charging epoch of Leaf 2 Time 35 LAMP Operation: E-plane control protocol (Cluster Mode) Sink node LAMP Master Leaf 1 Leaf 2 Energy Variable charging epoch of Leaf 1 Listening Ack [+Data X] Wait Sent Wait Received Ack Data X Sleep Interval Data Y Radio Off Radio Off Refocusing to leaf 2 Radio Off Listening Radio Off 𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 Sent Capacitor energy Response Interval Lamp Master Radio Off Radio Off Received Lamp Leaf 1 Lamp Leaf 2 Interaction Interval Listening Variable charging epoch of Leaf 2 Time 36 LAMP Operation: E-plane control protocol (Cluster Mode) Sink node LAMP Master Energy Leaf 1 Leaf 2 Energy Variable charging epoch of Leaf 1 Listening Ack [+Data X] Wait Sent Wait Received Ack Data X Sleep Interval Data Y Radio Off Radio Off Refocusing to leaf 2 Radio Off Listening Radio Off 𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 Sent Capacitor energy Response Interval Lamp Master Radio Off Radio Off Received Lamp Leaf 1 Lamp Leaf 2 Interaction Interval Listening Variable charging epoch of Leaf 2 Time 37 LAMP Operation: E-plane control protocol (Cluster Mode) Sink node Sensed data LAMP Master Energy Leaf 1 Leaf 2 Energy Variable charging epoch of Leaf 1 Listening Ack [+Data X] Wait Sent Wait Received Ack Data X Sleep Interval Data Y Radio Off Radio Off Refocusing to leaf 2 Radio Off Listening Radio Off 𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 Sent Capacitor energy Response Interval Lamp Master Radio Off Radio Off Received Lamp Leaf 1 Lamp Leaf 2 Interaction Interval Listening Variable charging epoch of Leaf 2 Time 38 LAMP Operation: E-plane control protocol (Cluster Mode) Sink node LAMP Master Energy Leaf 1 Leaf 2 Acknowledgement Energy Variable charging epoch of Leaf 1 Listening Ack [+Data X] Wait Sent Wait Received Ack Data X Sleep Interval Data Y Radio Off Radio Off Refocusing to leaf 2 Radio Off Listening Radio Off 𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 Sent Capacitor energy Response Interval Lamp Master Radio Off Radio Off Received Lamp Leaf 1 Lamp Leaf 2 Interaction Interval Listening Variable charging epoch of Leaf 2 Time 39 LAMP Operation: E-plane control protocol (Cluster Mode) Sink node LAMP Master Leaf 1 Leaf 2 Energy Variable charging epoch of Leaf 1 Listening Ack [+Data X] Wait Sent Wait Received Ack Data X Sleep Interval Data Y Radio Off Radio Off Refocusing to leaf 2 Radio Off Listening Radio Off 𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 Sent Capacitor energy Response Interval Lamp Master Radio Off Radio Off Received Lamp Leaf 1 Lamp Leaf 2 Interaction Interval Listening Variable charging epoch of Leaf 2 Time 40 LAMP Operation: E-plane control protocol (Cluster Mode) Sink node LAMP Master Leaf 1 Leaf 2 Energy Variable charging epoch of Leaf 1 Listening Ack [+Data X] Wait Sent Wait Received Ack Data X Sleep Interval Data Y Radio Off Radio Off Refocusing to leaf 2 Radio Off Listening Radio Off 𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 Sent Capacitor energy Response Interval Lamp Master Radio Off Radio Off Received Lamp Leaf 1 Lamp Leaf 2 Interaction Interval Listening Variable charging epoch of Leaf 2 Time 41 LAMP Operation: E-plane control protocol (Mesh Mode) Sink node Leaf 1 LAMP Master Energy Leaf 2 Energy Variable charging epoch of Leaf 1 Refocusing to leaf X Sent Ack Energy Info Listening Received Ack Wait Sent Listening Received Wait Ack Energy Imfo Sleep Interval Energy Info Radio Off Radio Off Refocusing to leaf 2 Radio Off Listening Radio Off 𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 Sent Capacitor energy Response Interval Lamp Master Radio Off Radio Off Received Lamp Leaf 1 Lamp Leaf 2 Interaction Interval Variable charging epoch of Leaf 2 Time 42 Listening LAMP Operation: E-plane control protocol (Mesh Mode) Sink node Leaf 1 LAMP Master Leaf 2 Energy Variable charging epoch of Leaf 1 Refocusing to leaf X Sent Ack Energy Info Listening Received Ack Wait Sent Listening Received Wait Ack Energy Imfo Sleep Interval Energy Info Radio Off Radio Off Refocusing to leaf 2 Radio Off Listening Radio Off 𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 Sent Capacitor energy Response Interval Lamp Master Radio Off Radio Off Received Lamp Leaf 1 Lamp Leaf 2 Interaction Interval Variable charging epoch of Leaf 2 Time 43 Listening Problem Proposed Idea Evaluation of wireless energy transfer technology LAMP: Goals and Architecture Evaluation of LAMP Limits and Conclusion Can we really do this? EVALUATION 44 Evaluating the practical limits of LAMP Master movement characteristics (via Experiments) o What's the minimum separation Master can support between two leaves? o How much time Master takes to move from one leaf to another? o Recalibration requirements of servo mechanism? Leaf recharging characteristics (via Experiments) o How quickly Leaf can respond to Master? o What's the total time Master and Leaf takes to communicate with each other? o For how long Leaf can survive without incoming energy? LAMP Scalability o What the maximum number of leafs a single Master can support Evaluation Methodology: Scalability Scalability: How many Leaves can be supported by single LAMP Master in different communication modes Parameters influencing scalability: T(X) = Movement time 180º (𝐈𝑰𝑻 ) = Interaction Interval (𝐈𝑺𝑽 ) = Survivability Interval TelosB Solarpanel Capacitor LEAF Evaluation Methodology: Scalability Scalability: How many Leaves can be supported by single LAMP Master in different communication modes Parameters influencing scalability: Evaluation Methodology T(X) = Movement time 3 (𝐈𝑰𝑻 ) = Interaction Interval 4 2 (𝐈𝑺𝑽 ) = Survivability Interval 1 N X⁰ LAMP Leaf LAMP Recharging Rate: Laser Tilt Pan LAMP Master LAMP Architecture: Supported Communication Modes MESH mode Cluster mode E-plane control information Radio dutycycle= 8% 48 LAMP Architecture: Supported Communication Modes MESH mode Cluster mode E-plane control information Radio dutycycle= 8% 49 LAMP Architecture: Supported Communication Modes Cluster mode MESH mode E-plane control information 40 Leafs 9.5sec LRR Radio dutycycle= 8% 50 LAMP Architecture: Supported Communication Modes Cluster mode MESH mode 120 Leafs 26.5sec LRR E-plane control information 40 Leafs 9.5sec LRR Radio dutycycle= 8% 51 LAMP Architecture: Supported Communication Modes Cluster mode MESH mode 120 Leafs 26.5sec LRR E-plane control information 40 Leafs 9.5sec LRR Radio dutycycle= 8% 52 Problem Proposed Idea Evaluation of wireless energy transfer technology LAMP: Goals and Architecture Evaluation of LAMP Limits and Conclusion LIMITS AND CONCLUSION 53 Limitations Line-of-sight (LoS) • Tilt/Pan mechanism having mirrors to route energy around obstacles. Localization and (Re)calibration • Static locations of Leaf’s used instead of dynamic localization. • Re-calibration of Tilt/Pan mechanism required after few interval. Tilt/Pan mechanism with mirror Safety • Eye safety and long term exposure 54 Conclusion SUMMARY • Propose decoupling of Energy and Sensing Plane • Evaluated different wireless energy transference technologies • Present and evaluated wireless energy distribution architecture for WSN “LAMP” FUTURE DIRECTIONS • Refinement of hardware and software side of LAMP 55 For more information please visit our lab www.sysnet.org.pk/ [email protected] Questions 56 Evaluation: Charging Behavior of the LAMP leaf How quickly can a leaf be energized? Response Interval (𝐈𝐑𝐒 ) (𝑰𝑹𝑺 ) value increases Effect of 𝐼𝑅𝑆 and 𝐼𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 on Interaction interval (𝐈𝑰𝑻 ) ? (𝑰𝑰𝑻 ) value increases 57 Evaluation : Scalability How many Leafs can be handled by single LAMP Master in different communication modes Effect of Capacitor, Sleep Interval (𝐼𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 ) and Radio state on Survivability Interval (𝐈𝑺𝑽 ) ? 58
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