How animals function

Introduction to Animals:
Tissues
and
Phylum Porifera and Cnidaria
Introduction to Kingdom Animalia
Made of eukaryotic cells
Multicellular
Heterotrophic by ingestion
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Phylum Porifera: sponges
Phylum Cnidaria: hydras, jellyfish, corals and anemones
Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms
Phylum Nematoda: roundworms
Phylum Mollusca: mollusks
Class Polyplacophora: chitons
Class Bivalvia: clams, scallops, oysters, mussels
Class Cephalopoda: squids, nautilus, octopus
Class Gastropoda: snails, slugs, nudibranchs
Phylum Annelida: annelids or segmented worms
Phylum Arthropoda: arthropods
Class Crustacea: Crayfish, crabs, shrimps, roly-poly
Class Arachnida: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
Class Chilopoda: Centipedes
Class Diplopoda: Millipedes
Class Insecta: flies, grasshoppers, butterflies, beetles and other insects
Phylum Echinodermata: echinoderms (sea stars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers)
Phylum Chordata: chordates
Subphylum Urochordata: tunicates
Subphylum Cephalochordata: lancelets
Subphylum Vertebrata: vertebrates
Class Agnatha: jawless fishes
Class Chondrichthyes: cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)
Class Osteichthyes: bony fishes (salmon, catfish, tuna, goldfish)
Class Amphibia: amphibians (frogs, toads and salamanders)
Class Reptilia: reptiles (turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles)
Class Aves: birds
Class Mammalia: mammals (monotremes, marsupials, placentals)
Animals Characteristics
Each of their cells needs to get materials delivered and wastes removed
So the body needs to interact with ____________________
Surrounding environment is constantly changing
yet the body must maintain constant conditions inside
How do they solve these challenges?
Body has a structural organization
Body’s parts form fits function
Body is an open system
Body has mechanisms
to maintain a constant internal conditions
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Body has a structural organization
+ tube like body plan
+ 3 tissues
True tissues + sac like body plan
Tissues
Epithelial tissue
Covers body and its parts (inside and out)
Function: protect, receive signals, secrete
Connective tissue
Sparse cells within a protein matrix
Function: Binds and supports other tissues
Types: blood, bone, adipose
Muscle tissue
Function:
movement
Types:
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Nervous tissue
Network of neurons
Function:
communication of signals
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Body is an open system
Why?
Respiratory, digestive and excretory systems
allow for exchange with external environment
Circulatory system
in charge of transport within the body
Blood exchanges materials with each cell
via interstitial fluid
Since the body is an open system
it is sensitive
to changes in the surrounding environment
Body needs to maintain constant conditions inside
“Homeostasis”
What needs to be maintain constant?
•Concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide
•Concentration of nutrients and waste products
•Temperature
•Water
Systems function together to maintain homeostasis
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Examples of a homeostatic mechanisms
Organ’s form fits Organ’s function
As product of natural selection
Structure of a body part (aka anatomy)
Corresponds
With the task it must perform (aka physiology)
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Trends in Animal Evolution
Animals have different types of symmetry
Asymmetrical
Radial 
Bilateral 
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Embryo development provides information about
how animal groups are related
Blastula: hallow with a single layer of cells
Gastrula: results in two layers of cells
and cavity (gut) with one opening
(blastopore)
Cavity reaches the other side and the gut
is like a tube
Some cells from a third layer of cells
A second cavity forms between the gut and
the outside of the animal
Animals have different number of true tissue layers
and different type of gut
No true tissues
Two tissue layers 
Three tissue layers
No gut
Sac like gut
Tube like gut
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Phylum Porifera: Simplest of Animals
- Sponges: No tissues, no symmetry
- Intracellular digestion, no gut
- Collar cells or choanocytes
- Support by spicules or spongin fibers
Medications from Sponges
Thirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in
sponges.
About 75% of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer
comes from sponges. Furthermore, it appears that medicine from sponges
helps, for example, asthma and psoriasis; therefore it offers enormous
possibilities for research.
Eribulin, a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge, improves
survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer.
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Phylum Cnidaria
Coral
Sea Anemone
Hydra
Man-of-war
Jellyfish
Phylum Cnidaria
Tissues:
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Type of gut:
Symmetry:
Radial
Nematocysts or Stinging cells
Polyp or Medusa form
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Importance
Some jellyfish are considered a delicacy
Corals: Medicines cabinets for the 21st century
cancer cell inhibitor
Sunscreen
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