PAST SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFE
Pmù ^WBH
SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
m^mcS- s^i^-^v
The choice between the past simple and
the present perfect simple depends on
whether the action links the past with
the present. Compare:
He did a lot in his short life.
(= He is dead.)
He has done a lot in his short life.
(= He is alive and young.)
• To talk about a period of time that has
finished, we use the past simple. To
talk about a period of time that has not
yet finished, we use the present peifect
simple. Compare:
I had two sandwiches this morning.
(= It is now afternoon or evening.)
I've had two sandwiches this morning.
(= It is stili morning.)
Form
Affirmative: It has been raining since Monday.
Question: How long have you been waiting?
Negative: I haven't been sleeping well lately.
Use
• We use the present perfect continuous to talk about actions that started in the
past and continue up to the moment of speaking. We use it especially when we are
interested in the duration of the action:
I've been waiting for a whole hourl
• Notice the difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous:
I've read this hook. (= I have finished it. The focus here is on the fact that the action
is complete.)
I've been reading a hook about life on other planets. (= I haven't finished it yet. The
focus here is on the fact that the action is incomplete.)
EMI
H
Complete the article. Use the past simple or present perfect simple of the verbs
in brackets.
MACHU PICCHU
W e \\&y&. VjnofìYì ( k n o w ) a b o u t M a c h u P i c c h u f o r o v e r a c e n t u r y n o w . A r c h a e o l o g i s t s
(discover) t h i s a n c i e n t I n c a s i t e i n 1 9 1 1 . T h e y
(write) books a n d
n e w s p a p e r a r t i c l e s a b o u t t h e i r d i s c o v e r y , so p e o p l e a l i o v e r t h e w o r l d
(read)
about t h e site a n d
( w a n t ) t o see i t f o r t h e m s e l v e s . T h e first t o u r i s t s
( s t a r t ) t o a r r i v e i n t h e 1960s. N o w , m o r e t h a n h a l f a c e n t u r y l a t e r , m i l l i o n s o f v i s i t o r s
(be) t o M a c h u P i c c h u . T o u r i s t s f r o m a l i o v e r t h e w o r l d
(see) t h i s
marvellous Inca c i t y w i t h t h e i r o w n eyes.
I n recent years, M a c h u Picchu
(become) one o f t h e m o s t p o p u l a r t o u r i s t
attractions i n the w o r l d . L u x u r y hotels have been b u i l t n o t f a r f r o m t h e site, w h i l e i n t h e
l a t e 1990s, t h e P e r u v i a n g o v e r n m e n t
( a l l o w ) t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a cable c a r f o r
visitors. However, a l i t h i s
(do) a l o t o f h a r m t o t h e site. I t
(pollute) t h e
a t m o s p h e r e a n d caused noise p o l l u t i o n a r o u n d t h e a n c i e n t c i t y . I n a n effort t o p r o t e c t t h e
site, U N E S C O
( m a k e ) M a c h u P i c c h u a W o r l d H e r i t a g e s i t e i n 1983.
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19

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