xEnglish CV Chusseau_August 2014_Gsite

Nathalie Chusseau
Associate Professor of Economics
University of Lille 1
Faculty of Economics and Sociology
Bâtiment SH2 - Bureau 123
Cité Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
Phone number: +33 (0)3 20 33 70 13
Fax: +33 (0)3 20 43 67 68
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Homepage: https://sites.google.com/site/nchusseau13/
_________________________________________ ACADEMIC POSITIONS_________________________
2009-Present: Associate Professor of Economics, University of Lille 1 Science and Technology,
France
2004-2009: Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Lille 1 Science and Technology, France
2003-2004: Junior CNRS Research Fellow, IFRESI-CNRS, Lille, France
2000-02: Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of Lille 1, Science and
Technology
1997-2000: Teaching Assistant, University of Nantes
_________________________________________ RESEARCH ACTIVITIES_________________________
Member of the Research Centre EQUIPPE (Quantitative Economics, Integration, Public Policies and
Econometrics) and MESHS-CNRS, University of Lille 1
Research Fellow at Chair Demographic Transition, Economic Transition (TDTE, Risk Foundation)
Founding Member of the Research Programme ‘Globalisation, Regionalisation and Social and
Economic Inequality’, sponsored by the Scientific Research Network ‘Research Foundation Flanders:
FWO’. Coordinator: Pr. G. Rayp, Univ. of Ghent
Member of the Working Group on Economic and Social Inequalities of the Prospective College,
Regional Council Nord - Pas de Calais
Founding Member of the working group on Inequalities and Skills in Europe of EQUIPPE
2008-2012: Coordinator of the Research Programme MONDES: ‘Globalisation, Restructuration
and Intergenerational Mobility’, sponsored by the French National Research Agency (ANR)
Consulting Expert for the French National Research Agency (ANR)
_________________________________________ RESEARCH INTERESTS________________________
Economics of Inequalities, International Macroeconomics, Labour Economics, Human Capital and
Intergenerational Mobility, Social Segmentation, Social Policies
_________________________________________ UNIVERSITARY EDUCATION_____________________
2009: Habilitation à diriger des recherches (Ability to supervise PhD students), University of Lille 1. Title:
Skills and Inequalities: Economic Mechanisms and Public Policies. Supervisor: Pr. Stefano Bosi. Jury
members: Ph. Askenazy, L. Ragot, G. Rayp, H. Sneessens
2002: PhD in Economics (with honours), University of Lille 1. Title: Growing Wage and Unemployment
Inequalities in advanced Countries: Interactions between Openness and Technical Progress
1997: Master in Economic Theory, University of Nantes (with honours)
_________________________________________ SCHOLARSHIP AND AWARDS___________________
2014: Award from the National Council of Universities for Research Leave, one semester
2013-2017: Scientific Excellence Grant (French Ministry for Higher Education and Research)
2009-2013: Scientific Excellence Grant (French Ministry for Higher Education and Research)
2010: CNRS Award for Research Leave at MESHS-CNRS, Lille (one semester)
1997-2000: PhD programme fellowship, French Ministry of Higher Education and Research
_________________________________________ PUBLICATIONS________________________________
BOOK
[1] Growing Income Inequalities, J. Hellier and N. Chusseau editors, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
ARTICLES
[1] Skill Premia, and Intergenerational Education Mobility: The French Case, with B. Ben-Halima and J.
Hellier, Economics of Education Review, 39, April, 50-64, 2014.
[2] Globalization and Inequality: Where do we stand?, with J. Hellier, Journal of Income Distribution, 21 (34), September-December, 2012.
[3] Generational inequalities and education (in French) with S. Lambrecht and J. Pelletan, Note for the
Chair
Demographic
Transition,
Economic
Transition
n°26
–
Caisse
des
Dépôts,
http://www.tdte.fr/DetailPapers.aspx?id=112, 2013.
[4] Educational Systems, Intergenerational Mobility and Social Segmentation, with J. Hellier, European
Journal of Comparative Economics, 8 (2), 203-233, 2011.
[5] Is the French Society more and more non-egalitarian? (in French), Nouvelles d’Archimède, Chroniques
d'Economie Politique, n°56, Janvier-Février-Mars 2011, Université Lille 1, 2011.
[6] Globalisation and the Inequality-Unemployment Trade-off, with J. Hellier, Review of International
Economics, 18 (5), 1028-1043, 2010.
[7] Explaining Rising Inequality: Skill Biased Technical Change and North-South Trade, with M. Dumont and
J Hellier, Journal of Economic Surveys, 22 (3), 409-457, July 2008.
[8] Social Policies and R&D Subsidies: Impact on Inequality, Unemployment, Growth and the Tax Burden,
with J. Hellier, International Journal of Manpower, 29 (3), 239-262, July 2008.
[9] Combining Minimum Wage and Exchange Rate Policy to Release the External Constraint on Growth,
with N. Bauduin and J. Hellier, International Review of Applied Economics, 22 (3), 299-320, May 2008.
[10] The impacts of North-South openness upon technical progress and wage inequality (Impacts de
l’ouverture Nord-Sud sur le progrès technique et les inégalités salariales), with J. Hellier, Revue
Economique, 58 (2), 455-479, Mars.
CHAPTERS IN ENGLISH
[1] Growing income inequalities in advanced countries” (with M. DUMONT), in: Growing Income
Inequalities, J. HELLIER AND N. CHUSSEAU editors, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
[2] Inequality in emerging countries (with J. HELLIER), in: Growing Income Inequalities, J. HELLIER AND N.
CHUSSEAU editors, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
[3] Education, intergenerational mobility and inequality (with B. BEN HALIMA AND J. HELLIER), in: Growing
Income Inequalities, J. HELLIER AND N. CHUSSEAU editors, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
CHAPTERS IN FRENCH
[1] Investir sur la jeunesse pour rétablir l'équité entre générations (with S. Lambrecht and J. Pelletan), in La
France face au vieillissement : le grand défi, Jean-Hervé Lorenzi and Hélène Xuan editors, Descartes &
Cie eds, Collection Chaire Transitions démographiques, Transitions économiques, Paris, 2013.
[2] Income and wage inequality in Europe: where do we stand? (Les inégalités de salaire et de revenus
dans l'Union Européenne : où en sommes nous ?), in: Elargissement de l’Union Européenne : enjeux et
perspectives, L’Harmattan eds, Paris, 2007.
_________________________________________ WORKS IN PROGRESS_________________________
[1] Offshoring, Unemployment, Labour Market Reforms and Inequality: Modelling the German Experience,
1995-2013, with Th. Beissinger and J. Hellier, 2014.
[2] Globalization and Social Stratification, with J. Hellier, 2014.
[3] Does an ageing population generate a trade-off between public education transfers and public retirement
policies?, with S. Lambrecht and J. Pelletan. 2014.
[4] Modelling educational systems in Northern countries: do they impact upon social stratification?, with J.
Hellier and G. Standardi, 2012.
_________________________________________ WORKING PAPERS____________________________
[1] Beissinger, T., N. Chusseau and J. Hellier (2014), ‘Offshoring, Unemployment, Labour Market Reforms
and Inequality: Modelling the German Experience, 1995-2013’, ECINEQ Working Paper n°2014-330,
http://www.ecineq.org/milano/workingp.htm
[2] B. BEN-HALIMA, N. CHUSSEAU AND J. HELLIER (2013), "Skill Premia and Intergenerational
Education Mobility: The French Case", ECINEQ Working Paper n°2013-313, November,
http://www.ecineq.org/milano/workingp.htm
[3] N. CHUSSEAU, AND J. HELLIER (2013), “Globalization, Social Stratification and the Elite”, 28th Annual
Congress of the European Economic Association (EEA), Gothenburg, August 26-30, Invited Lecture.
http://www.eea-esem.com/files/papers/eeaesem/2013/1069/Globalization,%20social%20stratification%20and%20the%20Elite%20for%20EEA_25
%2008_EEA_1.pdf
th
[4] N. CHUSSEAU, AND J. HELLIER (2013), “Globalization and Social Stratification”, 5 ECINEQ
Conference, Bari, 22-24 July. http://www.ecineq.org/ecineq_bari13/FILESxBari13/CR2/p232.pdf
[5] B. BEN HALIMA, N. CHUSSEAU, AND J. HELLIER (2013), “Skill Premia and Intergenerational Skill
Transmission:
the
French
Case”,
ECINEQ
Working
Paper
n°2013-285,
January,
http://www.ecineq.org/milano/WP/ECINEQ2013-285.pdf
[6] N. CHUSSEAU, AND J. HELLIER (2012), “Globalization and Inequality: where do we stand?”, ECINEQ
Working Paper n°2012-279, December, http://www.ecineq.org/milano/WP/ECINEQ2012-279.pdf
[7] N. CHUSSEAU, AND J. HELLIER (2012), “Education, intergenerational mobility and inequality”, ECINEQ
Working Paper n°2012-261, September, http://www.ecineq.org/milano/WP/ECINEQ2012-261.pdf and
EQUIPPE Working paper 2012-26 (http://equippe.univ-lille1.fr/publications/documents/)
[8] N. CHUSSEAU AND M. DUMONT (2012), “Growing income inequalities in advanced countries”,
ECINEQ Working Paper n°2012-260, August, http://www.ecineq.org/milano/WP/ECINEQ2012-260.pdf,
and EQUIPPE Working paper 2012-24 (http://equippe.univ-lille1.fr/publications/documents/)
[9] N. CHUSSEAN AND J. HELLIER (2012), “Inequality in emerging countries”, ECINEQ Working Paper
n°2012-256, May, http://www.ecineq.org/milano/WP/ECINEQ2012-256.pdf, and EQUIPPE Working
paper 2012-25 (http://equippe.univ-lille1.fr/publications/documents/)
[10] B. BEN HALIMA, N. CHUSSEAU, AND J. HELLIER (2012), “Skill premia and intergenerational skill
transmission: the French case”, EQUIPPE Working Paper, November. 27th Annual Congress of the
European Economic Association, Malaga, August 27-31.
[11] N. CHUSSEAU AND J. HELLIER (2011), Educational Systems and Intergenerational Mobility, EQUIPPE
rd
Working Paper, May. 23 European Association of Labour Economists Annual Conference,
Cyprus, September 22-24.
[12] N. CHUSSEAU, M. DUMONT, J. HELLIER AND G. RAYP (2010), Is there a country-specific trade-off
between
wage
inequality and
unemployment?,
EQUIPPE Working Paper,
January,
http://www.eefs.eu/conf/athens/Papers/526.pdf.
[13] N. CHUSSEAU ET J. HELLIER (2007), Globalisation and the Inequality-Unemployment Trade-off, 9th
Annual INFER Conference: Economic and monetary Integration of Europe, Loughborough University,
UK, 12-14 October.
[14] N. CHUSSEAU, M. DUMONT, J. HELLIER, G. RAYP AND P. WILLEME (2007), Wage Inequality and
Immigration: Western-Europe in the Sixties, Working Papers of Faculty of Economics and Business
Administration, Ghent University, Belgium, n°07/471,
http://www.feb.ugent.be/nl/Ondz/wp/Papers/wp_07_471.pdf
[15] N. CHUSSEAU, M. DUMONT, J. HELLIER, G. RAYP AND P. WILLEME (2005), Wage Inequality and
Immigration in Europe during the First Stage of the International Division of Labour (1960-1975),
University of Antwerp Research Paper, Department of International Economics, n°2005-025,
http://ideas.repec.org/p/ant/wpaper/2005025.html.
_________________________________________ TEACHING ACTIVITIES_________________________
Lectures, Master in Economics: Economics of Inequality and Poverty, Social Policies, Social and Labour
Market Policies (in English), Globalization and Social Europe (in English)
Lectures, Undergraduate: Economics of inequality, Labour Economics, Labour Market Policies,
Introduction to Economics, Methodology of Scientific Research, Statistics, Topics in Economics (in
English)
________MEMBER OF THE FOLLOWING RESEARCH PROJECTS DURING THE LAST 10 YEARS____
2014: International Education Competition, sponsored by the University of Lille 1. Coordinator: N. CHUSSEAU.
2013: Globalization and Social Systems in Europe, sponsored by the University of Lille 1. Coordinator: N.
CHUSSEAU.
2008-2012: Globalization, Restructuration and Intergenerational Mobility, sponsored by the French National
Research Agency ANR. Coordinator: N. CHUSSEAU, Univ. of Lille 1.
2011-2015: Globalization, Regionalization and Social and Economic Inequality, sponsored by the Scientific
Research Network: Research Foundation Flanders: FWO. Coordinateur : Pr. G. Rayp (Ghent
University).
2012-2015: IRT “Railenium”, Workpackage n°8: "Economics and sustainable development: inequalities in
transportation accessibility."
2012-2015: “Economic and Social Consequences of Immigration”. Workpackage: “Inequality and Crime”.
Sponsored by the Regional Council Nord – Pas de Calais, Coordinator: Claire Naiditch.
2012: Inequality in Emerging Countries, sponsored by the University of Lille 1. Coordinator: N. CHUSSEAU.
2006-2011: Globalisation, Regionalisation and Social and Economic Inequality, sponsored by the Scientific
Research Network: Research Foundation Flanders: FWO. Coordinator: Pr. L. Cuyvers, Univ. of Antwerp.
2008-2010: Inequalities and Skills in Europe, sponsored by the University of Lille 1, Science and
Technology. Coordinator: N. CHUSSEAU.
2007: The Intergenerational Transmission of Inequalities of Skills in Europe, sponsored by the Nord Pas de
Calais Region and IFRESI-CNRS. Coordinators: N. CHUSSEAU and J. HELLIER.
2003-007: Inequalities and Skills in Europe, sponsored by the Regional Council Nord – Pas de Calais and
IFRESI-CNRS. Coordinators: N. CHUSSEAU and J. HELLIER.
_________________________________________ ADMINISTRATION_________________________
2014-...: Head of the International Bachelor Programme 'Economic and Social Policies in a Globalized
World'
2011-...: Head of the Master 1 'Economics and Public Management'
2010-...: Head of the Bachelor Programme 'Economics and Public Management'
2007-10: Head of the Bachelor Programme 'Economic Analysis'
2005-09: Head of the 1rst year of the Bachelor Programme in Economics
2007...: Elected member of the governing council of the research Centre EQUIPPE, Lille 1
2014: Member of assistant professors recruitment committee (University of Lille 1)
2013: Member of assistant professors recruitment committee (University of Lille 1, University of
Valenciennes)
2012: Member of assistant professors recruitment committee (University of Lille 1)
2011: Member of assistant professors recruitment committee (University of Valenciennes)
2007-09: Elected member of assistant professors recruitment committee (University of Lille 1)
_________________________CONFERENCE / WORKSHOP ORGANIZATION______________________
2014: Organizer of the seminar ‘Wealth and Inequality’, Printemps des Sciences Sociales, Maison
Européenne des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société, April 10. Speakers: François Bourguignon,
Nathalie Chusseau, Camille Landais.
2012: Organizer of the international conference « Inequality, Skills and Globalization », Lille 1 University,
June 21-22. http://ineq-glob-2012.sciencesconf.org/
2010: Organizer of the workshop ‘Globalisation, Inequality, Education and Social Downgrading’, ANR
research project MONDES, MESHS & Lille 1 University, January 15..
2008: Organizer of the workshop ‘Globalisation and Inequality’ funded by the Scientific Research Network,
Research Foundation – Flanders: FWO, Lille 1 University.
2004: Organizer of the workshop ‘Inequalities in Europe’, Lille 1 University.
2004: Member of the Scientific Committee of the international conference ‘EU Enlargement: Challenges and
prospects’, Lille 1 University, December 9-10.
2003: Member of the Scientific Committee of the meeting of the French Economic Association, Lille 1
University, May 26-27.
______________________________SOME CONFERENCES AND SEMINARS_______________________
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2013
2013
2013
2013
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2011
2011
2011
2010
2010
“Offshoring, Unemployment, Labour Market Reform and Inequality: Modelling the German
th
Experience”, 15 international meeting of Public Economic Theory, Seattle, July, 11-13. European
Trade Study Group (ETSG), Sixteenth Annual Conference, Munich, 11-13 September. European
th
Economics and Finance Society (EEFS):13 Annual Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece, June 12-15.
th
“Globalization and Social stratification”, European Economics and Finance Society (EEFS):13
Annual Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece, June 12-15.
“Labour Supply and Social Stratification”, 63rd Annual Meeting of the French Economic Association
(AFSE), Lyon June 16-18.
‘How does the structure of public funding of education affect inequalities?’, Seminar organized by La
Caisse des Dépôts, September, 18, Paris. (Invited Lecture).
‘Globalization and inequalities: social consequences and challenges’ (in French), Printemps des
Sciences Sociales, Maison Européenne des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société, Lille, April, 10.
Invited Lecture.
“Social Consequences of Globalization” (in French), Lille 1 University, February, 19. Invited Lecture.
“Globalization and inequality: mechanisms at work”, La France face aux enjeux de la mondialisation,
Lille 2 University, February, 6. Invited Lecture.
“Globalization, inequalities and social mobility in advanced countries”, Vulnérabilités sanitaires et
sociales, Colloque « bilan et perspectives » organised by the French National Research Agency
(ANR), November, 14-15. Invited Lecture.
“Globalization, Social Stratification and the Elite”, 62nd Annual Meeting of the French Economic
Association (AFSE), Aix-en-Provence June 24-26; 28th Annual Congress of the European Economic
Association (EEA), Gothenburg, August 26-30, Invited Lecture.
th
“Globalization and Social Stratification”, 5 ECINEQ Conference, Bari, July 22-24.
« Systèmes éducatifs, mobilité intergénérationnelle et segmentation sociale », Séminaire de la
Caisse des Dépôts, April, 26, Paris. Invited Lecture.
“Globalization and Inequality in Emerging Countries”, Measuring Globalization: an international
Workshop, Maastricht University, November 22-23, Invited Lecture.
th
“Long term inequalities”, 15 Summer School on History of Economic Thought, Economic
Philosophy and Economic History, Lille, September 3-8, Invited Lecture
“Skill premia and intergenerational skill transmission: the French case”, 27th Annual Congress of the
European Economic Association, Malaga, August 27-31. International Conference on Inequality,
Skills and Globalization, Lille, June 21-22.
“Education, intergenerational mobility and inequality”, European Economics and Finance Society
th
(EEFS):11 Annual Conference, Koç University, Istanbul, 14th – 17th June 2012. International
Conference on Inequality, Skills and Globalization, Lille, June 21-22.
“Inequality in emerging countries”, International Conference on Global Firms, Global Finance and
Global Inequalities, Loughborough, 25-26 April, Invited Lecture. International Conference on
Inequality, Skills and Globalization, Lille, June 21-22.
“Skill premia and intergenerational skill transmission: analysis of the French case”, European
th
Economics and Finance Society (EEFS):10 Annual Meeting, London, 9th – 12th June 2011. Fourth
Meeting of the Society for the Study of Economic Inequality (ECINEQ), Catania, Italy, July 18-20.
rd
“Educational Systems, Intergenerational Mobility and Social Segmentation”, 23 European
Association of Labour Economists Annual Conference, Cyprus, September 22-24.
th
“Is the Trade-Off between Wage Inequality and Unemployment Country-Specific?”, 15 International
Conference on Macroeconomic Analysis and International Finance, Rethymno, Crete, May 26-29.
“Is the Trade-Off between Wage Inequality and Unemployment Country-Specific?”, European
Economics and Finance Society (EEFS): ‘Global Imbalances, Financial Institutions, and Reforms in
the Post-crisis Era’, Athens, Greece, 3rd – 6th June 2010.
“Educational Systems, Intergenerational Mobility and Social Segmentation”, International Workshop
of Applied Economics of Education (IWAEE), Catanzaro, June 14th-15th 2010. 2010 AISSEC
Workshop on ‘Comparing Inequalities’, Assisi, June 22-23. AEA Conference: ‘Econometrics of
Healthy Human Resources’, Rome, May 27-29. Workshop on ‘Globalisation, Inequality, Education
and Social Downgrading’, University of Lille 1, January 15.
2010
2009
2009
2009
2008
2007
2006
2006
2005
2004
2004
2003
2002
2002
“Is the French society more and more non-egalitarian?», University of Valenciennes, November, 23.
Invited Lecture.
“Is the Trade-Off between Wage Inequality and Unemployment Country-Specific?”, European Trade
Study Group (ESTG), Eleventh Annual Conference, Rome, 10-12 September.
“Educational Systems and Intergenerational Mobility”, European Economics and Finance Society
(EEFS): “Current Challenges in the Global Economy: Prospects and Policy Reforms, Warsaw,
Poland, 4th – 7th June. Third Meeting of the Society for the Study of Economic Inequality (ECINEQ),
Buenos Aires, Argentina, July 20 – 23.
“Globalisation and the Inequality-Unemployment Trade-Off”, Workshop on ‘Modelling Employment
and Inequality’, Loughborough University, UK, 19th January.
”Globalisation and the Inequality-Unemployment Trade-off'” (avec J. Hellier), European Economics
and Finance Society (EEFS), Prague, Czech Republic, 22-25 Mai, 23th Annual Congress of the
European Economic Association, Milan, August 27-31.
“Globalisation and the Inequality-Unemployment Trade-off” (avec J. Hellier), 9ème Annual INFER
Conference: Economic and monetary Integration of Europe, Loughborough University, UK, October
12-14.
“Social policies and R&D subsidies: impact on inequality, unemployment, growth and the tax burden”
(avec J. Hellier), International Conference of the Applied Econometrics Association: ‘Policies against
unemployment’, Naples, June 1-2.
“Explaining rising inequality: Skill biased technological change and North-South trade” (avec M.
th
Dumont et J. Hellier), 18 European Association of Labour Economists Annual Conference, Prague,
September 21-23.
“Wage Inequality and Immigration in Europe (1960-1975)” (avec M. Dumont, J. Hellier, G. Rayp et P.
nde
Willemé), 2 Conference EALE-SOLE, San Francisco USA, June 2-5.
« Les inégalités de salaire et de revenus dans l'Union Européenne : où en sommes nous ? », The
Enlargement of the European Union, Lille, 9-10 Décembre.
“Social policies and R&D subsidies: impact on inequality, unemployment, growth and the tax burden”
(avec J. Hellier), Journées de l’Association Française de Sciences Économiques 2004, Rennes, 18ième
19 Mai, VIII
Congrès de l’AFSE, Paris, 16-17 Septembre.
“The Impact of Social Policies and R&D Subsidies on Inequality and Growth” (avec J. Hellier),
Journées de l’Association Française de Sciences Économiques 2003, Lille, 26-27 Mai.
“The Impacts of North-South Openness on Information Technologies and Wage Inequalities” (avec J.
Hellier), European Association for Labour Economists Annual Conference, Paris, PanthéonSorbonne,19-22 Septembre.
“Technological Change andInequalities in a North-South Model” (avec J. Hellier), 17th Annual
Congress of the European Economic Association, Venise, 22-24 Août.
____________________________SEMINARS / WORKSHOPS BY INVITATION______________________
How does the structure of public funding of education affect inequalities?, Seminar organized by La Caisse
des Dépôts, September, 18, Paris.
Globalization and inequalities: social consequences and challenges, Printemps des Sciences Sociales,
MESHS, Lille, April 10, 2014.
Social Consequences of Globalization (in French), Lille 1 University, February, 19.
Globalization and inequality: mechanisms at work (in French), La France face aux enjeux de la
mondialisation, Lille 2 University, February 6, 2014.
Globalization, inequalities and social mobility in advanced countries, Vulnérabilités sanitaires et sociales,
Colloque « bilan et perspectives » organised by the French National Research Agency (ANR), November
14-15, 2013, Paris.
Educational systems, intergenerational mobility and social segmentation, Caisse des Dépôts Seminar, April
2013, Paris.
28th Annual Congress of the European Economic Association (EEA), Gothenburg, August 26-30, Special
Session on ‘Elite’.
Globalization and Inequality in Emerging Countries, Measuring Globalization: an international Workshop,
Maastricht University, November 22-23, 2012.
th
Long term inequalities, 15 Summer School on History of Economic Thought, Economic Philisophy and
Economic History, Lille 3-8 September, 2012.
Inequality in emerging countries, International Conference on Global Firms, Global Finance and Global
Inequalities, Loughborough, April 25-26, 2012.
Is the French Society more and more non-egalitarian? (in French), Université de Valenciennes, November
23, 2010.