შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდი
biologiis 25-e saerTaSoriso
olimpiadisTvis saqarTvelos nakrebi
gundis wevrebis SesarCevi
I turi
Zvirfaso monawileebo
gaqvT 2 saaTi (120wuTi) Teoriuli testis Sesasruleblad.

pasuxebi CawereT pasuxebis furcelSi.

pasuxi, romelic kiTxvebis furcelSi iqneba Setanili, ar Sefasdeba

pasuxebi dawereT garkveviT. SesaZlebelia kiTxvas qondes erTze meti
swori/araswori pasuxi da yvela ujra unda Seivsos.
magaliTisTvis
a
b
c
d
e






maqsimaluri qula aris 40

SewyviteT pasuxebis gacema da dadeT Tqveni kalami drois amowurvisTanave.

pasuxebis fiurceli da Teoriuli testebis furceli Segrovdeba weris
dasrulebisas.
gisurvebT warmatebebs

2
1. mitoqondrioni umetesad dakavSirebulia Semdeg funqciebTan:
a. Termogenezi;
b. ATP produqcia;
miuTiTeT mitoqondrionis didi raodenobiT arseboba ()-niSniT, saSualo
raodenobiT arseboba (-)-niSniT, xolo ar arseboba ()-niSniT.
SeusabameT mitoqondrionis ZiriTadi funqcia(ebi) (a-b) Sesabamis
organoebs/ujredebs.
2. arsebobs ujredebis programirebuli kvdomis e.w. “apoptozis” ramdenime meqanizmi.
erT-erTi
meqanizmis
CarTva
xdeba
aqtiuri
Jangbadis
formiT.
normaSi
mitoqondrionis gareTa membranis zedapirze eqspresirdeba cila Bcl-2. sxva cilas
- Apaf-1-s aqvs unari daukavSirdes Bcl-2–s.
reaqtiuli Jangbadi axorcielebs Bcl-2-dan Apaf-1-is gamoTavisuflebas da, amave
dros,
aaqtiurebs
mesame
cila
Bax-s,
romelic,
Tavis
mxriv,
ganWolavs
mitoqondrionis membranas da gamoaTavisuflebs citoqrom C-s. gamoTavisuflebuli
citoqromi C warmoqmnis kompleqss Apaf-1–Tan da caspase 9_Tan. es kompleqsi
Tanamimdevrulad aaqtivebs mraval proteazas, romlebic xleCen ujredis cilebs.
ras gamoiwvevs ujredSi aqtiuri Jangbadi Semdegi pirobebis SemTxvevaSi:
I. ujredi
eqspresirebs
Apaf-1–is
mutantur
formas
romelic
yovelTvis
ukavSirdeba Bcl-2–s.
II. ujredebi aRar eqspresirebs Bcl-2–s.
III. ujredSi xdeba Bcl-2–s overeqspresia da es cila mxolod ujredis
membranisTvisaa gankuTvnili.
IV. nivTiereba, romlic axangrZlivebs Bcl-2–s naxevardaSlis periods daamates
ujreds.
SeusabameT zemoT mocemuli mdgomareobebi (I-dan IV-mde) qvemoT CamoTvlil
Sedegebs (a-dan c-mde). (2 qula)
a. ujredi ewinaaRmdegeba apoptozs;
b. ujredi aucileblad ganicdis apoptozs;
c. ujredis bedi ucnobia.
3. G2 fazis Sesaxeb.
7.1. romeli mtkicebulebidan (ebidan) Cans, rom ujredi aris G2 fazaSi?
miuTiTeT swori mtkicebuleba(ebi) ()-niSniT, xolo araswori - ()-niSniT (0,4
qula).
a. himologiuri qromosomebi gaWimulia ekvatoris gaswvriv;
3
b. himologiuri qromosomebi ganizideba Sesabamisi polusebisken TiTistras
ZafebiT;
c. himologiuri qromosomebi jer kidev ar arian gaormagebuli;
d. himologiuri qromosomebi arian haploidur anu n mdgomareobaSi.
4. qvemoT mocemulia sami saxeobis baqteriis morfologia:
A (koki)
Cveulebriv
B (Soltiani bacila)
baqteriisaTvis
C (kafsuliani Cxiri)
damaxasiaTebelia
daukavSirdes
raime
zedapirs
da
warmoqmnas e.w. “biofilmebi”. baqteria dakavSirebis dros, sanam raime zedapirTan Seva
kontaqtSi, rac ufro uaxlovdeba zdeapirs xvedeba ukugdebis zonaSi.
ukugdebis
zonis gadalaxavis Semdeg am sami baqteriis dakavSirebis siZliere raime zedapirTan
savaraudod gansxvavebulia. SearCieT am sami baqteriisaTvis swori Tanamimdevroba
dakavSirebis siZlieris mixedviT da CawereT pasuxebis furcelSi.
5. Tavdapirvelad damdgari wylis rezervuari mdidaria organuli nivTierebebiT,
magram
misi
koncentracia
male
zavdeba
wvimis
wyliT.
samive
baqteria
ecdeba
gamonaxos saukeTeso gza gadarCes da Seeguos garemos.
miuTiTeT swori mtkicebuleba(ebi) ()-niSniT, xolo araswori - ()-niSniT.
a. baqteria A axdens sakvebi nivTierebebis uswrafes difuzias ujredSi.
b. baqteria B SeuZlia daagrZelos Solti, rom miwvdes sakveb nivTierebebs
wylis zeda fenebSi.
c. baqteria C aqvs kafsula romelsac SeuZlia aqtiurad STanTqos ufro meti
sakvebi nivTierebebi.
6. laborantma, mikroskopSi daTvalierebamde, sxvadasxva saRebaviT SeReba ucnobi
baqteriebi. cnobilia, rom gamoyenebuli saRebavebidan (i) Rebavs lipopolisaqaridebs,
(ii) birTvis garss, (iii) dnm-s, (iv) citoplazmas da (v) ribosomas. romeli saRebavi
Rebavs sinjSi moTavsebul yvela tipis baqterias ganurCevlad? miuTiTeT ()-niSniT
Tu SeRebavs, xolo - ()-niSniT Tu ar SeiRebavs.
4
7. SeusabameT mcenareuli struqtura (1-10) Sesabamis funqcias/niSnebs (A – J)
mcenaris ujredi/qsovilis
funqcia(ebi)/niSani(ebi)
struqtura
1
2
Tilakoidebis
membranebi
vaskularuli
kambiumi
A
wylis, momnelebeli fermentebis, sxva
B
centraluri vakuoli
C
4
plazmodesma
D
5
apikaluri meristema
E
6
periderma
F
7
sacriseburi mil(eb)i
G
8
triqomebi
H
10
ujredis meoreuli
kedeli
mikropile
organuli da araorganuli nivTierebis
dagroveba
3
9
ujredSorisi kavSirebis qseli
mcenaris axali qsovilebis/organoebis
warmoqmna
Secvlili parenqimuli ujredebi
birTvebis gareSe
mcire naprali Teslkvirtze, romlis
gavliTac Caizrdeba samtvre mili
meqanikuri sayrdeni
eleqtronebis gadamtani cilebis
arseboba
meoreuli gamtari qsovilebis
warmoqmna
I
mfaravi qsovili
J
dacva da Sewova
8. SeiswavleT qvemoT mocemuli fesvis ganivi Wrili.
5
qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi mcenaris nawilebis aRmniSvneli ricxvebi 1-dan 18-mde
SeusabameT zemoT mocemul suraTze fesvis Sesabamis nawils (A -dan H -mde)
#
nawili
#
1
hipoderma
10
2
epiTeluri ujredebi
11
kasparis sartyeli
3
parenqimis qsilema
12
centraluri vakuoli
4
epidermuli ujredi
13
floemis parenqima
5
qsilemis boWkoebi
14
pericikli
6
fesvis bususebi
15
7
egzodermuli
ujredebi
nawili
sklerenqimuli
ujredebi
Tanamgzavri
ujredebi
16
floemis boWkoebi
8
qsilemis WurWlebi
17
endodermis ujredebi
9
parenqimuli ujredebi
18
kolenqimis ujredebi
9. qveviT CamoTvlilia fesvSi ionebis da wylis SeRwevis ori gza:
I.
simplasturi gza
II.
apoplasturi gza
pasuxebis furcelSi mocemul suraTze aRniSneT fesvSi (garedan H –sken)
ori uwyveti xaziT ionebis da wylis SeRwevis gansxvavebuli gza da
TiToeul maTgans miuTiTeT (niSnebi I, II).
10. zogierTi debuleba fotosinTezis Sesaxeb mocemulia qvemoT. aRniSneT swori
debuleba niSniT () , mcdari debuleba niSniT().
a.
fotofosfolireba
moicavs
atf-s
warmoqmnas/formirebas
fotosinTezis
sinaTlis fazaSi.
b.
sinaTlis mniSvnelovani roli fotisinTezis sinaTlis reaqciis dawyebisTvis
mdgomareobs Tavisufali Jangbadis warmoqmnaSi.
c.
mcenareul ujredebSi atf sinTetazuri kompleqsi lokalizebulia mxolod
Tilakoidebis membranebSi.
d.
dReisaTvis
Tvlian
rom,
CO2-is
SaqarSi
damafiqsirebeli
fermentebi
lokalizebulia qloroplastis stromaSi.
6
11. SeusabameT aRwerilobasa an Sedegs (A – J) maTi Sesabamisi terminebi (1 – 10).
termini
aRwera/Sedegi
organizmis fiziologiuri reaqcia dRis an Ramis
1
eTileni
A
2
fotoperiodizmi
B
gverdiTi kvirtebis zrdis SeCereba
C
Reros dagrZeleba dauzianebel mcenareebSi
3
apikaluri
dominireba
xangrZlivobaze.
dabali temperaturis xangrZlivi moqmedeba xels
4
Tigmotropizmi
D
5
filotaqsia
E
6
citokinini
F
7
giberelini
G
foTlebis ganlageba Reroze
8
statoliTi
H
mcenaris sapasuxo reaqcia Sexebze
9
vernalizacia
I
daberebis procesis SeCereba
10
heliotropizmi
J
graviotropizmi
uwyobs mcenaris ayvavebas
iwvevs foTlebis da nayofebis cvenas
mzardi Reroebis mzisken an sinaTlis sxva
wyarosken gadaxra
12. qvemoT mocemulia oTxi sxvadasxva cxovelis A – D sunTqvis sixSire, guliscemis
sixSiris da sxeulis temperaturis monacemebi.
sunTqvis sixSire
guliscemis sixSire
sxeulis temperatura
(CasunTqva/wT)
(guliscema /wT)
(°C)
A
160
500
36.5
B
15
40
37.2
C
28
190
38.2
D
8
28
35.9
cxoveli
daalageT cxovelebi (A-D) zedapiris farTobis sxeulis moculobasTan fardobis klebadobis mixedviT.
13. daalageT cxovelebi (A-D) (me-12 kiTxvidan) sxeulSi sisxlis mTliani moculobis
zrdadobis mixedviT.
7
14. sxvadsxva tipis cxovelis gazTa cvlaSi CarTulia sunTqvis sxvadsxva organo (a –
d) da sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema (Ria da daxuruli). TiToeuli cxovelisTvis
aRniSneT sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis tipi. (niSniT () Ria sistema da niSniT (X)
sisxlis mimoqcevis daxuruli sistema) da aseve SeusabameT Sesabamisi organoebi (a –
d) CamoTvlil zrdasrul cxovelebs.
a.
filtvebi
b.
layuCebi
c.
kani
d.
traqea
15. ZuZumwovrebis mier gamoyofili nerwyvis raodenoba damokidebulia Wamisas ReWvis
intensiurobaze. SeusabameT cxovelebi (a – d) pasuxebis furcelSi moyvanil cxrilSi
mocemul gamoyofili nerwyvis raodenobas
a.
mgeli
b.
cxeni
c. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi
d. adamiani
16. alergia aris hipermgrZnobire adamianebis imunuri sistemis reaqcia, romelic
miiRweva organizmSi antigenis
ganmeorebiTi SeRwevis dros. fsevdoalergia gavs
alergias klinikuri niSnebiT, magram gansxvavebaa, is rom mis ganviTarebaSi imunuri
sistema ar monawileobs.
mocemulia paTologiuri procesebi:
a.
IgE klasis antisxeulebis saerTo raodenoba izrdeba plazmaSi.
b.
plazmaSi aRiniSneba IgE klasis specifikuri antisxeulebi.
c.
gamoTavisufldeba anTebis ZiriTadi mediatori - histamini.
d.
reaqciis gamosavlenad antigenebis minimaluri raodenobaa sakmarisi.
aRniSneT romeli procesia(ebia) marTebuli alergiisTvis da romeli
fsevdoalergiisTvis niSniT () xolo ara marTebuli mtkicebulebebi aRniSneT
niSniT (X) pasuxebis furcelSi .
17. evropuli (mtknari wylis) gvelTevza Jangbads Cveulebriv layuCebiT Rebulobs,
maram SeuZlia wylis gareSe yofna kaniT sunTqvis unaris gamo. mocemuli grafiki
uCvenebs
JangbadiT
sisxlis
gajerebas
da
sxvadsxva
organoebisTvis
Jangbadis
miwodebas, roca gvelTevza ar aris wyalSi. (pirobiT erTeulebSi):
8
O2 done (pirobiTi erTeuli)
dro (pirobiTi erTeuli)
A, ▲B, ■ C, ●D
SeusabameT CamoTvlili mtkicebulebebi (I - IV) Sesabamis mrudebs (A – D)
I.
sisxlis totaluri gajereba JangbadiT.
II.
Jangbadis miwodeba layuCebiT.
I.
Jangbadis miwodeba kaniT.
II.
Jangbadis miwodeba sacuravi buStiT
18. cxovelebis anatomiuri maxasiaTeblebi adaptirebulia kvebis sxvadasxva tipTan (a
– d).
a.
xorcismWamelebi
b.
nairmWamelebi
c.
aramcoxneli balaxismWamelebi
d.
mcoxneli balaxismWamelebi
SeusabameT kvebis sxvadsxva tipebi (a – d) kbilebis Sesabamis maxasiaTeblebs (I – IV).
I.
zeda mWrelebis ararseboba, kbilis firfitis arseboba, ZiriTadi
kbilebi moZraobs mxolod erT sibrtyeSi horizontalurad.
II.
eSvebi kargad aris ganviTarebili da gamoiyeneba sakvebis dasaglejad.
III. ZiriTad kbilebi saReWi kbilebia.
9
IV. mWrelebi gankuTvnilia sakvebis mosaWideblad, ZiriTadi kbilebi
ganlagebulia garkveuli kuTxiT, ybebi moZraobs cirkularulad
(vertikulurad da horizontalurad)
19.
saWmlis momnelebli
sxeulis
zedapirTan
sistemis (sms) zedapiris farTobis Sefardeba mTliani
balaximWamel,
gansxvavebulia. SeusabameT
arsebul
cxrilSi
moyvanil
nairmWamel
da
xorcismWamelebs
kvebis sxvadsxva tipebi (a – d)
saWmlis
momnelebli
sistemis
Soris
pasuxebis furcelSi
zedapiris
fardobas
mTliani sxeulis zedapirTan
20. saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis adaptacia (a – c) SeusabameT Sesabamis anatomiur
aRwerilobas .
anatomiuri aRweriloba:
I.
martivi kuWi, silosis utilizaciis SezRuduli unari
II.
martivi kuWi, silosis utilizaciis uunaroba
III.
kargad ganviTarebiuli tomriseburi kuWi, silosis yovelmxrivi da
efeqturi utilizaciis unariT
kvebiTi adaptacia:
a.
pirveladi monelebis Semdeg duRili da Sewova.
b.
duRili pirvelad monelebamde da Sewovamde.
c.
marcvlebis, xilis da bostneulis zogierTi nivTierebis monelebis
SeuZlebloba.
21. xerxemlianebis yvela klasSi gvxvdeba ramdenime saxeoba, romelTac xandaxan
mainc SeuZliaT haerSi asvla (mag. “mfrinavi” Tevzi, bayayi, xvliki da ciyvi). maT ar
SeuZliaT namdvili frena, magram daRmasvlis Sesaneleblad iyeneben iseT unarebs
rogoricaa livlivi da paraSutismagvari moZraoba.
molivlive cxovelebi amcireben muxruWs (D) minimumamde
da iyeneben amwev Zalas (L)
rom warmoqmnan xelsayreli damokidebuleba amwev Zalasa da muxruWs Soris (fardoba
L/D). amis sawinaaRmdegod, cxovelebi, romlebic paraSutireben, zrdian D-s, radgan maT
umravlesad aqvT mniSvnelovnad naklebi zedapiris farTobi imisTvis rom warmoqmnan
L. roca cxovelebi miaRweven stabilur livlivs, masze moqmedebs ramdenime Zala. (ix.
suraTi qvemoT). gaSlili sxeulis winaaRmdegoba (R) haeris nakadTan warmoqmnis L-s.
amasTan, masze moqmedebs damuxruWeba (D) moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT da,
aseve, sxeulis wona (mg). daRmasvlis traqtoria warmoqmnis kuTxes () miwasTan.
10
pasuxebis furcelSi cxrilSi motanili savaraudo L/D da  sidideebis
gaswvriv miuTiTeT Sesabamisi cxoveli (a an b).
22. mfrinav xvlikebSi patagilumi warmoadgens kanis nakecs, romelic damagrebulia
wina da
ukanakidurebs Soris.
Russell and Dijkstra (2001) Seadares patagiumi da
damatebiTi aerodinamikuri danamatebi xvlikebis or sxvadasxva saxeobaSi Draco volans
(mfrinavi drakoni) da Ptychozoon kuhli (mfrinavi gekoni)
------ Draco volans; 
Ptychozoon kuhli
11
aRniSneT
niSani
()-T
swori
daskvna(ebi)
warmodegnili
xvlikebis
haerSi
gadasaadgileblad arsebuli morfologiuri adaptaciis Sesaxeb. xolo araswori
daskvnebi ki niSniT (X).
a. miuxedavad imisa, rom D. volans saSualo wona ufro mcirea, vidre P. kuhli-s, maTi
sxeulis farTobis Sefardeba wonis erTeulTan erTnairia.
b. potagilusis farTobis Sefardeba masasTan gviCvenebs, rom P. kuhli potagilusi
gacilebiT didia, vidre eqvivalenturi masis D. volans potagilusi.
c. damxmare struqturebi ufro mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen D. volans-is saerTo
aerodinamikur farTobze vidre P. kuhli-s.
d. am ori saxeobis mTliani sxeulis farTobi TiTqmis erTnairia.
e. proporciuli farTobi, romelic ganpirobebulia potagilumiT ufro didia D.
volans-Si, vidre P. kuhli-Si, romelic kompensirdeba damatebiTad kudis da
nakecebis arsebobiT.
23. hipofizSi ramdenime maregulirebeli peptidi sinTezirdeba propeptididan - proopiomelanokortinidan (POMC). POMC ixliCeba proteolizurad (A – E) sxvadsxva
produqtebad. qvemoT yvela peptidi warmodgenilia N boloTi marcxniv da C boloTi
marjvniv. SeniSvna: TiToeuli fermenti xleCs mxolod “momwifebul” prekursors.
dawereT minimum ramdeni fermentia saWiro, rom POMC-dan miRebuli iqnas β –MSH.
24. dawereT minimum ramdeni fermentia saWiro, rom POMC-dan miRebuli iqnas α -MSH.
25.
mamri
qelipedebs)
kiborCxala
signalebis
iyenebs
Tavis
gadasacemad
gadidebul
(mag.
brZola
qelipedebs/marwuxebsM(mTavar
teritoriisTvis,
mdedris
yuradRebis mipyroba da sxv.). studenti swavlobda urTierTobebs mdedr da mamr
kiborCxalebs Soris. studenti Seswavlis dros iyenebda sarkeebs, romlebic mamri
12
kiborCxalas
ori
sxvadasxva
zomis
gamosaxulebas
iZleoda.
eqsperimentSi
gamoyenebuli sarkeebis kombinacia Semdegnairi iyo: 10x : 3x (I cda), 3x : 1x (II cda) da
10x : 1x (III cda). TiToeuli cdis msvlelobisas 20 mdedrs uCvenebdnen 10 mamrs
(TiToeul cdas imeorebdnen 3-jer). studenti iwerda/afiqsirebda Sedegebs: mdedrebis
procents (grafiki A) da dros, romelic sWirdeboda mdedrs yvela gamosaxulebamde
misaRwevad (grafiki
B)
TiToeul cdaSi, agreTve, mamri iyenebda marcxena marwuxs
%
dro (wm)
(memarcxene iyo) Tu marjvenas (memarjvene) (grafiki C).
cda
%
cda
cda
metad gadidebuli gamosaxuleba
memarjvene mamri
mcired gadidebuli gamosaxuleba
memarcxene mamri
miuTiTeT swori daskvna (ebi), romlis gamotana aris SesaZlebeli mamri da
mdedri kiborCxalebis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb da aRniSneT niSniT (), xolo
araswori pasuxebi aRniSneT (x)-iT.
a.
mocemuli saxeobis mdedrebi upiratesobas aniWeben didi zomis mamrebs.
13
b.
SejvarebisTvis arCevanSi mamris memarjveneoba/memarcxeneoba aris ZiriTadi
kriteriumi.
c.
mamrebi, romlebic ufro swrafad amoZraveben marwuxebs, rogorc wesi meti
mdedris yuradRebas iqceven.
d.
saSualo dro, romelic sWirdeba mdedrebs arCevanis gasakeTeblad
gansxvavdeboda II da III cdebSi..
e.
SesamCnevi sxvaoba mamrebis marwuxebis zomaSi SesaZloa iyos aucilebeli
piroba mdedrisTvis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.
26. wylis frinveli didi Cvama (Phalacrocorax carbo) ikvebeba TevziT. isini wyalSi
yvinTaven, da mxedvelobis gamoyenebiT pouloben msxverpls, amitom didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba wylis sisufTaves. ufro xSirad Cvama individualurad nadirobs, magram
wylis
arasakmarisi gamWvirvaleobis dros
maT
SeuZliaT
gamoimuSaon meTodebi
erToblivi jgufuri nadirobisas. (1.2 qula).
1-1,5m
sxva Cvamebi
Wamen Tevzs
mRvrie
wyali
4m
gamWvievale
wyali
Cvamebi
morekaven
Tevzs
aRniSneT niSniT () process(eb)i, romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba erToblivi
nadirobis strategiis
SemuSavebisTvis da niSniT() proces(eb)i, romlebsac
msgavsi mniSvneloba ar aqvT.
a. konkurencia;
b. miCveva;
c. jgufuri/socialuri daswavla;
d. imprintingi;
e. mcdeloba da Secdomebi.
14
27. moaxdines 28 wyvili avtosomuri qromosomis da wyvil sasqeso qromosomis (XY)
Semcveli
atlantikuri
mikroineqciis
teqnikis
oragulis
(Salmo
gamoyenebiT
salar)
genomis
warmatebulad
sekvenireba.
moxda
zrdis
dnm-s
hormonis
transgenis CaSeneba oragulis embriolnis zigotis stadiaze. Sedegad, miRebuli
iqna 4 transgenuli idividi (F0 mSobeli) 2 mamri da 2 mdedri. zrdis hormonis
transgeni regulirdeba RviZlis specifikuri enhanseriT da oTxive transgenul
mSobels
aqvs
zrdis
hormonis
maRali
done
plazmaSi,
rac
xels
uwyobs
daCqarebul zrdas. dadasturebulia, rom am individebSi transgenis erTi aslis
CaSeneba (insercia) xdeba. daCqarebuli zrdis mqone transgenuli oragulebis
mdgradi xazi gamoyvanili iqna SejvarebiT. pirveli Taobis (F1) misaRebad, orive
mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi transgenuli individi (F0) Seajvares Sesabamisi sqesis
velur, aratransgenul oragulTan.
F2 Taobis dasadgenad Tqven unda moaxdinoT axlonaTesauri Sejvareba (da-Zmas Soris),
raTa gamoavlinoT homozigoturi transgenuli individebi, romlebic atareben
zrdis
hormonis
transgens.
rogori
iqneba
%-Si
mosalodneli
genotipis
Tanafardoba.
28. qaTami, mokle frTebiT da fexebiT (kreperi), Seajvares normalur qaTams. Semdgom
TaobaSi miiRes erTnairi raodenobis kreperi da normaluri qaTami. rodesac
Seajvares
kreperebi
erTmaneTs,
miiRes
2
kreperi
da
1
normaluri
qaTami.
normaluri qaTmebis SejvarebiT miiReba mxolod normaluri Taoba.
ra
aris
umartivesi
genetikuri
safuZveli
kreperebisa
da
normaluri
qaTmebisaTvis? miuTiTeT swori pasuxi(ebi) ()-niSniT, xolo araswori niSani(ebi)
- ()-niSniT.
29. zRvis goWis Savi bewvi ganpirobebulia B dominanturi geniT, xolo TeTri misi
recesiuli aleliT b. vTqvaT, II 1 da II 4 ar arian recesiuli alelis matareblebi
ra aris albaToba imisa, rom II 3 aris heterozigoti?
15
30. ra aris albaToba imisa, rom III 1 x III 2 Sejvarebidan erTi mainc iqneba
TeTrbewviani?
31. erT-erT marcvlovan mcenareTa kulturaSi, ramdenime geni marTavs anTocianinis
gamomuSavebas. anTocianinis ararsebobis dros aRmonacens aqvs mwvane foTlebi,
anTocianinis arsebobisas, ki foTlebs gadahkravT iasamnisferi. genis lokusi,
romelsac
uwodeben
C1,
moqmedebs
rogorc
transaqtivirebuli
induqtoruli
lokusi, sul mcire ori lokusisTvis (ChsA and ChsJ), romelic anToceaninis
sinTezSi monawile or fermentebs kodireben. anToceaninis sinTezi homozigotur
recesiul genotipSi blokirebulia, rogorc naCvebnebia suraTze chsA-Tvis (qvemoT).
DdavuSvaT, rom arsebobs Semdegi mdgomareobebi: (i) samive lokusisaTvis misaRebia
damoukidebeli ganawileba da (ii) 3 lokusidan
nebismieris recesiuli aleliT
homozigoturoba ganapirobebs aRmonacenis mwvane fers. miuTiTeT mosalodneli
fenotipuri
STamomavlobis
swori
Tanafardoba
ori
SejvarebisTvis
cxrilSi
pasuxebis furcelSi ()-niSniT, xolo Seusabamo ki - ()-niSniT.
Chs A da Chs J induqtori
Sualeduri A
iasamnisferi
pigmenti
Sualeduri B
fermenti ChsJ
ChsA fermentis
ararseboba
32. CanTosani Txunela (rigi Notoryctemorphia) binadrobs samxreT avstraliis udabnoSi,
dasavleT
avstraliasa
da
CrdiloeT
teritoriaze.
isini
miwaSi
gvirabebis
gaTxris dros qviSas ukan yrian, TiTqos miwaSi micuraven. Tvalebi mTlianad
dafarulia kaniT, 1 mm diametriT da ar gaaCnia broli an guga. mxedvelobis nervi
Zlier reducirebulia. miuTiTeT swori mtkicebuleba(ebi) (a-dan
– c-mde) ()-
niSniT, xolo araswori ki - ()-niSniT.
a. brolis ar arseboba aris homologia gamoqvabulis buzis TvalSi omatidias
(mozaikuri Tvalis patara nawili) ararsebobisa.
b. Zlier reduqcirebuli optikuri nervi aris rudimenturi srtuqtura.
c. Txunelas Tvalebi aris kengurus Tvalebis analogi.
16
33. interfotoreceptoris retinoidis damakavSirebeli cila (IRBP) aris genis erTi
asliT warmodgenili. ZuZumwovrebSi misi produqti mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
rodopsinis aRdgenaSi. am genis dnm-s Tanamimdevrobebi Sedarebuli iqna ramdenime
TxunelaSi. IRBP makodirebeli genis aratranskribirebadi jaWvi naCvenebia qvemoT.
gaiTvaliswineT,
rom
genis
dasawyisi
ar
aris
naCvenebi
da
naCvenebia
genis
CamokiTxvis swori CarCo.
im kodonidan dawyebuli, romelic monawileobs CarCos gadawevis mutaciaSi, dawereT
Tanamimdevrulad aminomJavebi, romelsac es geni kodirebs vombatebSi da CanTosan
TxunelebSi. gamoiyeneT genetikuri kodis cxrili.
34. miuTiTeT swori mtkicebuleba ()-niSniT, araswori ki - ()-niSniT.
vombatebisgan gansxvavebiT, CanTosan TxunelebSi IRBP genis produqti:
a. Seicavs mraval Secvlil aminomJavas.
b. aris damoklebuli, radgan Seicavs Stop kodons adreul wertilSi.
17
35. 1980 wels moulodnelad amoifrqva mTa st. elena vaSingtonis StatSi. amofrqvevis
Semdeg darCa landSafti sakvebi nivTierebebiT Raribi, gaZlierebuli gvalviT da
xSirad moZravi gruntiT. amofrqvevis Semdeg Tanasazogadoebis aRdgenis Seswavlis
mizniT krateris garSemo xeebis gavrcelebis zeda zRarze
sxvadsaxva adgilas
daadgines sacdeli nakveTebi. suraTi gviCvenebs saxeobebis raodenobas da safaris
procentobas miRebuls erT-erTi nakveTidan 1981wlidan 1998 wlamde.
% safari
saxeobis raodenoba
saxeoba
safari
wlebi
aRniSneT
niSniT
()
swori
daskvnebi,
romlebic
SeiZleba
am
suraTidan
gamomdinareobdes, mcdari daskvnebi aRniSneT (X)
a.
amofrqvevam gaanadgura mcenareuli safari xeebis gavrcelebis zeda zRvris
zemoT.
b.
arc sivrce da arc sinaTle ar aris SemzRudveli faqtori am areSi.
c.
mxolod ramdenime damatebiTi saxeobebi gamoCndnen 1982 wlidan.
d.
mTliani mcenareuli safari am areSi gaizarda SedarebiT nela vulkanuri
danaleqebis mkacr pirobebSi.
e.
am kvlevaSi miaRwies iqna stabiluri 20 saxeobisagan Semdgari mcenreuli
Tanasazogadoebis Camoyalibebas, rac sukcesiis procesSi klimaqteruli
etapis dadgomas miuTiTebs.
18
36. sqema qvemoT gviCvenebs zRvis Tanasazogadoebis simulacias. sazogadoebaSi
populaciebs Soris urTierTobis Seswavlis mizniT.
normaluri
mdgomareoba
zRvis varskvlavi
mocilebulia
Sedegi
Sua
litorali
qveda
litorali
Starfish - zRvis varskvlavi; mussels - midiebi – orsagdulianebi; Barnacles – fexsaxsriani;
Gooseneck barnacles – fexsaxsriani; Rockweed – mura wyalmcenareebi
am suraTis mixedviT aRniSneT niSniT () swori daskvnebi, mcdari daskvnebi aRniSneT
(X)
a.
sazogadoeba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi Seicavs 4 saxeobas cxovelebis
samefodan.
b.
suraTze warmodgenilia mxolod: kaneklianebi, moluskebi da fexsaxsrianebi.
c.
TavianT bunebriv garemoSi zRvis varskvlavi ZiriTad saxeobas ar
warmoadgens.
d.
TavianT bunebriv garemoSi midiebis simkvrive didia Sua litoralur zonaSi
da mcirea qveda litoralurSi, radgan zRvis varskvlavi cxovrobs qveda
litoralur zonaSi.
e.
kvlevis bolo etapze sazogadoeba qreba da mxolod erTi saxeoba zrdis
Tavis ekolgiur niSas.
f.
demonstrirebulia sxva populaciis konkurentuli gacxrilva midiebis mier.
g. midiebma daipyres fundamenturi niSa orive litoraluli zonis (Sua da qveda)
CaTvliT.
h.
bunebrivi
mdgomareba
moicavs
biotur
urTierTobas
rogoricaa
saxeobaTaSorisi konkurencia da mtacebloba.
19
37. kladistikuri sistematikuri mkvlevarebi iyenebs sxvadsxva jgufebis Sedarebas
raTa
moaxdinos
warmoebuli
niSnebis
da
jgufebis
saerTo
sawyisi
niSnebis
diferencireba. amisTvis isini iyeneben sxva jgufs, romlic axlos dgas maT mier
Sesaswavl jgufTan.
piroba:
sxva jgufi unda iyos nakleb naTesauri sacdeli jgufis wvrebTan
vidre sacdeli jgufis wevrebi erTmaneTTan.
hipoTeza:
sawyisi niSnebi, romelic win uswrebs jgufebis divergencias -
homologiuria.
am Teoriuli koncepciis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, zogierTma mecnierma Seiswavla
sxva jgufi. monacemebi mocemulia cxrilSi:
cxovelTa jgufebi
niSnebi
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
a. Tma
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
c. moZraobisTvis 4 fexi
0
1
0
0
1
1
d. SeerTebuli ybebi
0
1
1
0
1
1
e. xerxemali
0
1
1
1
1
1
f.
1
1
1
1
1
1
b. amnioturi kvercxi
damatebiTi Canasaxovani
membranebiT
notoqordi
SeniSvna 0: niSnis ararseboba, 1: niSnis arseboba
zemoT moyvanili informaciis analizis Semdeg AdaadgineT (A1-A6), romelia “sxva”
jgufi.
38. miuTiTeT niSnebi (a-f), romelic saerToa sxva da sacdeli jgufisTvis.
39. miuTiTeT sawyisi niSani, romelic sacdeli jgufis yvela wevrs aqvs.
40. aRniSneT saboloo divergenciis ganmsazRvreli niSani.
20