Challenges to Better Environment by Effective Use of Water and Solid Waste Shunji Oya Research and Development Division, Swing Corporation 11-1 Haneda Asahi-Cho, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 144-8610, Japan Abstract This paper discusses integrated management of water and solid waste in which wastewater reclamation and reuse and solid waste recycling are conducted in a concerted manner. This management approach is considered to be a challenging means to cope with the scarcity of freshwater resources and to protect the land environment from solid waste disposal in the GCC region. The practical applications of some treatment technologies performed by Swing Corporation show that separation of wastewater streams and selection of optimal treatment methods subject to the required specifications lead to cost-effective solutions for water management. Membrane filtration is shown to be a prospective process for wastewater reclamation when the required water quality is high. Organic solid waste is transformed to valuable safe compost by appropriate operation of fermentation processes. Thermophilic fermentation at early operation is a key process for deactivating pathogens and foreign organisms. Stringent upstream source management by regulatory discharge control and monitoring is also important for preventing compost from being contaminated by toxic substances. The ideal goal of this integrated management is a zero discharge operation, in which neither wastewater nor sludge is disposed of from wastewater treatment. Keywords: integrated water management, wastewater, reclamation, recycling, compost, membrane filtration The 20th Joint GCC-Japan Environment Symposium Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates November 22-24, 2011 Challenges to Better Environment by Effective Use of Water and Solid Waste Shunji Oya Research and Development Division Swing Corporation All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation Outline Swing Corporation Introduction About Swing Corporation Background of Water Resources and Solid Waste in GCC Concept of Integrated Management Practical Examples Water Plant Sewage: Sequential MBR-RO Industrial Wastewater: Stream Separation and Nanofiltration Solid Management / Reclamation and Reuse of Wastewater Waste Management / Recycling of Organic Waste Municipal Sewage Sludge: Composting Perspectives to Oil and Gas Industry Conclusive Remarks All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 2 Introduction: About SWING Corporation Swing Corporation Swing Corporation is an engineering company which: originates from Ebara Corporation, has 80 years of experience in water / solid waste treatment, holds a leading share in municipal EPC and OM market in Japan, collaborates with its shareholders, + + Drinking water treatment Industrial water and wastewater treatment and reuse Sewage treatment Water Engineering Business Landfill leachate treatment Our corporate name implies Sustainable Water further improvement of the water environment. Solid waste treatment and reuse Excreta treatment + ing, in which “ing” intends continuing action for All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 3 Introduction: Swing’s Global Experience Swing Corporation Water treatment experience outside of Japan All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 4 Background: Resources of water supply Swing Corporation Treated wastewater accounts for 2 % of water resources. Annual withdrawal volume (million m3) 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 conventional Surface water Groundwater Desalination Reclaimed wastewater non-conventional Bahrain Kuwait Oman 0 239 102 16 0 415 420 78 0 1,175 109 37 Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE Total 3.6% 0 1,100 0 1,100 85.4% 221 21,367 2,800 26,217 9.1% 180 1,033 950 2,794 1.9% 43 166 248 588 Source: FAO, 2008 (data for 2002 - 2006) Annual water supply from resources in the GCC countries All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 5 Background: Water demand More industrial and municipal wastewater can be reused. 35,000 Annual water use (million m3) Swing Corporation 30,000 ×3.3 25,000 ×2.5 20,000 15,000 ×1.1 10,000 5,000 0 Industrial Municipal Agricultural Year 1995 Year 2000 Year 2025 258 2,553 17,009 676 3,833 18,089 2,229 9,679 20,466 Source: Raouf, 2009 Annual water demand by sectors in the GCC countries All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 6 Background: Municipal solid waste (MSW) Swing Corporation MSW is a source of valuable materials or pollutants? 3.0 MSW (kg/capita/d) 2.5 Other 2.0 Textile Glass 1.5 Mineral 1.0 Plastic Wood 0.5 Disposal to open pit Biodegradable portion > 50% Paper Organic 0.0 Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar KSA UAE MSW generated in GCC Source: 2008 AFED (MSW data of 2004 or 2007) Ref.: MSW Average in Arab World = 0.7 kg/capita/d Municipal sewage sludge All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 7 Concept of integrated management Water resources Groundwater River/Lake water Seawater Municipal water use Sewers Swing Corporation Sewage treatment Sludge Reuse Landscaping Sanitary wash Water treatment Agricultural water use Crop/Pasture uptake Livestock breeding Food consumption Industrial water use Water Organic solid waste Others (Food, etc.) Food processing Recycling Manure Residue Composting Industrial food waste Wastewater treatment Organic sludge Discharge Conceptual flow diagram of integrated water and solid waste management All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 8 Practical example Plant sewage: Experimental setup Swing Corporation Sequential MBR-RO: Addition of RO to existing MBR MBR feed water: Kitchen effluent Human excreta Boiler blowdown MBR Feed water Line-1: Experimental flow path with biocide amendment Biocide B P pH adjustment tank P MBR (existing) RO system feed tank Recirculated P Concentrate Permeate High-pressure pump P Sludge Cartridge filter RO membrane Line-2: Experimental flow path without biocide amendment Cartridge filter P pH adjustment tank Recirculated P High-pressure pump All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation Concentrate Permeate RO membrane 9 Practical example Plant sewage: Permeate flux Permeate flux normalized by pressure and temperature 1 RO washing (w/ biocide) 0.8 0.6 3 2 m /m /d Normalized flux (@1MPa, 25℃ ), Swing Corporation 0.4 with Biocide 0.2 no Biocide RO washing (no biocide) 0 0 20 40 Elapsed time, d 60 80 Permeate flux normalized by pressure and temperature All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 10 Practical example Plant sewage: Permeate quality Swing Corporation Water quality compared with cooling water criteria Analytical data compared with cooling water quality criteria RO permeate Cooling water quality criteria Unit Raw sewage MBR permeate Jpn. unit N/A <0.05 <0.05 < 0.05 Jpn. unit N/A 30 <1 <1 -- 7.3 6.9 5.8 5.7 6.5-8.2 6.0-8.0 6.8-8.0 Electrical Conduct. @25℃ mS/m N/A 70 3 3 ≦80 ≦30 ≦40 NH4-N ※2） PO4-P as PO4 mg/L 50 5 0.1 0.6 ≦1 ≦0.1 ≦1 mg/L 3 1 <0.1 <0.1 Chloride mg/L N/A 90 2 2 ≦200 ≦50 ≦50 Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/L N/A 110 0.2 0.2 ≦200 ≦70 ≦70 Total Fe mg/L N/A <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ≦1 ≦0.3 ≦1 Na mg/L N/A 60 4 5 Data items Turbidity Color pH ※1） ※1） Recirculation type Line-1 Line-2 (w/ biocide) (no biocide) Recirculated Makeup One-pass type N/A = Data not available Analytical methods for turbidity and color are specified in Japanese standard method, JIS. ※2） NH4-N is a reference criterion for cooling water. ※1） All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 11 Practical example Industrial wastewater: Before modification Swing Corporation Wastewater from beverage production plant Water balance before modification: water recovery = 13.1 % 950 Clean water supply 4300 Municipal water 900 200 3600 Groundwater 700 Total supply = 4950 m3/d Clean water Recycled water Wastewater Recycling process 750 600 300 350 900 Total recovery = 650 m3/d Beverage product Rinser Machinery cooling (compressors, etc.) Retort Pasteurizer (cans and bottles) Floor washing and miscellaneous use Sand filtration 650 450 750 950 1200 3350 Wastewater treatment facility Final disposal = 3350 m3/d All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 12 Practical example Industrial wastewater: Solution approach Swing Corporation Separation of wastewater streams Separate rinser stream and treat it with media filtration. Separate and reuse less contaminated retort stream. Separate cans pasteurization stream and treat it with Nanofiltration. Choice of Nanofiltration (NF) system More efficient removal of organic compounds than activated carbon Higher water recovery than RO Less energy-intensive than RO Coagulant NaHSO3 From Pasteurizer Concentrate P Feed tank P M Floating media filter Sand filter NF module feed tank P Cartridge filter All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation Permeate NF module Recovery rate: 85% 13 Practical example Industrial wastewater: After modification Swing Corporation Modification with stream-wise treatment Water balance after modification: water recovery = 51.0 % 950 Clean water supply: 2350 Municipal water 1650 900 Rinser 250 Machinery cooling (compressors, etc.) 750 Retort Groundwater 700 Total supply = 4800 m3/d 700 350 *1 400 500 Total recovery = 2450 m3/d Beverage product Pasteurizer (cans) 850 Floating media filtration 50 400 *2 Intermediate tank 1000 600 Nanofiltration system Heat exchanger *1 1200 Chiller Recovered water tank 2050 100 Pasteurizer (bottles) 350 Floor washing and other cleaning use 400 Miscellaneous use 500 *2 50 Final disposal = 1400 m3/d 1400 All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation Wastewater treatment facility Clean water supply Recycled water Wastewater Recycling treatment 14 Practical example Industrial wastewater: Effect of NF Swing Corporation Water quality analysis for the NF system CODMn removal = 70 %, Reduction in evaporation residue = 38 % Unit NF feed water NF permeate NF concentrate Jpn. unit < 0.5 < 0.5 0.5 Jpn. unit 2 1 4 -- 7.0 6.9 7.5 Electrical Conductivity @25℃ mS/m 24.7 14.7 74.1 Total alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L 26.6 15.0 92.0 Cl- mg/L 42.9 30.2 118 SO42- mg/L 16.4 3.7 88.9 Silica (SiO2) mg/L 13.0 10.9 26.3 Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/L 52.2 22.4 219 Na mg/L 22.0 16.5 54.0 Evaporation residue mg/L 141 87 529 CODMn ※2） mg/L 3.3 <1 16.9 Data items Turbidity Color ※1） ※1） pH ※1） ※2） Analytical methods for turbidity and color are specified in Japanese standard method, JIS. CODMn is measured with permanganate as an oxidant (JIS). All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 15 Practical example Sewage sludge: Overview of composting Swing Corporation Transform organic waste to a safe valuable product Organic Sludge livestock manure Aerobic fermentation (Composting) Compost Soil conditioning Overhead crane Waste inlet Kitchen garbage Product outlet Paddle-type fermentation basin Rotating paddle All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 16 Practical example Sewage sludge: Short-term composting Swing Corporation Short-term behavior of fermentation process 80 Temperature 60 (℃) 40 Air temperature Initial stage: Waste temperature ・Rapid appearance of thermophilic activities Mixing ・Elimination of pathogens and foreign organisms by high temperature 20 10 O2 consumption rate (L/min/kg-ds) 5 ・Rapid changes in aesthetic nature and texture of waste 0 600 Height of waste pile (mm) 500 450 Median particle size (mm) 12 8 4 0 1 2 3 4 Elapsed time (d) 5 6 All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 17 Practical example Sewage sludge: Long-term composting Swing Corporation Long-term behavior of fermentation process Secondary stage: 80 60 ・Slow decomposition of relatively recalcitrant organics Temperature 40 (℃) 20 0 ・Gradual decreases in temperature and microbial activities 2 CO2 production rate (L/h/kg-ds) 1 0 100 BOD5 (mg/kg-ds) 50 0 10 20 Elapsed time (d) All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 18 Practical example Sewage sludge: Compost quality Swing Corporation Comparison with Japanese & Canadian criteria Maximum acceptable level Data items Unit Results Japanese regulations ※1） Canadian guidelines (Category A) ※2） Moisture content % 45-50 -- -- pH -- 6.4 -- -- C %-dry weight 23.8 -- -- N %-dry weight 1.42 -- -- C/N P2O5 -- 16.8 -- -- %-dry weight 2.30 -- -- K2O %-dry weight 0.20 -- -- As mg/kg-dry weight 5.4 50 13 Cd mg/kg-dry weight 2.0 5 3 Pb mg/kg-dry weight 70 100 150 Hg mg/kg-dry weight 0.55 2 0.8 Zn mg/kg-dry weight 640 -- 700 ※1） Japanese regulations = Fertilizers Regulation Act ※2） Category A of Canadian guidelines = Compost that can be used in any application, such as agricultural lands, residential gardens, horticultural operations, the nursery industry, and other businesses (CCME, 2005). All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 19 Perspectives to Oil and Gas Industry Swing Corporation Produced water treatment and reuse Avoid direct disposal of untreated water to land surface. Reuse as re-injection water. Apply advanced water treatment to prevent well clogging & corrosion. Wastewater treatment and reuse in refineries Separate wastewater streams according to impurities. Select appropriate treatment method for each stream. Membrane process is capable of producing high-grade water. Remediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons Biofarming is an environmentally-sound remediation technology which originates from composting. All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 20 Conclusive remarks Swing Corporation Water management Municipal and industrial wastewater has high potential as nonconventional water resources. Stream-wise wastewater reclamation leads to cost-effective reductions of external water supply and wastewater disposal. Membrane process is useful for water recycling applications. Solid waste management Enhanced aerobic fermentation transforms organic solid waste (biomass) to safe compost. Producing safe compost also relies on upstream quality control of wastewater and solid waste. Integrated water and soild waste management Wastewater and solid waste can be treated in a concerted manner to minimize the final discharge to the environment. High water recovery and the soil conditioning effect by compost help reduce water demand and thus mitigate water stress. All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 21 Swing Corporation Thank you for your attention. Contribution to protecting the environment is the eternal mission of Swing Corporation. We will be glad to work with you for challenges to create the sustainable environment. All rights Reserved by Swing Corporation 22
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