Revisiting the achievements of historical breeding for mildew resistance – insights from selective sweeps Gabriele Di Gaspero French breeding Soviet breeding Chinese breeding European breeding muscadine breeding MAS breeding Breakthroughs in grapevine breeding vinifera crosses American breeding HC Barrett, University of Illinois, 1958 Historical trends in breeding Breeding value of mildew resistant varieties HC Barrett, University of Illinois, 1958 Stages in grapevine breeding (1860s-1870s) HC Barrett, University of Illinois, 1958 Stages in grapevine breeding (late 1800s) HC Barrett, University of Illinois, 1958 Stages in grapevine breeding (through early 1900s) HC Barrett, University of Illinois, 1958 Stages in grapevine breeding (through early 1900s) HC Barrett, University of Illinois, 1958 Stages in grapevine breeding (through 1900s) Introgressed R-genes for mildews Rpv3: American Vitis species (rupestris ?) : ~ 150 years Rpv10: Asian Vitis amurensis : ~ 80 years Rpv12: Asian Vitis amurensis : ~ 80 years Rpv1/Run1: Muscadinia rotundifolia : ~ 30 years several others: fewer generations of backcrossing Genetic mapping R-genes in American Vitis founder ancestors relatives Mapping population (Bellin et al 2009) Rpv3 locus chr18 Mapping population (Welter et al 2007) A selective sweep is the reduction of variation in neighboring DNA of a favorable allele as the result of recent and strong positive selection With time, the positively selected haplotype increases in frequency relative to other haplotypes Selective sweep at the Rpv3 locus chr18 wild resistant chr18 vinifera sensitive Rpv3+ UDV305 UDV737 Rpv3+ UDV305 UDV737 Rpv3+ time Origin of the Rpv3+ haplotype 265 viniferas 82 wild grapes allele size allele size 40 breeding lines Selective sweep revealed by marker UDV305 allele size The SV4614 lineage HC Barrett, best parental types Stage III HC Barrett, University of Illinois, 1958 Stages in grapevine breeding (through early 1900s) Selective sweep for other Rpv3 haplotypes chr18 chr18 chr18 wild wild vinifera resistant resistant sensitive Rpv3+ Rpv3+ UDV305 UDV737 Rpv3+ UDV305 UDV737 Rpv3+ time HC Barrett, University of Illinois, 1958 Stages in grapevine breeding (through early 1900s) Other lineages HC Barrett, best parental types Stage III HC Barrett, University of Illinois, 1958 Stages in grapevine breeding (through early 1900s) Other lineages HC Barrett, best parental types Stage III HC Barrett, University of Illinois, 1958 Stages in grapevine breeding (through early 1900s) Other lineages another best parental type ? HC Barrett, best parental types Stage III Rpv3 : a hot spot for DM resistance haplotypes # Rpv3 haplotype Founder of descent group Wild ancestor UDV305299-UDV737279 UDV305null-UDV737297 UDV305321-UDV737312 UDV305null-UDV737271 UDV305361-UDV737299 UDV305299-UDV737314 UDV305null-UDV737287 ‘Seibel 4614’ ‘Munson’ (‘Jaeger 70’) ‘Noah’ ‘Noah’ V. rupestris ‘Ganzin’ V. rupestris ‘Ganzin’ ‘Bayard’ (‘Couderc 28-112’) V. rupestris* V. rupestris or V. lincecumii V. labrusca or V. riparia V. labrusca or V. riparia V. rupestris V. rupestris V. rupestris or V. labrusca (Di Gaspero et al 2012) Number of accessions that possess the corresponding haplotype out of 233 mildew resistant lines Haplotype haplotype found frequency#origin of the founder in n resistant lines 106 50 17 17 16 10 10 1880s, Southern France 1880s, Missouri 1869, Illinois 1879, Southern France 1882, Southern France Genetic mapping R-genes from V. amurensis founder ancestors relatives Mapping population Rpv12 locus chr14 (Venuti et al 2013) Mapping population Rpv10 locus chr9 (Schwander et al 2012) Potapenko & Zakharova, 1936, Michurin Central Genetics Laboratory, Russia Full-siblings Rpv12 Rpv10 used since the 1960s in Russia, Hungary, Serbia, Italy Russia, Germany Rpv10 descent group Rpv12 descent group DM Historical breeding revisited A few resistant wild accessions proved useful for generating meritorious wine grape selections Genetic bottlenecks were imposed by the phenotypic selection for high resistance and wine quality attributes Different breeders selected for the same genes/haplotypes, at different times, under diverse environmental conditions Selective sweeps have reduced genetic variability at major R loci Breeding programs in different countries are relying on a few Rgenes introgressed into a highly-vinifera background Novel sources are needed for future breeding as well as rapid/precise methods of introgression Acknowledgements Raffaele Testolin, Michele Morgante, Enrico Peterlunger, Simone Diego Castellarin, Dario Copetti, Courtney Coleman, Luigi Falginella, Silvia Venuti, Serena Foria, Karen Casagrande, Diana Bellin, Rudolf Eibach, Pál Kozma, Sarolta Hoffmann, Anne-Francoise AdamBlondon, Didier Merdinoglu, Sabine Merdinoglu, Thierry Lacombe, Gregory Gambetta, Mark Matthews, László Kovács, Andrey Zvyagin, Petar Cindrić, Dragoslav Ivanisevich, Nicoletta Felice, Irena Jurman, Simone Scalabrin, Federica Cattonaro GRCN stipend awardees
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