7
Research C
):er Biotechnology, Society and the E n v i r o n m e n t
(FSPBIOGUM)
Mitteilungen
R e s e a r c h G r o u p T e c h n o l o g y A s s e s s m e n t ( T A ) o f m o d e r n bioteclfflology'
aus d e m
in plant breeding and agriculture
I n s t i t u t für A l l g e m e i n e B o t a n i k
F S P B I O G U M I , Prüf. D r . V o l k e r B e u s m a n n
Hamburg
Introduction
27. Band
M o d e r n b i o t e c h n o l o g i e s give n e w i n s i g h t s i n l i f e processes a n d n e w o p t i o n s t o i n t e r f e r e
in tlieni o r to regulate t h e m . FSP B I O G U M was established - up to n o w w i t l i t w o groups
- i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h n e w research centers f o r m o l e c u l a r b i o i o g y i n m e d i c i n e ( C e n t e r f o r
molecular N e u r o b i o l o g y , Z M N H , University Clinic H a n i b u r g ) and in Botany (Center
Herausgegeben von
M o n i k a Engels, Tassilo Peuerer u n d D i e t r i c h L o r c l i
f o r A p p l i e d P l a n t M o l e c u l a r B i o i o g y , A M P , see t h i s v o l u n i e ) . T h e r e l a t i o n o f m o d e r n
b i o t e c h n o l o g y t o s o c i e t y a n d t h e e n v i r o n r n e n t are t h e o b j e c t i v e o f B I O G U M ' s i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y activities in research, t e a c h i n g and c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h the p u b l i c : the d r i v i n g
f a c t o r s für t h e e v o l u t i o n o f basic sciences a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s , t h e i r i i n p l i c a t i o n s f o r s o c i e t y a n d t h e e n v i r o n n i e n t , t h e i r chances a n d r i s k s i n c o m p a r i s o n t o t e c h n i c a l
a n d s o c i a l a l t e r n a t i v e s d i r e c t e d a t t h e same o b j e c t i v e s , a n d c o n d i t i o n s f o r
responsible
s h a p i n g a n d iise o f f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t s . T h i s r e s e a r c h g r o u p w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 9 3 /
1994, t h e f i r s t m a j o r p r o j e c t s w i l l be f i n i s h e d w i t h i n t h e n e x t y e a r .
1. M o d e r n b i o t e c h n o l o g y and plant p r o t e c t i o n : potentials and benefits
I n s e c t a n d desease resistance is t h e b i g g e s t g r o u p o f t r a i t s o f t r a n s g e n i c p l a n t s released
i n t o t h e e n v i r o n n i e n t a n d i t is a m a j o r research f o c u s o f A M P . A s y s t e m a t i c r e v i e w lias
been p r e p a r e d f o r a p p r o a c i i e s o f g e n e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g i n c o m p a r i s o n t o t r a d i t i o n a l b r e e i l i n g m e t h ü d s . ' l ' h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n was o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s t h e s o u r c e o f r e s i s t a n c e , an a i g i i m e n t o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n t h e b i o s a f e t y d e b a t e . P o t a t o b r e e d i n g w a s c h o s e n f o r several
reasons as a case s t u d y . S t a b i l i t y o f t h e i n t e n d e d t r a i t as w e l l as i m p a c t s o n o t h e r t r a i t s
o f t h e p l a n t , i n c l u d i n g t o x i c i t y , are d i s c u s s e d , based o n a c r i t i c a l assessment o f l i t e r a t u r e .
G e r m a n b r e e d e r s w e r e a s k e d b y n i a i l o n t h e i r State o f use a n d p l a n s f o r the f u t u r e use o f
g e n e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g i n b r e e d i n g . I n - d e p t i i - i n t e r v i e w s w e r e m a d e w i t h selected
German
p o t a t o breeders in o r d e r to gain b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n and impressions about t h e i r a t Hamburg, De/cniber
1997
t i t u d e s , t h e i r e x p e c t a t i o n s a n d t h e i r views üf b o t t l e n e c k s i n t h e use o f g e n e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g
für p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n .
(Christine Schorr)
A s e c o n d s t u d y is d i r e c t e d t o t h e State o f t h e a r t o f b i o p e s t i c i d e s a n d t h e i r l e g a l r e g u l a t i o n as a basis f o r f u r t h e r studies a b o u t t h e i r i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r s o c i e t y a n d t h e e n v i r o n n i e n t . B i o p e s t i c i d e s are t r a d i t i o n a l l y a m e t h o d i n b i o l o g i c a l c o n t r o l o f insects a n d d e seases a n d hence a t o o l esp. f o r o r g a n i c a n d e c o l o g i c a l
farming (IFOAM-principles).
H o w e v e r , g e n e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g a l l o w s t o m a k e use o f these m e c h a n i s m s i n t r a n s g e n i c
p l a n t s o i l o niüdity t l i c l ) i o p c s t i c i ( l c s c i t l i c r i n c f f i c i c n c y o i i n t l i c r " j c e o f p o t c n t i a l a p -
t o r s , strategies o p i
plication.
the d e v e l o p m e n t o f seiende, t e c h n o l g y a n d society - cross c o u n t r y e x p e r i e n c e s i n t h e ca:
/
(Rebecca H r a d e t z k y )
' ) o n i i l i z a t i o n . S e c o n d , t h e r o l e o f t e c h n o l o g y assessment i n s h a p i r
o f m o d e r n b i o t e i h n o l g i e s j a n d iessoiis l o r the f u t u r e .
A t i n ' i i l s t u d y is focusscd o n t b c e c o n o i n i c i m p a c t s o f these n e w o j i t i o n s . G e r m a n e x p e r t s
I n a c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h naltural a n d social scientists f r o m o t h e r b a c k g r o u n d s w e c u r r e n t !
in p l a i U j - u o t e c t i o n i n v a r i o u s r c g i o n s are a s k e d , h o w n u i c h p e s t i c i d e s c o u l d be saved
t r y t o f i n d o u t , t o w h a t e x t c n t i t is p o s s i b l e , t o h a n d l e c o n f l i c t s i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f nioc
or
h o w m a n y iosses i n y i e l d s ( o u k i be p r e v e n t e t i b y t h e use o f t r a n s g e n i c p l a n t s c u r r e n t l y i n
the p i e m a r k e t i n g stage, a n d i f r o t a t i o n schemes c o u l d be a i t e r e d b y these n e w o p t i o n s .
M o r e o v c r , intci-views are p r e p a r e d f o r t h e e x p e c t e d r e l i e f b y t r a n s g e n i c p l a n t s f o r d r i n k i n g w a t e r c a t c h m e n t arcas.
ein biotechnologies
i n a m o r e c o n s t r u c t i v e w a y b y a n a l y z i n g d i f f e r e n t g u i d i n g view
( " L e i t b i l d e r " ) i n genetic eiigineering, c o n v e n t i o n a l b r e e d i n g , c o n v e n t i o n a l and ecologici
f a r m i n g , a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l i c y and in related desired develo|inient paths f o r the f u t u r i
A n a l y s i s o f d i f f e r e n t g u i d i n g views i n a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l i c y as w e l l as t h e r o l e o f t e c l i i i o l o g
(Marc Cicmkow)
assessment i n t h i s c o n t e x t are o u r d u t y .
(Stephan A l b r e c h t , V o l k e f Beusmann)
2. E c o l o g i c a l i m p a c t s o f t r a n s g e n i c p l a n t s a n d n i i c r o o r g a n i s m s :
evaluation of
US-expcriences
4. D i r e c t and i n d i r e c t impacts of conventional and transgenic methods
I ' c o l o g i c a l i m i i a c t s have been at t i i e c e n t e r o f c o n t r o v e r s i a l discussions a b o u t t h e v o l u n t a i y rclease o f t r a n s g e n i c o r g a n i s m s ( G M O s ) . T h e U S A are t h e l e a d e r i n e x p e r i e n c e s i n
i h e rclease o f t r a n s g e n i c p l a n t s a n d m i c r o o r g a n i s i n s a n i l r e l a t e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e i r
i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e e n v i r o n n i e n t : m o r e t l i a n t w o t h i r d o f t h e w o r l d ' s f i e l d tests have been
c o n d u c t e d i n t h e U S A . T l i e p r o j e c t is d i r e c t e d at f o u r t a s k s : 1. T o m a k e accessible a c o m plete d a t a b a s e o n releases. 2. T o create a d a t a b a s e o n associated
risk evaiutaions
con-
c c r i i i n g G M O s . ?>. T o give a p r o f o i m d d i s c u s s i o n o f b i o s a f e t y issues o f selected case s t u dies (selected o r g a n i s m s a n d t r a i t s ) . 4. T o d e s c r i b e t h e k e y c r i t e r i a o f t h e r e g u l a t i o n o f
icieasing G M O s in the U S A u n d to s u m m a r i z e judgements by various stakeholders. T o pics c o v e r c d i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n
in p l a n i h r e e d i n g on biodivcrsity
' i ' l i i s s l i o r t - r u n s t u d y w a s u n i l e r t a k e n as p a r t o f a T A - p r o j e c t " G e n e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g anc
b r e e d i n g in the field o f a g r i c u l t u r e a n d t h e i r i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r b i o l o g i c a l d i v e r s i t y " , orga
n i z e d a n d f i n a n c e d b y t h e " B u r e a u o f t e c h n o l g y assessment at t h e G e r m a n P a r l i a n i e n t "
T h e a n a l y s i s w a s based o n l i t e r a t u r e a n d I n t e r v i e w s , thenies t r e a t e d i n c l u d e t h e influence
o f chaiiges i n t h e b r e e d i n g s e c t o r a n d i n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n Systems o n b i o d i v e r s i t y
a n d r e g u l a t o r y issues.
(Stephan A l b r c c h t , V o l k e r Beusmann, M a r k u s Platten, M a r c G e m k o w , Christine Schorr
include: h e r b i c i d e - , insect-, and virus-resistant plants,
p l e i o t r o p i c effects a n d genetic i n s t a b i l i t y , v e r t i c a l a n d i i o r i z o n t a l gene t r a n s f e r , i n v a s i v e ness, a i l e r g e n i c i t y a n d t o x i c i t y o f f o o d d e r i v e d f r o m t r a n s g e n i c p l a n t s , d e t e c t i o n - m e t h ods a n d - c h a n c e s f o r n i i c r o o r g a n i s m s .
5. S o u t h e r n a n d East A f r i c a n b i o s a f e t y W o r k s h o p
T w o Workshops were organized on biosafety and regulation of m o d e r n
T i i i s p r o j e c t is s u p p o r t e d b y t i i e F e d e r a l O f f i c e f o r the E n v i r o n n i e n t ( U n i w e i t b u n d e s a m t )
biotechnologies
in South A f r i c a and Z i m b a b w e in c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h " l ' h e South A f r i c a n C o m m i t t e e foi
G e n e t i c E x p e r i n i e n t a t i o n " , the " R e g i o n a l Biosafety Focal P o i n t " , H a r a r e , the " A C P - E U
(Gesine Sciiiilte (projectleader), Bettina H e i d e n r e i c h , Jan van A k e n )
T e c h n i c a l Centre f o r A g r i c u l t u r a l and R u r a l C o o p e r a t i o n ( C T A ) " , W a g e n i n g e n , and the
" B i o t e c h n o l o g y A d v i s o i y C o m m i s s i o n " at t h e " S t o c k h o l m I n s t i t u t e o f E n v i r o n m e n t " . A
i.
Social, economic and political implications of m o d e r n
biotechnologies
case s t u d y a p p r o a c h w a s c h o s e n , p r e s e n t e d b y E u r o p e a n a n d A m e r i c a n e x p e r t s f o r g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c i a l s f r o m 14 S o u t h - a n d E a s t - A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s . T h e W o r k s h o p s w e r e f i -
i V o m a s o c i o - e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l scicnce p e r s p e c t i v e t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f m o d e r n b i o -
nanced by T h e Federal M i n i s t e i y f o r E c o n o m i c C o o p e r a t i o n and C T A .
technologies
(Jan v a n A k e n a n d B e t t i n a H e i d e n r e i c h )
i n p l a n t b r e e d i n g a n d a g r i c i d t u r e is p l a c e d w i t h i n t w o b r o a d e r c o n t e x t s : as
a |iai t o f the ( l i i d d e n ) d i s c u s s i o n a b o u t t h e f u t u r e o f a g r i c u l t u r e a n d f o o d a n d a g r i c u l t u r al p o l i c y , a n d as p a r t o f t h e g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n o n t h e e v o l u t i o n o f science a n d t e c h n o l o g y , t h e i r d r i v i n g f o r c e s , t h e i r i m p a c t s , a n d t h e means t o i n f l u e n c e f u t u r e
developments
P u b l i c a t i o n s 1996 a n d 1997
in o i d e r to m a k e l e s p o n s i b l e use o f t h e m . B o t h f r a m e w o r k s r e q u i r e p o s i t v e as w e l l as
n o r m a t i v e a n a l y s i s . " S u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o i i m e n t " lias been c h o s e n as an i n t e g r a t i v e g u i d i n g
p r i n c i p l e , aiul i t c a i i be seen as a s i m i m a r i z i n g e x p r e s s i o n o f w h a t is e x p e c t e d f r o m t e c h -
z u r H i o t e i l m i k . S o w l i a t ? I n ; " P o l i t i k iiiul lüolfciiiiologit", K . M a u i n s c n ( e d . ) ,
No-
mos-Verlagsgeseilscli.ift, Baden-liaclen, pp. 169-187.
A L B R E C H T , S . , 1 9 9 6 : M o r a l i i i u l M o r a l p l i i l o s o p h i e - V o m l l n C e r s c h i f d u n d scii\c-n l o l g c i i . K o r n E i i e i i l a r z u A r
i i o l o g y assessment.
min G r u n w a l d . I n ; " E t h i k u n d Sozialwissenschaften" 7 (1996), H . 2/3;
C u r r e n t research w i t h a l o n g e r t i n i e p e r s p e c t i v e is d i r e c t e d at t w o m a j o r t o p i c s : F i r s t ,
s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m c n t i n a g r i c u l t u r e a n d l a n d use a n d the role o f b i o t e c h n o l o g i e s :
AiiiRtciri', S,, 1 9 y 7 : T A
ac-
AiBRECirr,
S.,
"Aufgaben
1996:
Wissenschaft, Technik
verantwortbaier Wissenschaft",
205-206.
und Gesellschaft. G e s c h i c h t e , G e n e s e , Gestaltung, Tolgen. I n ;
S. A l b r e c h t (ed.),
s e n s c h a f t , B d . 13, R e i m e r V e r l a g , B e r l i n , H a m b u r g ; 1 1 - 3 6 .
I l a m h u r g e r Beiträge z u r ö f f e n t l i c h e n
Wis-
A i B R E C M i , S., (ed.), 1996: A i i f g . a b e n v e r a n t w o r t b . i r e r Wissenscli.ift. T e c h n i k ,
Cirng. H . T m b u r g e r Bciljagc z u r öffenllicben Wissenschaft, ß d . 13, B e r l i n , H a r n
^inikfolgen,
Technikgestal-
|, R e i m e r Verl ag.
A i B R i c i i T , S., 1997: H e r m a m i H e l l e r in A s e n d o r f . I n : M . u n d R . v o n Bockel ( E d . ) , D e m o k r a t i s c h e Wege. L e hensl.iufe aus 5 Jahrhunderten. S t u t t g a r t / W e i m a r : M e t z l e r : 2 5 4 - 2 5 6 .
AiBRECHT, S . , B E U S M A N N , V . , E U M T E N , M . , G E M K O W , M . , S C H O R R , C , 1997: D i r e k t e u n d I n d i r e k t e A u s w i r k u ng e n k o n v e n t i o n e l l e r u n d gentechnisch unterstützter Pflanzenzüchtung a u f die Biodiversität. G u t a c h t e n
für das Büro für Teclinikfolgenabschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag ( T A B ) , B I O G U M ,
B E U S M A N N , V . , 1996: Über den W a n d e l
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von Agrarstnikturentwicklungen. I n :
"Agrarstnikturentwicklungen und Agrarpolitik", Kirschke, D . , Odening,
M . , Schade, G . ( e d s . ) , Schriften
der Gesellschaft für W i r l s c h a f t s - u n d Sozialwissenschaften d e s Landbaus e.V. 32, L a n d w i r t s c h a f t s v e r l a g ,
Münstcr-Hiltnip: 3 7 - 4 6 .
B t i i S M A N N , V . , 1996: Sustainable d e v e l o p m e n t i n agriculture a n d forestry. I n : " T h e C o n t r i b u t i o n o f Science
and T e c h n o l o g y t o the D e v e l o p m e n t o f h u m a n society", E u r o p e a n C o o p e r a t i o n i n the field o f Scientific and
Technical
Research ( C O S T , e d . ) , O f f i c e f o r O f f i c i a l Publications o f the E . G . , Brüssel, C D - R O M .
ISBN
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BrusMANN,
V . , 1996: Betriebs-
o f a sensitively
•aonding c u l t i v a r . I n its p r e s e n t State t h i s s t u d y has s h o w n t h a t PS'I
infection influen.
A h e e x p r e s s i o n o f a w i d e s p e c t r u m o f genes, i n c l u d i n g those f o r r
somal p r o t e i n s , histones a n d f o r the p h o t o s y n t h e t i c apparatus like the P S I I l O k D pep
and
t h e c h l o r o p h y l l a/p b i n d i n g p r o t e i n cab 1 1 . O t h e r s , as t h e t o m a t o c a t h e p s i n D |
teinase i n h i b i t o r , a n d a ß - g l u c o s i d a s e l i k e p r o t e i n are p r e s u m a b l y i n v o l v e d i n t h e pn>
o f v i r o i d pathogenesis, H o w e v e r , the m a j o r i t y o f the isolated a n d a n a l y z e d c D N A
cies r e p r e s e n t y e t u n i d e n t i f i e d sequences. T h e m R N A
a c c u m u l a t i o n o f t h e isol
c D N A S p e e l e s s h o w e d a s t r o n g d e v e l o p m e n t a l r e g u l a t i o n , w h i c h is i n g o o d agreei
w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t t h e t y p i c a l m o r p h o g e n e t i c a l t e r a t i o n s as l e a f m a l f o r m a t i o n a n d
n a s t y i n P S ' I " V d i n f e c t e d t o m a t o p l a n t s o n l y o c c u r i n y o u n g , d e v e l o p i n g tissue. T h i ;
p r o a c h w a s e x t e n d e d t p i n f e c t i o n t o l e r a n t t o m a t o c u l t i v a r s w h i c h s h o w n o disease s)
t o m s . T h e c o m p a r i s o n o f sensitive a n d t o l e r a n t c u l t i v a r s is a p o w e r f u l t o o l t o investi
the p r o c e s s o f p a t h o g e n e s i s , because i t s h o u l d a l l o w t h e s e l e c t i o n o f genes t h a t are
i m d volkswirtschaftliche
Auswirkungen
des Einsatzes
herbizidresistenter
m a r i l y i n v o l v e d i n the m e c h a n i s m o f s y m p t o m expression. S u r p r i s i n g l y , i n the v i r o i d
N u t z p f l a n z e n ( H R - T e c h n i k ) . I n : "Grüne G e n t e c h n i k i m W i d e r s t r e i t - M o d e l l einer p a r t i z i p a t i v e n T e c h n i k -
e r a n t t o t n a t o p l a n t s , genes w e r e a f f e c t e d b y P S T V d t h a t d i d n o t r e s p o n d t o v i r o i d i i
folgenabschätzung z um Einsatz transgener herbizidresistenter P f l a n z e n " , van den Daele, W . , Pühler, A . , S u k o p p , H . ( l - . d s . ) , V C I I , W c i n h c i m , N e w Y o r k , B a s e l , C a m b r i d g e , T o k y o : 198-203.
St.iioRR, C , 1996: M o m e n t a n e und zukünftige V e r w e n d u n g d e r Gentechnik i n d e r ( K a r t o f f e l - ) Züchtung. I n :
" V o r t r n g s s a m m l u n g , W i n t e r t a g u n g der A G Kartoffelzüchtung u n d Pflanzguterzeugung
t i o n i n the sensitive, S y m p t o m expressing cultivars. These f i n d i n g s s u p p o r t the cor
o f an active response i n p l a n t s l e a d i n g t o t o l e r a n c c .
am 1 9 . / 2 0 . N o v e m -
ber 1996 in Güttingen, Gesellschaft für Pflanzenzüchtung e.V. ( G P Z , ed.), Göttingen, i n press.
SciiÜTrE, G . , H E I D E N R E I C H , B . , VAN A K E N , J . , B E U S M A N N , V . , 1 9 9 6 : Database a n d evaluation o f risk assessinenls f o r G M O s . I n : Proceedings o f the 4 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium o n the Biosafety Results o f Filed Tests
A d d i t i o n a l strategies m a k e use o f a n t i b o d i e s r a i s e d a g a i n s t v i r o i d r e s p o n s i v e p r o
f r o m o t h e r v i r o i d - h o s t Systems. A n t i b o d i e s a g a i n s t a 28 k D p r o t e i n f r o m C i t r u s
c o r t i s V i r o i d ( C E V ) i n f e c t e d c u c u m b e r p l a n t s are used t o screen t o m a t o c D N A ex
o f Genteically M o d i f i e d Plants and M i c r o o r g a n i s m s . J u l y , T s u k u b a , Japan.
G i i i 5 D O N , C.J., R A S C H , D . A . M . K . , S C H M I D T , K . , S c i i ü r r E , G . A . M . , S I D E R I D I S , A . B . , Y I A I O U R I S , C . P . , 1997:
s i o n l i b r a r i e s , t o i s o l a t e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g gene.
A b i o m e t r i c a l decision Support S y s t e m f o r estim atin g risk assessments o n releasing g e n e t i c a l l y m o d i f i e d o r g a n i s m s . Proceedings o f the Ist E u r o p e a n Conference f o r I n f o r m a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y i n A g r i c u l t u r e , June, C o penliagen.
(Marie-Christine
Durhan,
Ralf
Guitton,
Ute Gitschel,
Frank
Härtung,
Gudrun
Monnier,
Juan
Roi
Werner),
M o l e c u l a r techniques for plant pathogen diagnosis
Genetics
R a p i d a n d sensitive p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e d i a g n o s i s o f p l a n t viruses a n d v i r o i d s are a ]
q u i s i t e i n C o n t r o l l i n g f i l a n t diseases. A tissue p r i n t h y b r i d i z a t i o n p r o c e d u r e u s i n g n
M o l e c u l a r basis o f v i r o i d - h o s t p l a n t i n t e r a c t i o n
dioactive labeled probes was developed
Prof. H . - P . Miihlbacli
V i r o i c i s arc a u n i q u e ciass o f m o l e c u l a r p l a n t p a t h o g e n s w h i c h are w o r l d w i d e d i s t r i b u t e d
and
cause serious diseases o f g r e a t e c o n o m i c a l i m p o r t a n c e . T h e y s o l e l y c o n s i s t o f a Sin-
gle s m a l l c i r c u l a r R N A m o l e c u l e t h a t is n o t e n c a p s i d a t e d i n a p r o t e i n c o a t . D u e t o t h e i r
l i m i t e d g e n e t i c i n f o r m a t i o n t l i e b i o l o g i c a l f i i n c t i o n s o f v i r o i d s are c o m p l e t e l y
that allows the rapid detection o f viroid
p l a n t viruses i n a v e i y s m a l l s p e c i m e n . A m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e p o l y m e r a s e c h a i n r e r
dependent
o n f a c t o r s o f t h e h o s t cell. T h e s e f a c t o r s , the c o r r e s p o n d i n g genes, anid t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n
w i t h t h e v i r o i d R N A are b e i n g s t u d i e d u s i n g t o m a t o p l a n t s i n f e c t e d w i t h t h e p o t a t o s p i n d l e t u b e r v i r o i d ( P S l V d ) as a m o d e l System.
T o m a t o gene expression i n response to P S T V d infection
D i f f e r e n t i a l gene e x p r e s s i o n associated w i t h v i r o i d i n f e c t i o n is s t u d i e d b y s u b t r a c t i v e h y b r i d i z a t i o n o f c D N A libraries made f r o m uninfected and PSTVd-infected tomato plants
( P C R ) , t h e i m m u n o c a p t u r e reverse t r a n s c r i p t i o n P C R ( I C - R T - P C R ) is used t o t
C h e r r y L e a f r o l l V i n i s ( C L R V ) a n d P o p l a r M o s a i c V i r u s ( P o p M V ) i n s p e c i m e n a.'
as a Single b i r c h seed. E v e n i n single a p h i d s c o l l e c t e d f r o m i n f e c t e d b i r c h trees t h e
w a s f o u n d . P C R t e c h n i q u e s have been extended to o t h e r p a t h o g e n s o f r e g i o n a l
and
f o r e s t s . T h e successful d e t e c t i o n o f p h y t o p a t h o g e n i c b a c t e r i a s u c h as
sülanancearnm
Pseudoi
i n a b r o a d v a r i e t y o f p o t a t o t u b e r s p r o v e d t h e s u i t a b i l i t y o f t h e assa}
(Wynia
Benthack,
Carmen
Büttner,
Frank
Institute
Härtung,
of Applied
Ulrike
Botany,
Weber,
Ralf
University
Werner;
of
in collaboration
Hamburg.)
wi

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