Tuta absoluta: the tomato leafminer R. Muniappan Director, Feed the Future Innovation Lab: Collaborative Research on Integrated Pest Management (IPM IL) Office of International Research, Education, and Development, Virginia Tech Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917 Family: Gelichiidae Order: Lepidoptera Class: Insecta Phylum: Arthropoda Tuta absoluta adult Tuta absoluta • Described in 1917 by Meyrick as Phthorimaea absoluta from specimens collected in Peru • Gnorimoschema absoluta by Clarke 1962 • Scorbipalpula absoluta by Povolny 1974 • Tuta absoluta by Povolny in 1994 Tuta absoluta (Gelichiidae) Related Pest Species Tomato pinworm – Keiferia lycopersicella Guatemalan potato tuber moth – Tecia solanivora Potato tuber moth – Phthorimaea operculella Groundnut leafminer-‐ Aproaerema modecella Pink bollworm -‐ Pec<nophora gossypiella Phthoremaea operculella Tuta absoluta Pec<nophora gossypiella Egg DuraEon: 7 days Eggs are oval-‐cylindrical, 0.4 mm in length and 0.2 mm in diameter, Usually laid on under side of Leaves, buds, stems and calyx of unripe fruits Tuta absoluta - Eggs • Oviposi*on: – Leaves -‐73% – Veins and stems -‐ 21% – Sepals -‐ 5% – Fruits -‐ 1% Larva DuraEon: 8 days There are 4 instars. Early instars are white or Cream with a black head, later they turn pink or green. Fully grown larvae drop to the ground in a silken thread and pupate in soil Pupa DuraEon: 10 days Pupae are brown, 4.3 mm in length and 1.1 mm in width. Pupa*on takes place in soil or on plant parts such as dried Leaves and stem. Adult Female lives 10-‐15 days Male lives 6-‐7 days Adult moths are small Body length 7mm. They are brown or Silver color with Black spots on the wings Tuta absoluta - Life Cycle • Dura*on of life cycle: – At 140C -‐76 days – AT 200C -‐ 24 days – At 270C -‐ 24 days Tuta absoluta - Life Cycle • • • • • • • Life cycle: Mul*vol*ne Twelve genera*ons in a year Average 260 eggs laid by a female Larvae mine in the mesophyll of the leaf Four larval instars Pupates in the soil and some*mes in the leaves Prefers tomato but can complete in other solanaceous plants Tuta absoluta – Host plants • • • • • • • • • Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) Solanum tuberosum (potato) Solanum melongena (eggplant) Capsium annuum (pepper) Nico5ana tabacum (tobacco) Solanum nigrum Datura stramonium Solanum eleagnifolium Physalis peruviana Tuta absoluta – Host plants • • • • • • • Solanum bonariease Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum sapponaceum Lycopersicum puberulum Datura ferox Lycium sp. Malva sp. Tuta absoluta Distribu*on Tuta absoluta – Estabishment • • • • • • • Spain Morocco Tunisia France Italy Canary Islands Algeria 2006 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 Tuta absoluta – Estabishment • • • • • • • • • • Albania Bulgaria Netherlands Portugal United Kingdom Bulgaria Israel Hungary Turkey Serbia 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 Tuta absoluta – Estabishment • • • • • Sudan Ethiopia Niger Senegal Afganistan 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013? Predicted Spread of Tuta absoluta in West and Central Africa Predicted Spread of Tuta absoluta in East and Central Africa Tomato • World produc*on in 2009 -‐ 152 M tons • Produc*on area -‐ 4.4 M ha • Top 10 tomato producing countries – China, U.S.A., India, Turkey, Egypt, Italy, Iran, Spain, Brazil, and Mexico. In 2011, T. absoluta infested 1.0 M ha of tomato cul*vated area (22% of cul*vated surface) Now it is a threat to Asia and Africa (South of Sahara) Tuta absoluta – Leaf damage Regulatory View-Tuta Tuta mining damage on leaf Leaf Mines Tuta absoluta Liriomyza trifolii Phthorimaea operculella DisEnguishing two economically important gelechiids • • Tomato leafminer T. absoluta Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella Regulatory View-Tuta Tuta entry points at nodes-Albania Regulatory View-Tuta Tuta entry points at node Regulatory View-Tuta Tuta damage under calyx Regulatory View-Tuta Tuta damage—Greece Tuta absoluta – Fruit Damage Regulatory View-Tuta Tuta tunnel in ripe fruit Regulatory View-Tuta Tuta pupa on calyx Regulatory View-Tuta Tuta damage on Eggplant fruits Economics of T. absoluta Establishment • In Spain, in the first year of introducEon, pesEcides were applied 15 Emes per season. • The cost went up by 450 Euros per hectare. • When T. absoluta invades rest of the World, the tomato pest management cost will go up by $500 M per year. Economics of T. absoluta Establishment • Invasion is irreversible. • Management requires coordinated efforts of research scienEsts, extension agents, and growers in invaded countries and those at risk. Management of T. absoluta DetecEon -‐ Pheromone traps Cultural control -‐ Chemical control -‐ Biological control -‐ Resistant varieEes -‐ BiopesEcides -‐ IPM -‐ Trapping protocols • SelecEng trap and lure • Placing, checking, and replacing sEcky cards • Replacing lures • Data recording • CollecEng specimens • Processing specimens • IdenEficaEon Why monitor with pheromone traps? • Detect first occurrences as Tuta absoluta as it extends its range • Monitor local presence/absence under area wide management schemes • Monitor populaEons in individual fields to inform grower treatment decisions Management of T. absoluta Pheromone traps: Russell IPM is a leading producer 0.5 mg and 0.8 mg lures are produced 0.8 mg is more effecEve 45 males/trap – acEon needed – Brazil 100 males/trap – acEon needed-‐ Chile Regulatory View-Tuta • Tuta moths in Trap-‐Senegal Regulatory View-Tuta Single Tuta moth in Delta Trap Regulatory View-Tuta Tuta adult captures Regulatory View-Tuta Tuta water trap, Murcia, Spain Regulatory View-Tuta Pheromone based water trap for Tuta Establishing monitoring networks • Develop common protocols for East Africa? • Dedicate resources to set up and maintain a network of traps. Choose a scale that is pracEcal. • Establish relaEonships with expert taxonomists • Build capacity to make IDs locally/regionally • Share data. Collaborate • Educate growers. They see things first. Cultural Control • Crop isolation: Greenhouses- screening vents, installing double doors • Clean seedlings – Pest free • Destroy crop residue in the field • Crop rotation with non-host crops • Soil solarization • Sprinkler irrigation Management of T. absoluta South America: • Chemical control • In 1970s -‐ Pyrethroids used • In 1980s -‐ Cartap used • In 1990s – Cartap alternated with Pyrethroids • In early 2000 – Ten new molecules of Pyrethroids used Management of T. absoluta Biological control: Classical biological control Augmenta*ve biological control Conserva*on biological control Management of T. absoluta Classical biological control High success rate with invasive species Papaya mealybug control Cassava mealybug control Spiraling whitefly control Mango mealybug Not yet found a silver bullet for T. absoluta Management of T. absoluta Augmenta*ve biological control Used against na*ve and invasive pests Trichogramma spp. Habrobracon hebetor Management of T. absoluta Augmenta*ve biological control Trichogramma acheae is used in Spain at the rate of 750,000 adults/hectare – every 3-‐4 days. Natural enemies of T. absoluta (South America) Egg Parasitoids Trichogramma spp. Anastatus sp Arrhenophagus sp. Copidosoma sp. Copidosoma desan<si Copidosoma hoehleri TrichogrammaEdae Eupelmidae EncyrEdae EncyrEdae EncyrEdae EncyrEdae Hym. Hym. Hym. Hym. Hym. Hym. Natural enemies of T. absoluta Egg parasitoids TrichogrammaEdae Trichogramma exiguum (South America) Trichogramma nerudai (South America) Trichogramma pre<osum (South America) Trichogramma achaeae (Mediterranean) Natural enemies of T. absoluta Trichogramma spp. Release of 450,000 parasitoids/ha, twice per week for 10 weeks Successful – Colombia and Brazil Unsuccessful – Chile Trichogramma acheae. Commercially available in Mediterranean. 250,000 – 500,000 adults/week Natural enemies of T. absoluta Larval parasitoids Hymenoptera: Bethylidae Braconidae Eulophidae Ichneumonidae Diptera: Tachinidae Natural enemies of T. absoluta (South America) Larval Parasitoids Goniozuz nigrifemur Apanteles spp. Bracon spp. Chelonus sp. Dineulophus phthorimaea Diadegma sp. Archytas sp. Bethylidae Hym. Braconidae Hym. Braconidae Hym. Braconidae Hym. Eulophidae Hym. Ichneumonidae Hym. Tachinidae Dip. Natural enemies of T. absoluta Larval parasitoids (South America) Apanteles gelechiidivoris – Braconidae EffeciEve in Colombia Introduced from Colombia to Chile Dineulophus phthorimaeae – Eulophidae Provided 70% parasiEsm in Chile Pseudoaphanteles dignus -‐ Braconidae P. Dignus and D. Phthorimaeae are important parasitoids in ArgenEna Natural enemies of T. absoluta (Mediterranean) Larval parasitoids Necremnus artynes Eulophidae Hym. Stenomesius sp. Eulophidae Hym. Neochrysocharis formosa Eulophidae Hym. Habrobracon hebetor Braconidae Hym. Diadegma ledicola Ichneumonidae Hym. Natural enemies of T. absoluta (South America) Pupal Parasitoids Apanteles sp. Conura sp. Invreia sp. Horismenus sp. Elasmus sp. Braconidae Chalcididae Chalcididae Eulophidae Eulophidae Hym. Hym. Hym. Hym. Hym. Natural enemies of T. absoluta (Mediterranean) Pupal parasitoids Mostly neglected Conura sp. Chalcididae, Hymenoptera was recorded up to 30% parasiEsm Natural enemies of T. absoluta (Mediterranean) Nematodess Heterorhabdi<s bacteriophora Steinernema fel<ae Natural enemies of T. absoluta (Mediterranean) Predators Nesidiocoris tenuis Miridae Macrolophuspygmaeus Miridae Dicyphys marrocannus Miridae Vespidae sp Vespidae Amblyseius swirskii Phytoseiidae Amblyseius cucumeris Phytoseiidae Hem. Hem. Hem. Hym. Acari Acari Nesidiocoris tenuis (Miridae) Natural enemies of T. absoluta (South America) Predators Only casual observaEons on generalist predators such as spiders, carabids, earwigs, hemipterans, wasps, ants, lace wings have been reported. Management of T. absoluta Conserva*on biological control • Avoiding use of chemical pes*cides • Use of biopes*cides that have less or no adverse impact on natural enemies • Adop*on of biological control • Adop*on of cultural control Management of T. absoluta Conserva*on biological control • Habitat manipula*on • Growing banker crops – bodle gourd • Growing nectar plants – coriander Management of T. absoluta Biopes*cides: • Bacillus thuringiensis formula*ons • Beauveria bassiana applica*ons • Nucleopolyhedrosis virus • Nucleogranulosis virus • Neem formula*ons Management of T. absoluta Combina*ons: • Bt and neem • B. bassiana and neem • Nucleopolyhedrosis (NPV) and neem • Granulosis viurs and neem • Bt and Nesidiocoris IPM for tomato Components • Seed or seedling treatment with Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus subtilus • Solarization of seed beds and in greenhouses • Use of VAM, neem cake, and other organics • Use of virus disease-resistant varieties • Grafting on resistant rootstock for bacterial wilt, cork root disease, and others • Staking and mulching • Yellow sticky traps for thrips, leafminers, etc. • Pheromone traps and use of NPVs for Tuta, Heliothis and Spodoptera • Host free period and roguing for control of virus diseases Management of T. absoluta What need to be done in East Africa region? • Establish a Tuta monitoring program • Establish interna*onal quaran*ne regula*ons • Establish na*onal quaran*ne regula*ons • When Tuta established: conduct survey of local natural enemies recruited by it; iden*fy effec*ve ones; publish results. Management of T. absoluta What needs to be done • Take up Classical, Augmenta*ve and/or Conserva*on Biological Control. • Develop an IPM. • Integrate it with IPM package for Tomato.
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