Standard Parameters and Emissions Factors for Sequestering
Carbon in Soils in Grazing Systems
Table 1
Sheep (g) Emission Factors (kg CO2-e/head/day)
State
(i)
Season
(k)
Class (j)
Rams
Wethers
Maiden
Ewes
(intended
for
breeding)
Breeding
Ewes
Other
Ewes
Lambs &
Hoggets
Spring
0.92
0.76
0.55
0.72
0.69
0.29
Summer
0.70
0.51
0.39
0.46
0.47
0.26
Autumn
0.68
0.54
0.42
0.50
0.49
0.33
Winter
0.80
0.64
0.53
0.61
0.59
0.42
Spring
0.44
0.38
0.27
0.32
0.34
0.17
Summer
0.51
0.46
0.33
0.37
0.41
0.22
Autumn
0.55
0.48
0.35
0.42
0.44
0.20
Winter
0.51
0.42
0.30
0.36
0.41
0.22
South
Spring
0.91
0.79
0.59
0.64
0.62
0.46
Australia
Summer
0.58
0.54
0.42
0.45
0.45
0.37
Autumn
0.38
0.33
0.28
0.31
0.30
0.13
Winter
0.71
0.61
0.53
0.61
0.56
0.34
Spring
1.17
0.70
0.58
0.72
0.65
0.24
Summer
0.78
0.45
0.37
0.41
0.41
0.20
Autumn
0.80
0.53
0.47
0.53
0.52
0.39
Winter
0.64
0.39
0.40
0.49
0.43
0.38
Spring
0.80
0.68
0.57
0.66
0.58
0.29
Summer
0.54
0.45
0.37
0.42
0.41
0.24
Autumn
0.67
0.54
0.45
0.52
0.52
0.36
Winter
0.49
0.40
0.33
0.38
0.40
0.31
Western
Spring
0.90
0.71
0.60
0.67
0.66
0.38
Australia
Summer
0.53
0.44
0.36
0.40
0.40
0.25
Autumn
0.32
0.24
0.29
0.34
0.22
0.11
Winter
0.79
0.59
0.55
0.67
0.61
0.30
NSW/ACT
Queensland
Tasmania
Victoria
Table 2
Beef Cattle (g) Emission Factors (kg CO2-e/head/day)
State/Region
(i)
Season
(k)
Class (j)
Bulls >1
Bulls <1
Steers
<1
Cows 1
to 2
Cows >2
Cows <1
Steers
>1
Spring
4.254
1.565
1.529
3.140
5.000
1.530
3.744
Summer
5.309
2.819
2.665
4.341
5.187
2.669
4.579
Autumn
5.076
3.108
2.867
3.996
4.618
2.872
4.435
Winter
4.389
2.835
2.687
3.611
4.076
2.691
3.843
Northern
Spring
5.555
2.753
2.645
2.973
3.761
2.428
3.134
Territory
Summer
7.198
2.238
2.119
3.523
5.799
2.000
3.761
Autumn
6.889
2.713
2.596
3.734
5.109
2.268
3.958
Winter
6.265
2.657
2.547
3.431
3.984
2.326
3.102
Spring
Summer
7.606
8.279
1.919
3.212
1.784
3.023
3.651
4.915
6.992
6.504
1.597
2.897
4.631
6.005
Autumn
6.443
3.967
3.845
5.081
4.865
3.596
6.047
Winter
5.718
4.527
4.044
5.066
4.656
3.876
5.339
South
Spring
7.772
3.769
3.485
4.885
5.712
3.388
4.752
Australia
Summer
5.349
3.580
3.260
3.910
4.234
3.184
3.731
Autumn
4.225
1.798
1.712
3.099
4.277
1.628
3.503
Winter
6.696
3.010
2.866
4.723
5.411
2.731
4.689
Spring
7.379
2.562
2.400
4.660
7.236
2.348
5.963
Summer
6.272
5.286
2.491
3.952
5.531
2.370
4.768
Autumn
6.989
3.650
3.174
4.193
4.909
2.993
5.485
Winter
6.488
3.499
3.233
4.783
4.844
2.995
5.144
Spring
9.002
4.432
4.316
6.212
7.616
4.326
6.942
Summer
5.747
2.960
2.883
4.158
4.445
2.735
4.467
Autumn
5.750
1.862
1.845
3.434
5.431
1.846
4.126
Winter
7.205
2.770
2.629
4.242
6.024
2.631
5.499
NSW/ACT
Queensland
Tasmania
Victoria
Western
South
Spring
8.544
5.723
5.073
6.018
6.820
4.439
6.699
Australia
West
Summer
5.367
3.979
3.665
4.410
4.427
3.341
4.162
Autumn
4.824
1.711
1.712
3.033
4.201
1.565
3.018
Winter
6.992
3.438
3.073
4.164
5.916
2.859
4.749
Spring
2.889
1.413
1.414
2.298
3.114
1.349
2.687
Summer
5.217
2.427
2.429
3.788
4.393
2.339
4.277
Autumn
5.040
2.928
2.932
3.278
3.648
2.851
3.929
Winter
3.360
2.381
2.382
2.924
2.818
2.313
2.924
Spring
4.617
2.757
2.648
3.633
3.259
2.419
3.119
Summer
6.855
2.249
2.129
3.178
6.747
1.928
5.296
Autumn
7.083
2.767
2.649
3.810
5.009
2.315
5.451
Winter
5.061
2.685
2.574
3.359
3.492
1.947
4.091
Pilbara
Kimberley
Table 3
Dairy Cattle (g) Emission Factors (kg CO2-e/head/day)
State
(i)
Season
(k)
Class (j)
Milking
Cows
Heifers
>1
Heifers
<1
House
Cows
Dairy
Bulls >1
Dairy
Bulls <1
Spring
10.568
9.257
10.210
11.121
15.167
5.354
182.490
4.974
5.446
6.590
3.523
3.509
2.536
3.861
4.905
5.411
5.101
5.419
5.870
7.109
6.532
5.935
6.076
5.453
8.942
4.375
3.973
3.029
4.950
18.447
Summer
10.889
4.382
3.338
4.756
5.889
7.150
Autumn
10.201
4.116
3.130
4.467
5.537
5.603
Winter
10.310
4.712
3.572
5.121
6.360
7.727
Victoria
10.845
5.622
3.720
5.553
6.325
4.004
Western Australia
10.419
4.842
3.036
5.453
5.868
3.925
NSW/ACT
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Table 4
Other Livestock Emission Factors (kg CO2-e/head/day)
State
(i)
Species (g)
Goats
Horses
Deer
Buffalo
Donkeys
/Mules
Emus/
Ostriches
Alpacas
Camels
NSW/ACT
0.35
1.41
0.74
3.54
0.70
0.35
0.64
3.02
Northern
Territory
Queensland
0.36
1.46
0.76
3.59
0.72
0.36
0.65
3.07
0.35
1.38
0.73
3.51
0.69
0.35
0.64
2.99
South Australia
Tasmania
0.36
0.37
1.42
1.49
0.74
0.77
3.55
3.61
0.70
0.73
0.36
0.37
0.64
0.66
3.03
3.10
Victoria
0.36
1.46
0.76
3.59
0.72
0.36
0.65
3.07
Western Australia
0.36
1.45
0.75
3.58
0.71
0.36
0.65
3.06
Table 5
Synthetic Fertiliser Emission Factors (t CO2-e/t Fertiliser N)
Production System
State (i)
(j)
Irrigated pasture
NSW
3.532
NT
3.532
QLD
3.532
SA
3.532
TAS
3.532
VIC
3.532
WA
3.532
Irrigated crop
11.813
11.813
11.813
11.813
11.813
11.813
11.813
Non-irrigated pasture
2.802
3.325
2.576
3.211
3.522
3.373
2.992
Non-irrigated crop
2.159
2.800
1.996
2.255
3.028
2.428
2.193
Sugar cane
7.661
NO
7.295
NO
NO
6.576
7.409
Cotton
3.192
NO
3.005
NO
NO
2.923
3.755
Horticulture / vegetables
11.374
11.657
11.038
11.448
11.809
11.487
11.716
Table 6
Emissions from synthetic fertiliser applied to pasture for dairy cattle
Assumed application
rate
(kg N/ha)
Pasture for dairy cattle
40
Total emissions from
synthetic fertiliser
(t CO2-e/ha)
0.205
Table 7
Crop Residue Parameters
Residue
to Crop
Ratio
Dry
Matter
Content
Carbon mass
fraction in
dry matter
N:C ratio
Residue
emission
factor
Zv
Ov
XFv
RNv
EFR
1.5
0.9
0.4
0.008
4.87
1.5
0.8
0.4
0.008
4.87
1.5
0.8
0.42
0.0179
4.87
1.5
0.8
0.4
0.008
4.87
(t CO2-e/tN)
Wheat
Barley
Maize
Oats
Rye
Rice
Millet
Sorghum
Triticale
Sugar Cane
Pulse
Peanuts
Legume fodder crops
Other Crops
1.5
0.8
0.4
0.008
4.87
1.31
0.8
0.42
0.0155
4.87
1.5
0.8
0.4
0.008
4.87
1.5
0.8
0.4
0.008
4.87
1.5
0.8
0.4
0.008
4.87
0.25
0.2
0.4
0.025
4.87
2.1
0.89
0.4
0.05
4.87
1
0.8
0.4
0.05
4.87
1
0.87
0.4
0.08
4.87
1.5
0.8
0.4
0.008
4.87
Table 8
Pasture Renewal Parameters
Grasses
Dry Matter Yield
(t DM/ha)
OP
Nitrogen content of
Residues
RNp
5.15
0.02
Residue emission
factor
(t CO2-e/tN)
EFR
4.87

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