Tifft Lecture – Sept 17, 2014
The Present Status of Regulated
and Non-Regulated DBPs
David A. Reckhow
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, MA 01003
1
Outline
 What do we know about the
harmful DBPs?
 Some favorites





Halonitromethanes

Iodo-DBPs

Haloketones

Halonitriles
MX compounds 
Halobenzoquinones
Haloaldehydes
Haloamides
N-haloamines
Let’s make some
 Treatment Effects

disinfection byproducts!
Disinfection Scenarios
 Indoor factors
 Where do we go from here?
Special interest in
“indicator DBPs”
2
Formation of Cl2-driven DBPs
Cl2
NaOCl
The Halogenated DBPs
•
•
•
•
•
Br-, I-
THMs
HAAs and other haloacids
Haloaromatics
N-halo compounds
Halo-nitriles, aldehydes, nitros, etc
OBr-, I3NH3
~10%
The nonhalogenated DBPs
NH2Cl
Natural Organic
Mater
Anthropogenic
Chemicals
(PPCPs, Ag &
industrial products)
~90%
CO2 + Oxidized
Organic
Compounds
•
•
•
•
Acids
Aldehydes
Ketones3
Nitrosamines
John Rook & DBPs
1921-2010
 Found DBPs and brought
them to the world’s attention

Brought headspace analysis
from the beer industry to
drinking water

Found trihalomethanes (THMs)
in finished water




Carcinogens !?!
Published in Dutch journal H2O,
Aug 19, 1972 issue
Deduced that they were formed
as byproducts of chlorination
Proposed chemical pathways
Rook, 1974, Water Treat. & Exam., 23:234
4
The first,
and currently regulated DBPs
The THMs
Br
Cl
Cl
C
Cl
H
C
H
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Cl
C
Cl
C
Br C
Cl
Cl
Trichloroacetic
Acid
COOH
Dichloroacetic
Acid
(DCAA)
H
COOH
Br C
Br
Tribromoacetic
Acid
Br
Cl
5
COOH
Chlorodibromoacetic
Acid
Cl
H C
HAA5 only
Br
Cl
Bromodichloroacetic
Acid
(TCAA)
Bromoform
Br
COOH
H
Br
Chlorodibromomethane
Br
COOH
Br C
H
Cl
Cl
 The HAAs
Br C
Cl
Cl
Br
Br
C
Br
COOH
Cl
Bromochloroacetic
Acid
H
C
COOH
Br
Dibromoacetic
5
Acid
1300
600
20 mg/L chlorine dose
pH 7.0
20oC
Regulated Compounds
1200
1100
500
 The are


“end
products”
Chemically
very stable
Not typical
of other
DBPs
TOX Concentration (g/L)

900
400
800
700
300
600
TCAA
500
TTHM
400
200
300
200
100
DCAA
100
(from: Reckhow & Singer, 1984)
0
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Time (hrs)
140
160
300
350
6
THM, HAA Concentration (g/L)
TOX
1000
Chlorine vs Chloramine
 Regulated DBPs

NOM
THMs & HAAs
Oxidation & Substitution
(chlorine & chloramines)
 Dihalo products,
but little trihalo
R''
O
O
C
CCl2 C
R''
R'
O
O
C
CCl2 C
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
O
R''
C
Substitution
(free chlorine only)
Slow
Cl2HC
C
OH
O
R''
C
Hydrolysis
THM
O
Hydrolysis & Oxidation
CHCl2
OH
CCl3
Oxidative Hydrolysis
O
TCAA
CHCl3
Cl3C
C
OH
DCAA
TCAA biodegradation in lab tests
 Distribution system solids
8
Control of Regulated DBPs
 Source water management
Selection of sources, watershed management
Precursor Removal (mostly NOM removal)
 Coagulation (& settling/filtration)
 Biological treatment (w & w/o pre-oxidation)
 Adsorption, High-pressure membranes, etc.
Precursor Modification
 Oxidation
Other process changes
 Delayed point of chlorination, reduced dose
Use of Alternative Disinfectants (e.g., chloramines)
DBP Removal






9
Control of Non-Regulated DBPs
 We need to
know what these
compounds are
first
“I think you should be more explicit here
10
in step two”
Which path?
 Regulatory compliance vs public health

Do they end up at
the same place?
11
Other Compounds
The DBP Iceberg
THMs, THAAs
DHAAs
ICR Compounds
50 MWDSC DBPs
~700 Known DBPs
Susan Richardson
USEPA
Halobenzoquinones
Halogenated
Compounds
Non-halogenated
Compounds
Stuart Krasner
AWWA
DBP Epidemiology
 Bladder Cancer

DBPs linked to ~10,000 US cases every year
 Other Cancers

Rectal, colon
Basis for current
EPA regulation
80 µg/L THMs
60 µg/L HAAs
 Reproductive & developmental effects


Miscarriages & Low birth weight
Birth Defects

e.g., Cleft palate, neural tube defects
 Other


Kidney & spleen disorders
Immune system problems, neurotoxic effects
13
10-6
10-5
Haloacetamides
Haloacetonitriles
Halonitromethanes
BNM
DBCNM
BCNM
10-4
Not Genotoxic: DCAA, TCAA, BDCAA, Dichloroacetamide,
3,3-Dibromopropenoic Acid,
3-Iodo-3-bromopropenoic Acid, 2,3,3,Tribromopropenoic Acid
CNM
Dichloroacetonitrile
10-3
CDBAA
EMS +Control
Trihloroacetamide
2-Iodo-3-bromopropenoic Acid
Bromate
2,3-Dibromopropenoic Acid
Chloroacetamide
 I > Br > Cl
2-Bromobutenedioic Acid
TBAA
BIAA
BCAA
DBAA
DIAA
Dibromoacetamide
Trichloroacetonitrile
Chloroacetonitrile
DBP Chemical Class
MX
Tribromopyrrole
DBNM
DibromoacetonitrileIodoacetamide
Iodoacetonitrile
Bromoacetonitrile Bromoacetamide
Genotoxicity
Bromochloroacetonitrile
3,3-Bromochloro-4-oxopentanoic Acid
CAA
DCNM
BAA
Other DBPs
BDCNM
TBNM
3,3-Dibromo-4-oxopentanoic Acid
TCNM
Halo Acids
IAA
 Mono-X > Di-X > Tri-X
The regulated
ones
Haloacetic Acids
10-2
Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Genotoxicity Potency
Log Molar Concentration (4 h Exposure)
From Plewa & Colleagues
14
July 2006
TOX: Known & Unknown
Data from the Mills
Plant (CA) August
1997 (courtesy of
Stuart Krasner)
Haloketones
Chloropicrin
Trihalomethanes
20%
Regulated
DBPs
TTHMs
But, the Bad
Stuff is
probably
somewhere
here?
Haloacetonitriles
2%
Unknown
TOX
Chloral Hydrate
1%
Sum of 5 Haloacetic Acids
10%
Unknown Organic Halogen
64%
Bromochloroacetic Acid
3%
15
Regulated DBPs as surrogates or indicators
2D Graph 1
From: ICR Database
140
 Not a perfect
120
correlation
 So what can we
TTHM (g/L)
100
do?
80

60
40

20
0
0
100
200
Unknown TOX (g/L)
Unk-TOX vs TTHMc
300
400
Maybe we
need a more
diverse group
of surrogates
Look at
occurrence
characteristics
16
1300
20 mg/L chlorine dose
pH 7.0
20oC
1200
1100
500
TOX
1000
 Regulated
TOX Concentration (g/L)
Byproducts
900
400
800
700
300
600
TCAA
500
TTHM
400
200
THM, HAA Concentration (g/L)
Time
600
300
200
Aquatic
NOM
100
DCAA
100
0
(after Reckhow & Singer, 1984)
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Time (hrs)
140
160
300
350
17
Some Unregulated Byproducts
10
Chlorinated Raw Drinking Water
from New Jersey
(MacNeill's UMass thesis, 1994)
 Many decrease

Biological

DCAN
8
Concentration (g/L)
with time
 Degradation
 Chemical
6
1,1,1-TCP
4
Not shown
Chloropicrin
2
1,1-DCP
0
0
20
40
60
80
Time (hrs)
100
120
140
18
160
Chloro-Bromo-Iodo Speciation
X-speciation tends to be similar for different classes of DBPs
1.2
Data from Weinberg et al., 2002
All 12 plants
ClBr-THM Mole Fraction
1.0
May not hold for:
CHCl3
CHBrCl2
CHBr2Cl
CHBr3
•
•
•
Hindered Precursors
Strong oxidants such
as O3 or ClO2
Unstable DBPs
0.8
R-Cl3
Increasing RW Bromide level
0.6
R-ClBr2
R-Cl2Br
0.4
0.2
R-Br3
Lines
represent
simple halogen
competition
model
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
THM Br/(Cl+Br)
0.5
0.6
19
Iodo-THMs
Chlorine & Ozone
produce iodate;
Chloramine doesn’t
O3
O3
IO3-
CHCl2I
40
CHClI2
400
30
300
CHBrI2
CHI3
20
200
10
100
0
IO3- (g/L)
I-THM (g/L)
CHBrClI
CHBr2I
0
Cl2
O3/Cl2
NH2Cl
O3/NH2Cl
ClO2
Cambridge MA Water, DOC: 4.2 mg/L, I: 200 g/L
20
Hua & Reckhow, 2007
Iodo-DBP Occurrence
 Iodo-THM Occurrence
 Concentrations



Percentile
50%
0.4
75%
2
90%
From 12 systems in NA
Up to 25 µg/L for direct chloramination
Relative Prevalence


Conc (µg/L)
2% of THM4 at 50%ile; 7% at 75%ile?
Iodo-THMs ≈ 0.1* Bromo-THMs
4
From:
Weinberg,
Krasner, et
al., 2002
 Iodo-HAA Occurrence

Little or no triHAAs containing iodine??
21
Many Iodo-acids decompose
 Decarboxylation rates of THAAs in water
 From Zhang and Minear, 2002; expanded by UMass
HAA
TCAA
BDCAA
DBCAA
TBAA
DCIAA
BCIAA
DBIAA
CDIAA
BDIAA
TIAA
Half-life (hr)
% Remaining @ 24 hr
20C
55C
20C
55C
99000
130 100.0%
88.0%
21600
36
99.9%
63.0%
4400
8
99.6%
12.5%
620
3
97.4%
0.4%
2414
3.2
99.3%
0.5%
479
0.63
96.6%
0.0%
95
0.12
84.0%
0.0%
62
0.08
76.5%
0.0%
12
0.02
26.0%
0.0%
2
0.00
0.0%
0.0%
Distribution System
degradation product (THM)
chloroform
bromodichloromethane
chlorodibromomethane
bromoform
dichloroiodomethane
bromochloroiodomethane
dibromoiodomethane
chlorodiiodomethane
bromodiiodomethane
triiodomethane
Water Heater
22
An Example: Dichloropropanone
 Doesn’t track
Dichloropropanone vs TTHM4
THMs or HAAs
Like most DBPs
 More with


Chloramines
Pre-ozonation?
Utility #1 (Cl2/NH2Cl)
Utility #2 (Cl2/Cl2)
4
Dichloropropanone (ug/L)

5
Utility #1 (Cl2/Cl2)
Utility #3 (O3/Cl2)
Utility #4 (Cl2/NH2Cl)
3
Utility #5 (ClO2/Cl2)
Utility #6 (O3/NH2Cl)
2
1
0
0
50
100
TTHM4(ug/L)
150
23
200
1,1,1-trichloropropanone
 More with free chlorine
 Also pre-O3 and ClO2
24
Nitrogenous DBPs
 Special Toxicological Concerns
 Compounds






Br
Cl
H C
C N
H
C
Br
C N
Nitrosamines
Cl
Cl
Dichloroacetonitrile
Bromochloroacetonitrile
Halonitriles
(DCAN)
(BCAN)
Haloamides
Cyanogen halides (CNCl, CNBr)
Halonitroalkanes
N-Halo amines
 Sources: algae could be very important

High nitrogen content
H
C
C N
Br
Dibromoacetonitrile
(DBAN)
Cl
NO
Cl C
2
Cl
Chloropicrin
(CHP)
25
Organic Nitrogen Abundance
 Ratio to carbon

Redrawn from Westerhoff & Mash, 2002
60
Terrestrial
Plant
dominated
DOC/DON (mg-C/mg-N)
50
40
30
27
20
15
8.2
10
Algal
dominated
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Percentile
5.7 mg-C/mg-N (Redfield Ratio)
60
70
80
90
100
26
12.0
11.0
11.0
10.0
10.0
Tunnel #1
Tunnel #2
Tunnel #3
Cannonsville
Pepacton
Neversink
Rondout
Ashokan
Schoharie
Kensico: Del
Kensico: Cat
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.5
7.0
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
20
07
/1
/
20
0
10
9/
1/
20
0
8/
1/
20
0
7/
1/
20
0
6/
1/
20
0
5/
1/
4/
1/
20
0
3/
1/
20
0
2/
1/
1/
1/
/1
/
12
/1
/
20
0
Date
7
1.5
7
1.5
7
2.0
7
2.0
7
2.5
7
2.5
7
3.0
7
3.0
7
3.5
20
06
3.5
20
06
4.0
20
06
4.0
11
Amanda Keyes
Measuring Org-N
8.0
NYC Reservoirs
4.5
/1
/

From Amino acids?
Algal activity
Dichloroacetonitrile FP (g/L)

5.0
10
 Dichloroacetonitrile
9.0
27
Dichloroacetonitrile FP (g/L)
9.0
20
0
HAN example
12.0
DHAN - Algal Source?
 Algal-N release


Proteins
Some free AAs
28
H
Cl
Continued Rxn
 Key intermediates
 DHAMs
 N-halo species
C
Cl
C
N
OCl
Cl
OH
k4
k2
k1
H
Cl
C
DCAN
H
H2O
N
Cl
C
C
fast
OH
H
fast
H2O
Cl
C
C
Cl
OH
C
Cl
NCl
C
OH
Cl
 Final product
 DHAAs
H
NH
N
C
O
Cl
N-Cl-DCAD
anion
fast
pKa = 3.7
DCAD
 Concentrations
Cl
are well known
N-Cl-DCAD
H
H
NH2
C
k1-1
H
Cl
C
Cl
Cl
C
C
C
S (+IV)
O
Cl
NHCl
Cl(+II)
k1-2
OH
OH
O
HOCl
H
NH2
C
O
Cl
Cl
fast
fast
NH3
Cl
H
O
C
C
Cl
DCAA
C
Cl
NHCl
C
OCl
OH
NHCl2
OH
29
OCl
Dichloroacetonitrile half-life
DCAN Halflife
 At 20 C
 From Reckhow,
100
1 Hour
8 Hours
Chlorine Residual (mg/L)
10 Minutes
Platt, MacNeill &
McClellan, 2001

1 Day
OCl-
10
3 Days
 Degradation in
DS observed to
increase with
increasing pH
1 Week

1
OH-
H2O
Aqua 50:1:113
ICR data:
Obolensky &
Frey, 2002
0.1
3 Weeks
6
7
8
9
pH
10
11
30
DCAN→DCAM→DCAA
 Formation and degradation of dichloroacetonitrile,
dichloroacetamide, and dichloroacetic acid in Utility # 11 slurry
samples (left) and DI samples (right)
31
Organic Chloramines – an example
 Stable N-chloroaldimine from amino acids

Pathway favored at lower pHs

Half-life of 35-60 hrs @pH 7-8
phenylalanine
N-chlorophenylacetaldimine
32
Conyers & Scully, 1993 [ES&T 27:261]
TOX pie revised
Median C/N ratio (15)
NX
 0.5
TON
Organic Chloramines
NX
 0.2
TON
THMs
20%
Unknown organic
Halogen
63%
GAC reduces N-X
in TOX analysis
Haloacetonitriles
2%
HAA5
10%
Chloral Hydrate
1%
Bromochloroacetic
Acid
3%
Halonitromethanes
Haloketones
33
Halonitromethanes
 Mechanisms and Treatment

Highest levels with pre-O3 followed by chlorine/chloramines



Greatly enhanced by UV (medium pressure)


Some nitration reactions (e.g., Choi & Richardson, 2004)
Probably some activation of pre-existing N-organics
Photonitration
Postulated for nitrification hot spots

(Thibaud et al., 1987)
Ammonia  nitrite nitrating species nitro-organicCP
 Occurrence
 0.1-3 µg/L for individual species


0.28 and 0.43 µg/L were median values in PE & DS


12 plant national study (Weinberg, Krasner et al., 2002)
8 plants from NC (Singer et al., 1995)
0.5 and 0.9 µg/L were 75 and 90%ile in DS from ICR
34
Trichloronitromethane (Chloropicrin)
 Sometimes
Chloropicrin vs TTHM4
greater
formation with

Chloramines
Pre-ozone
Utility #1 (Cl2/NH2Cl)
Utility #2 (Cl2/Cl2)
6
Utility #1 (Cl2/Cl2)
Utility #3 (O3/Cl2)
Utility #4 (Cl2/NH2Cl)
5
Chloropicrin (ug/L)

7
Utility #5 (ClO2/Cl2)
Utility #6 (O3/NH2Cl)
4
3
2
1
0
0
50
100
TTHM4(ug/L)
150
35
200
Chloramines vs Free Chlorine
 2011 study of a large US utility
Chloramines
Free Chlorine
6
6
Concentration(ug/L)
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
Concentration(ug/L)
DCP
CP
TCP
0
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
sample location
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
sample location
36
Chloramines vs Free Chlorine
 DBPs

Lower levels of trihalogenated byproducts


Less impact on dihalogenated compound


Easier to meet current DBP regulations
Some are higher with chloramines
More of some types of N-DBPs

Organic chloramines, nitriles, amides, nitro compds
 Other concerns

Growth of ammonia oxidizing bacteria



Loss of residual, formation of reactive intermediates
Reduction of Lead (IV)
Public perception & direct health effects
37
Chloramines: with pipe reactions
N2O
NO3X2
H2N2O2
Chemical
Reduction
Chemical
Oxidation
HNO
NH2Cl
Biodegradation
AMO
ClNHOH
X1
N2
Pb+2
Pb(IV)
NO2-
NH2OH
NH3
AMO
HAO
AOB
NOB
38
Moving Indoors
 Where the “exposure” is
 More time for reaction
 Abiotic
 Biodegradation
 Temperature changes
 Especially water heater: accelerated
decomposition/reaction
 Phase changes
 Contact with food and related home products
 New precursors, continued reaction
39
City
Water
Major Routes
Ingestion
Water
Heater
Drinking
Showering &
Washing
Beverage
Preparation
Food
Preparation
Dermal &
Inhalation
Ingestion &
Inhalation
Ingestion &
Inhalation
Clothes Washing
Dermal &
Inhalation
Dish Washing
Dermal &
Inhalation
Human Exposure
Activity
40
Hot vs Cold: THMs
50
Heavy Hot Water Use
Water Heater is Flushed
40
Cold Tap
Hot Tap
Plant Effluent
30
20
Hwang's level of concern
10
0
16
:0
18 0
:0
20 0
:0
22 0
:0
00 0
:0
02 0
:0
04 0
:0
06 0
:0
08 0
:0
10 0
:0
12 0
:0
14 0
:0
16 0
:0
18 0
:0
20 0
:0
22 0
:0
00 0
:0
02 0
:0
04 0
:0
06 0
:0
08 0
:0
0
TTHM Concentration ( g/L)
 Utility # 14
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
41
Day and Time
Hot vs Cold: Dichloroacetonitrile
 Utility #14
Heavy Hot Water Use
Water Heater is Flushed
2.0
Cold Tap
Hot Tap
Plant Effluent
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
16
:0
18 0
:0
20 0
:0
22 0
:0
00 0
:0
02 0
:0
04 0
:0
06 0
:0
08 0
:0
10 0
:0
12 0
:0
14 0
:0
16 0
:0
18 0
:0
20 0
:0
22 0
:0
00 0
:0
02 0
:0
04 0
:0
06 0
:0
08 0
:0
0
Dichloroacetontrile Concentration ( g/L)
2.5
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
42
Day and Time
16
:0
18 0
:0
20 0
:0
22 0
:0
00 0
:0
02 0
:0
04 0
:0
06 0
:0
08 0
:0
10 0
:0
12 0
:0
14 0
:0
16 0
:0
18 0
:0
20 0
:0
22 0
:0
00 0
:0
02 0
:0
04 0
:0
06 0
:0
08 0
:0
0
Chloropicrin Concentration ( g/L)
Hot vs Cold: Chloropicrin
 Utility #14
Heavy Hot Water Use
Water Heater is Flushed
0.6
0.4
Cold Tap
Hot Tap
Plant Effluent
0.2
0.0
Monday
Tuesday
Day and Time
Wednesday
43
THMs: Hot vs Cold
pH 7
120
Dermal and
inhalation
exposure
80
Heating
Chloroform (g/L)
100
60
No heating
6 hrs ambient+subsequent heating
24 hrs ambient+subsequent heating
48 hrs ambient+subsequent heating
72 hrs ambient+subsequent heating
96 hrs ambient+subsequent heating
40
20
0
Ingestion
exposure
0
20
40
60
80
Total Reaction Time (hr)
System Water Age
100
120
Precursors & Behavior
General Trends
Removal by:
Mono & DihaloDBPs
Trihalo-DBPs
Precursor
Origins
Coag. or
Oxidation
Biodregradation
Haloacids (DCAA)
THMs
General NOM
Average
Average
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Oxidized NOM Poor
(Chloral Hydrate)
(bacterial, solar,
ozone)
Ketones
Ketones
(Dichloropropanone)
(Trichloropropanone)
Nitroalkanes
Nitroalkanes
(Chloropicrin)
reactive
Nitrogen species
Nitriles
Nitriles
Algal
(Dichloroacetonitrile)
(Trichloroacetonitrile)
(autochthonous)
Amides
Amides
(Dichloroacetamide)
(Trichloroacetamide)
Good
Average
Average
Good
Poor
Cyanogen Halides
(CNCl, CNBr)
Halobenzoquinones? Haloacids
(TCAA)
Terrestrial Lignin
(allochthonous)
Preferentially formed by Chloramination
45
Driven by Regulations
DBP control with DS management
Notes:
Parameter
THM TriDiHAAs HAAs
HANs TCP
DCP
CP
IodoDBPs
Time








Cl2
Dose

~






pH


~



Cl2 to
NH2Cl


~
~
~



Temp

~






HANs: haloacetontriles, including DCAN
TCP:
trichloropropanone, a haloketone
DCP:
dichloropropanone: a haloketone
CP:
chloropicrin: a halonitromethane
Iodo-DBPs: include iodinated THMs, HAAs, etc

46
Conclusions I
 Chlorination brings overwhelming public health benefits
 However some of its risks are still poorly understood
 Which are the most toxic DBPs and what is their origin?
 Some may come from terrestrial precursors


Others may come from algal precursors


Haloquinones?
Halonitriles, haloamides, N-chloro DBPs
We really don’t know the answer
 Conventional approaches may not be effective at
reducing these “metastable” byproducts

Chloramines, short chlorine contact time, low pH
47
Conclusions II
 Exposure may not be proportional to concentrations in the main
 Water Heaters substantially change the DBP levels and
character
 Some increase many fold


Some show little change


TriHAAs
Some decrease


THMs, DiHAAs, Chloropicrin
Dichloroacetonitrile, Trichloropropanone
For most, we simply don’t know
 The best solution may be to:


Minimize reactive NOM by removal & oxidation
Use free chlorine, minimizing residual
48
Recommendations
 Above all, maintain good disinfection practice
 Minimize harmful DBPs by:


Reducing “reactive” TOC
Avoiding N-DBP precursors
 Possible regulatory strategy

Eliminate HAA reg & monitoring requirement


If it must be kept, separate DiHAAs and TriHAAs
Make better use of THM monitoring


Expand analyte list to include other Neutrals (NE)
Develop guidelines for other NE compounds
49
Acknowledgements
 Richard Bull
 UMass Colleagues & Researchers


John Tobiason & Jim Edzwald
Chen Wu, Boning Liu, Guanghui Hua & JS Kim
 Sponsors

AWWA Research Foundation (now WRF)


Project #2867, #4089 and #4242
NSF, EPA
 Utility Partners

~30 across the US and Canada
50
Press Release: Sept 9, 2014
51
U.S. EPA STAR NATIONAL CENTERS FOR
INNOVATION IN SMALL DRINKING WATER
SYSTEMS
 Water Innovation
Network for
Sustainable Small
Systems (WINSSS)
Center

University of
Massachusetts
Amherst
 Design of Risk
Reducing, Innovative
Implementable Small
System Knowledge
(DeRISK) Center

University of Colorado
Boulder
WINSSS Center Team
 University of Massachusetts (Amherst)
 Dave Reckhow (PI), John Tobiason, Caitlyn Butler, Chul Park and
Prashant Shenoy (Co-PIs)
 University of Texas (Austin)
 Desmond Lawler, Lynn Katz, Mary Jo Kirisits, Kerry Kinney (Co-PIs),
Navid Saleh, Gerald Speitel
 University of Nebraska (Lincoln)
 Bruce Dvorak (Co-PI), Rebecca Lai, Chittaranjan Ray
 University of Florida (Gainesville)
 Treavor Boyer (Co-PI)
 University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign)
 Steven Wilson (Co-PI)
 University of South Florida
 Jane Zhang (Co-PI)
 Carollo Engineers
 Jess Brown (Co-PI)
16 Projects
















A1: Implementing ferrate treatment of drinking water in the US
A2: Simultaneous removal of inorganic contaminants, DBP precursors, and particles
in alum and ferric coagulation
A3: Contaminant reduction, life cycle impacts, and life cycle costs of ion exchange treatment
and regeneration
A4: Natural filtration impacts on post disinfection water quality in small systems
A5: Intermittent treatment plant operation: understanding and minimization of detrimental impacts
A6: Coagulant selection and dosing control for particle and NOM removal
A7: Effect of climate change on water treatment practice at small systems
B1: Developing a standardized approach for state acceptance of innovative technologies
B2: Simplified data entry system for asset management built off existing software
B3: A distributed sensing and monitoring system: application to SWTR compliance and POU devices
C1: Electrodialysis coupled with RO and NF membranes
C2: Peroxide oxidative coupling linked with a super-hydrophilic hollow-fiber membrane system
C3: Hollow fiber membrane air stripping
D1: Nitrification
D2: Denitrification
D3: Biological Treatment and Nitrogenous DBPs

Investors and Vendors List

JIE (JAY) ZHANG, Ph.D. - College Of Engineering

M-Series Metering Pumps