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su
l
t
sf
o
ral
i
s
to
f96sou
r
c
e
sob
s
e
rv
edin TeVg
amm
a
r
ay
sand
asky
s
c
ana
r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
ed
.N
os
i
gn
iﬁ
c
an
tov
e
rﬂu
c
tu
a
t
ionh
a
sb
e
enob
s
e
rv
edandl
im
i
t
son
th
en
eu
t
r
in
oem
i
s
s
i
ono
fth
es
ou
r
c
e
sa
r
eg
iv
en
.
Con
ten
t
s
1
.In
t
rodu
c
t
ion
2
. Theh
ighene
rgyun
ive
r
se
2
.1
. Th
ed
i
s
c
ov
e
ryo
fc
o
sm
i
cr
ay
s ..........................
2
.2
. M
e
s
s
en
g
e
r
s ....................................
2
.
2
.
1
. Ch
a
r
g
edp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s.............................
2
.
2
.
2
. N
eu
t
r
on
s .................................
2
.
2
.
3
. V
e
ryh
i
gh
en
e
r
g
e
t
i
c(VHE
)G
amm
ar
ay
s................
2
.
2
.
4
. N
eu
t
r
in
o
s.................................
2
.3
. C
o
sm
i
ca
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
o
r
s................................
2
.
3
.
1
. A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
on m
e
ch
an
i
sm.........................
2
.
3
.
2
. G
a
l
a
c
t
i
cs
ou
r
c
ec
and
id
a
t
e
sfo
rco
sm
i
cr
ay
s...............
2
.
3
.
3
. Ex
t
r
a
g
a
l
a
c
t
i
cs
ou
r
c
ec
and
id
a
t
e
sfo
rco
sm
i
cr
ay
s ...........
2
.4
. Ob
s
e
rv
edg
amm
as
ou
r
c
e
s ............................
2
.5
. P
r
o
sp
e
c
t
so
fn
eu
t
r
in
oa
s
t
r
onomyandi
t
simp
a
c
t................
2
.
5
.
1
. Exp
e
c
t
edn
eu
t
r
in
o
sf
romth
eg
a
l
axy ..................
2
.
5
.
2
. Exp
e
c
t
edn
eu
t
r
in
o
sf
romex
t
r
a
-g
a
l
a
c
t
i
csou
r
c
ec
and
id
a
t
e
s......
1
3
3
3
4
8
8
10
11
11
12
15
15
19
21
23
3
. Thep
r
in
c
ip
leo
fh
igh
-ene
rgyneu
t
r
inode
te
c
t
ionandneu
t
r
inote
le
s
cope
s
25
3
.1
. Phy
s
i
c
so
fn
eu
t
r
in
od
e
t
e
c
t
i
on.......................... 25
3
.
1
.
1
. Th
en
eu
t
r
in
oa
sane
l
em
en
t
a
ryp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e................. 25
3
.
1
.
2
. Th
eC
e
r
enk
oveﬀ
e
c
t........................... 27
3
.
1
.
3
. En
e
r
gyl
o
s
s
e
so
fch
a
rg
edp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s.................... 28
3
.
1
.
4
. S
i
gn
a
tu
r
e
s................................. 28
3
.
1
.
5
. P
r
op
a
g
a
t
i
ono
fph
o
ton
s ......................... 31
3
.2
. N
eu
t
r
in
ot
e
l
e
s
c
op
ep
r
o
j
e
c
t
s........................... 31
3
.
2
.
1
. DUMAND
,ANTARESandKM3N
eT ................. 32
3
.
2
.
2
. B
a
ik
a
lexp
e
r
im
en
t
,NT200and GVD.................. 33
3
.
2
.
3
. AMANDA................................. 33
3
.3
. Th
eI
c
eCub
eN
eu
t
r
in
o Ob
s
e
rv
a
to
ry....................... 34
3
.
3
.
1
. D
ep
l
oym
en
tandl
ay
ou
to
fth
eI
c
eCub
ed
e
t
e
c
to
r............ 34
3
.
3
.
2
. Th
eD
i
g
i
t
a
l Op
t
i
c
a
l Modu
l
e-DOM .................. 34
3
.
3
.
3
.I
c
ep
r
op
e
r
t
i
e
sa
tth
eSou
thpo
l
e..................... 36
3
.
3
.
4
. D
a
t
aa
cqu
i
s
i
t
i
ona
tth
eSou
thP
o
l
e................... 37
3
.4
. D
e
t
e
c
t
o
rs
imu
l
a
t
i
onandb
a
ckg
rounde
s
t
im
a
t
ionu
s
edfo
rth
i
san
a
ly
s
i
s ... 38
v
4
. ST
eVE–asea
r
chfo
rpo
in
t
l
ik
eT
eVneu
t
r
inosou
r
ce
sinthesou
the
rnsky
41
4
.1
. G
amm
ar
ays
ou
r
c
e
sinth
esou
th
e
rnsky.................... 41
4
.2
. Ch
a
l
l
en
g
e
sf
o
rI
c
eCub
e.............................. 42
4
.3
.S
t
r
a
t
e
gyo
fth
i
sw
o
rk............................... 43
4
.
3
.
1
. S
t
a
r
t
in
gt
r
a
ck
s.............................. 43
4
.
3
.
2
. A
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
cs
e
l
fv
e
to .......................... 44
4
.
3
.
3
. S
e
a
r
ch
in
gf
o
rT
eVeu
t
r
ino
sf
rompo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
e
s .......... 44
4
.4
. P
r
ev
i
ou
sm
e
a
su
r
em
en
t
s ............................. 45
4
.
4
.
1
. ANTARESr
e
su
l
t
s............................ 45
4
.
4
.
2
.I
c
eCub
es
e
a
r
ch
e
sw
i
thth
rough
-go
ingev
en
t
s.............. 46
4
.
4
.
3
.I
c
eCub
es
e
a
r
ch
e
sw
i
ths
t
a
r
t
ingev
en
t
s ................. 47
5
. Even
tse
le
c
t
ionandre
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
51
5
.1
. M
o
t
iv
a
t
i
on .................................... 51
5
.2
. Ev
en
tr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
onandv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
s....................... 51
5
.
2
.
1
. Wh
i
chp
r
op
e
r
t
i
e
so
fanev
en
tn
e
edtob
er
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ed
?....... 51
5
.
2
.
2
. An
gu
l
a
rr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
ion ......................... 52
5
.
2
.
3
. L
en
g
thr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
on.......................... 56
5
.
2
.
4
. F
i
r
s
tgu
e
s
sen
e
r
gyr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion.................... 57
5
.
2
.
5
. T
opo
l
o
gyanden
e
r
gyr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion.................. 58
5
.
2
.
6
. Ex
c
lud
in
gc
o
in
c
id
en
tev
en
t
s....................... 59
5
.3
. Ev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
i
on.................................. 60
5
.
3
.
1
. L
ev
e
l2 .................................. 60
5
.
3
.
2
. L
ev
e
l3 .................................. 61
5
.
3
.
3
. F
u
r
th
e
rr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
ionandﬁn
a
lev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
ion............ 63
5
.
3
.
4
. Ev
en
t
sinST
eVEth
a
tapp
e
a
rinHESE
, MESEo
rLESE....... 74
5
.
3
.
5
. D
a
t
aqu
a
l
i
ty ............................... 76
6
. Po
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
ceana
ly
s
i
sandre
su
l
t
s
79
6
.1
. Th
eunb
inn
edl
ik
e
l
ih
ood m
e
thod........................ 79
6
.2
.S
en
s
i
t
iv
i
t
i
e
s.................................... 82
6
.3
.S
tud
i
e
so
fsy
s
t
em
a
t
i
cun
c
e
r
t
a
in
t
i
e
s....................... 86
6
.4
. R
e
su
l
t
sf
o
rth
eS
ou
r
c
eC
a
t
a
log ......................... 89
6
.5
. R
e
su
l
t
sf
o
rth
ea
l
l
skys
c
an ........................... 90
6
.
5
.
1
. D
i
s
cu
s
s
i
ono
fth
er
e
su
l
t
s......................... 96
6
.6
.F
u
tu
r
eapp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ono
fth
eST
eVEev
en
ts
amp
l
e................101
6
.
6
.
1
. P
a
tht
oac
omb
in
edsou
th
e
rnskyI
c
eCub
es
amp
l
e ..........103
7
. Con
c
lu
s
ion
sand Ou
t
look
105
7
.1
. Summ
a
ryandimp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
s ...........................105
7
.2
. Ou
t
l
ook......................................106
8
.A
cknow
ledgemen
t
s
v
i
109
B
ib
l
iog
raphy
111
A
. Ove
r
t
ra
in
ingp
lo
t
sfo
rIC86
Ise
le
c
t
ion
129
B
. BDTva
r
iab
le
sfo
rIC86
Ise
le
c
t
ion
133
C
. BDTva
r
iab
le
sfo
rIC86
I
I+se
le
c
t
ion
145
v
i
i
L
i
s
to
fT
ab
le
s
3
.1
.In
i
t
i
a
lc
ompo
s
i
t
i
ono
f(νe :
νµ :
ντ )andcompo
s
i
t
iona
f
t
e
rm
ix
ing..... 27
5
.1
. An
gu
l
a
rr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
on
su
s
edfo
rST
eVE ................... 55
5
.2
. V
a
r
i
ab
l
e
su
s
edinBDTt
r
a
in
ing
. Th
er
anki
sc
a
l
cu
l
a
t
edbycoun
t
inghow
o
f
t
eni
ti
su
s
edinth
eﬁn
a
lt
r
e
e
s(
a
f
t
e
rp
run
ing
)ando
rd
e
r
ingth
ev
a
r
i
ab
l
e
s
f
r
omo
f
t
enu
s
edt
or
a
r
e
lyu
s
ed
.......................... 67
5
.3
. P
a
r
am
e
t
r
i
z
a
t
i
onp
a
r
am
e
t
e
r
sfo
rangu
l
a
re
r
ro
re
s
t
im
a
to
rco
r
r
e
c
t
ion ..... 74
6
.1
.
6
.2
.
6
.3
.
6
.4
.
6
.5
.
6
.6
.
6
.7
.
R
e
su
l
t
sf
o
rb
in
a
r
i
e
s................................
R
e
su
l
t
sf
o
rSNR..................................
R
e
su
l
t
sf
o
rPWN.................................
R
e
su
l
t
sf
o
rc
lu
s
t
e
r
s................................
R
e
su
l
t
sf
o
run
id
en
t
iﬁ
eds
ou
r
c
e
s.........................
R
e
su
l
t
sf
o
rex
t
r
ag
a
l
a
c
t
i
cs
ou
r
c
e
s........................
R
e
su
l
t
sf
o
rm
i
s
c
e
l
l
an
e
ou
ss
ou
r
c
e
s........................
91
91
92
93
93
94
95
ix
L
i
s
to
fF
igu
re
s
2
.1
. C
o
sm
i
cr
aysp
e
c
t
rum...............................
2
.2
. H
i
l
l
a
s
’p
l
o
t ....................................
2
.3
. A
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
cl
ep
t
onsp
e
c
t
r
a...........................
2
.4
. VHE
-γd
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
s.................................
2
.5
. G
a
l
a
c
t
i
cp
l
an
ew
i
thF
e
rm
i
-LATandHESS...................
2
.6
. SED W
5
1C....................................
2
.7
. SEDC
r
abN
ebu
l
a ................................
2
.8
. SED3C
2
7
9....................................
2
.9
. VHEg
amm
ar
ay
sm
e
anf
r
e
ep
a
th........................
2
.10
.F
e
rm
iandI
c
eCub
ed
iﬀu
s
eﬂux .........................
2
.11
.S
e
c
ond
a
ryp
a
r
t
i
c
l
eSED.............................
2
.12
.G
a
l
a
c
t
i
cT
eVs
ou
r
c
e
s...............................
4
6
7
10
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
3
.1
.F
eynm
and
i
a
g
r
amD
IS..............................
3
.2
. C
r
o
s
s
s
e
c
t
i
on
sf
o
rCCandNC..........................
3
.3
. En
e
r
gyl
o
s
s....................................
3
.4
.In
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
onS
i
gn
a
tu
r
e
s..............................
3
.5
. R
an
g
eo
f mu
on
sinw
a
t
e
r.............................
3
.6
. ANTARESl
ay
ou
t.................................
3
.7
. D
r
aw
in
go
fI
c
eCub
e ...............................
3
.8
. D
r
aw
in
go
fth
eDOM...............................
3
.9
. Op
t
i
c
a
li
c
ep
r
op
e
r
t
i
e
s ..............................
25
26
28
29
31
33
35
36
37
4
.1
. T
eVC
a
ts
ou
r
c
e
sskym
ap.............................
4
.2
. T
eVC
a
ts
ou
r
c
e
sh
i
s
t
o
g
r
am............................
4
.3
. A
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
c mu
on
sandn
eu
t
r
ino
s .......................
4
.4
. V
e
t
op
r
ob
ab
i
l
i
ty .................................
4
.5
.S
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyANTARESandI
c
eCub
eth
rough
-go
ing..............
4
.6
.I
c
eCub
ev
e
t
or
e
g
i
on ...............................
4
.7
.S
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyANTARESandI
c
eCub
eth
rough
-go
ingand MESEcomb
in
ed
...
41
42
43
45
46
47
49
5
.1
.
5
.2
.
5
.3
.
5
.4
.
5
.5
.
5
.6
.
52
53
54
55
57
57
Ev
en
tt
opo
l
o
gyandv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
s..........................
En
e
r
gyl
o
s
sr
a
t
i
o.................................
A
r
r
iv
a
lt
im
ed
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
i
on.............................
An
gu
l
a
rr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
onc
omp
a
r
i
son.......................
L
eng
thr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
ons
t
epI...........................
L
eng
thr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
ons
t
epI
I..........................
x
i
5
.7
. C
o
in
c
id
en
tev
en
t
s................................. 60
5
.8
. FSSv
e
t
or
e
g
i
on.................................. 61
5
.9
. C
omp
a
r
i
s
onl
ev
e
ltw
oandth
r
e
e......................... 62
5
.10
.L
ev
e
lth
r
e
ev
a
r
i
ab
l
e
s............................... 62
5
.11
.BDTv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sc
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
on M
a
t
r
ix(S
ign
a
l
)................... 64
5
.12
.BDTv
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r
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l
e
sc
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
on M
a
t
r
ix(B
a
ckg
round
)................ 65
5
.13
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e
t
ch.................................... 65
5
.14
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o
s
(
z
en
i
th
)v
a
r
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ab
l
e ............................... 67
5
.15
.BDTs
c
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ed
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s
t
r
ibu
t
i
on.............................. 70
5
.16
.BDTs
c
o
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l
e
c
t
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on ............................... 70
5
.17
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t
r
a
inch
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ck.................................. 71
5
.18
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l
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lu
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l
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5
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r
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t
r
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t
aev
en
t
sinST
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5
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r
r
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re
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r
r
e
c
t
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on............................ 73
5
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t
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f
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rm
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c
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5
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c
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so
f MESEev
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t
s........................... 75
5
.24
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so
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t
s........................... 76
5
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5
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i
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a
t
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a
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t
i
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l
)................................ 78
5
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t
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e............................... 78
6
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e
t
cho
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t
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ty
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im
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t
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t
i
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l ........ 81
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6
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. χ-F
6
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t
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s................. 83
6
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s
i
t
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ty1
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t
oﬀ............................ 84
6
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r
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t
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s
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t
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t
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e
s ............................. 84
6
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t
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t
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6
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r
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6
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s
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c
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6
.10
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t
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c
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6
.11
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t
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t
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in
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l OMeﬃ
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en
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t
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rp
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.14
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lu
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6
.15
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6
.16
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6
.17
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l
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.19
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ru
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r
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t
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r
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r
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l
a
t
i
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t
r
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B
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.2
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g
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B
.3
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l
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B
.4
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r
tc
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t................................135
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.6
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.7
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r
gy.....................................136
B
.8
.c
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gz........................................136
B
.9
.c
o
gy........................................137
B
.10
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a
l
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g
th.....................................137
B
.11
.h
l
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s.......................................138
B
.12
.
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r
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r
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g
th...........................138
B
.13
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B
.14
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r
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B
.15
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r
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B
.16
.
l
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g
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B
.17
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th .................................141
B
.18
.
l
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B
.19
.
l
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g
tht
ol
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av
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B
.20
.
c
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gx........................................142
B
.21
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gd
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s
tqt
o
td
om .............................143
C
.1
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l
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ed
i
rt
r
a
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g
th..............................145
C
.2
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g
l
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iﬀ......................................145
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.3
.r
l
o
g
l........................................146
C
.4
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c
t
o
r ................................146
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r
tc
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t................................147
C
.6
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l
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i
rd
om
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C
.7
.p
r
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r
gy.....................................148
C
.8
.c
o
gz........................................148
C
.9
.c
o
gy........................................149
C
.10
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a
l
fl
en
g
th.....................................149
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.11
.h
l
cd
i
s.......................................150
C
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t
r
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t
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r
a
t
i
onl
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g
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x
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C
.13
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r
el
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g
th.....................................151
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t
r
a
ckh
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t
sd
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s
t
r
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t
i
onsm
oo
thn
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s
s .......................151
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.15
.
s
t
a
r
ten
e
r
gy....................................152
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.16
.
l
en
g
th.......................................152
C
.17
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sp
l
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o
sz
en
i
th .................................153
C
.18
.
l
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g
tht
ol
e
av
e ..................................153
C
.19
.
c
o
gx........................................154
C
.20
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gd
omd
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s
tqt
o
td
om .............................154
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ed
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2
2
. Theh
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ive
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se
2
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. Thed
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s
In1912V
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s
s inv
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a
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l
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a
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enonah
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a
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et
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el
a
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ech
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Go
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e
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0m[
1
]
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, muon
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sin1
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4
7[
1
]
. By m
e
a
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r
ingth
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i
rcompo
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,en
e
rg
i
e
sandabund
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and
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go
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run
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a
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fco
sm
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c
r
ay
sh
av
en
o
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t
.
2
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. Me
s
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s
Inadd
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t
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g
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’
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av
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ti
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ech
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r
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i
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t
r
a
lp
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co
rd
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sﬁ
r
s
tp
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i
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t
rumandh
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cr
ay
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odu
c
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t
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.
2
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l
e
c
t
ron
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,po
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s
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eu
t
r
on
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n
eu
t
r
ino
sa
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i
eﬂyd
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s
cu
s
s
ed
.
3
2
. Th
eh
i
ghen
e
r
gyun
iv
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r
s
e
2
.2
.1
. Cha
rgedpa
r
t
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le
s
Ion
s
M
agn
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cﬁ
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thing
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ax
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a
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a
c
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rg
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t
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s
. Thu
s
,
th
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con
s
t
ru
c
t
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c
t
i
ono
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t
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l
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andth
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ra
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r
iv
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ld
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c
t
i
onc
ann
o
tb
eu
s
edtoe
s
t
ab
l
i
shth
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i
ro
r
ig
in
. How
ev
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r
,en
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d
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
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onandc
ompo
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on1c
anb
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s
t
im
a
t
ed
.Ing
en
e
r
a
lth
een
e
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i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ionfo
l
low
s
apow
e
r
l
aw[
1
]
,s
e
eeq
.2
.
1
:
N(
E)
dE=KE−γdE✳
(2
.1
)
sa
l
s
okn
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sth
e"
sp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
ex"
. A
sc
anb
es
e
enin F
ig
. 2
.1
Th
eexpon
en
t γi
th
em
e
a
su
r
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c
t
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lind
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t
rumv
a
r
i
e
sw
i
then
e
rgy
. Asp
e
c
t
r
a
l
F
igu
re2
.1
: Th
een
e
r
gysp
e
c
t
rumo
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sm
i
cr
ay
sa
sm
e
a
su
r
edbys
ev
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r
a
lexp
e
r
im
en
t
sand
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e
epopu
l
a
t
i
on
sm
od
e
l
so
fco
sm
i
cr
ay
sﬁ
t
t
edtoth
ed
a
t
a
. Tw
och
ang
e
sin
th
esp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
exa
tth
e"kn
e
e"andth
e"
ank
l
e"a
r
eind
i
c
a
t
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r
row
s
.
Th
i
sp
l
o
ti
sa m
od
iﬁ
edv
e
r
s
ionf
romF
ig
.4bin[2
]
.
15✳
5eV
ch
ang
ea
tabou
t1
0
,th
es
o
c
a
l
l
ed"kn
e
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t
e
rp
r
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t
eda
sth
et
r
an
s
i
t
ion
b
e
tw
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entw
og
a
l
a
c
t
i
cc
ompon
en
t
s(popu
l
a
t
ion1andpopu
l
a
t
ion2in F
ig
.2
.1
)o
fth
e
1
Th
eabundan
c
eo
fion
so
fch
em
i
ca
le
l
em
en
t
s(
l
ik
eH
, HEo
rFE
)
4
2
.2
. M
e
s
s
eng
e
r
s
sp
e
c
t
rum[
2
]
. Th
er
e
g
i
onb
e
tw
e
en"kn
e
e"and"
ank
l
e"(popu
l
a
t
ion2
)c
anb
eexp
l
a
in
ed
byth
eh
e
av
i
e
re
l
em
en
t
sa
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edinth
eg
a
l
axy[2
,3
]
. Th
er
eg
iona
tth
e"
ank
l
e"and
abov
e(popu
l
a
t
i
on3
)i
sth
ou
gh
tt
ob
eo
fex
t
r
a
-g
a
l
a
c
t
i
co
r
ig
in[4
]
. Th
i
si
sb
e
c
au
s
ea
t
th
e
s
een
e
r
g
i
e
sth
em
a
gn
e
t
i
cﬁ
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ld
so
fth
eg
a
l
axyw
ou
ldb
etoosm
a
l
ltocon
t
a
inth
ep
a
r
t
i
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.
Th
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tu
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e
so
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o
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i
cr
aysp
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c
t
rum cou
ld a
l
so b
e exp
l
a
in
ed w
i
th a pu
r
e
ly
g
a
l
a
c
t
i
co
r
i
g
ino
fc
o
sm
i
cr
ay
s[
5
]
.
I
t w
a
s po
in
t
ed ou
t byH
illa
s th
a
tth
e en
e
rgy o
fth
e ob
s
e
rv
ed co
sm
i
cr
ay c
an
l
im
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tth
epo
s
s
ib
l
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
ons
i
t
e
s[6
]
. Th
ea
s
sump
t
ioni
sth
a
tth
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
eh
a
sto
r
em
a
ininth
es
i
t
edu
r
in
ga
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
on
. Thu
s
,th
es
i
z
eo
fth
es
i
t
eandth
em
agn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
s
ini
th
av
et
ob
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i
en
t
lyl
a
r
g
etos
a
t
i
s
fyth
i
sa
s
sump
t
ion
. Ar
e
l
a
t
iv
i
s
t
i
cp
a
r
t
i
c
l
ein
as
t
a
t
i
cm
a
gn
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t
i
cﬁ
e
ldn
o
rm
a
lt
oth
ep
a
r
t
i
c
a
l
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c
i
ty w
i
l
lfo
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lowacy
c
l
ew
i
thr
ad
iu
s
E[
1× 1015eV]
r= ✶
✳✵✽ ZB[µG] [
p
c][
6
]
. H
e
r
e
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sth
een
e
rgyo
fth
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
,B i
sth
em
agn
e
t
i
c
ﬁ
e
ldandZth
ea
t
om
i
cnumb
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ro
fth
ee
l
em
en
t
. Th
ed
i
am
e
t
e
ro
fth
ec
i
r
c
l
ed
eﬁn
edbyr
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sth
em
in
im
a
ls
i
z
e(
dsite = ✷
r)f
o
rana
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ions
i
t
eandg
iv
e
sad
i
r
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c
tconn
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c
t
ion
b
e
tw
e
en m
ax
im
a
lpo
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s
ib
l
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r
gyandth
em
agn
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i
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ld
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i
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c
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l
e
r
a
t
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i
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Emax ∼dsiteZB–h
e
av
i
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re
l
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en
t
sc
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a
chh
igh
e
ren
e
rg
i
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sinana
c
c
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l
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r
a
t
ions
i
t
e
.
Th
i
sa
rgum
en
t by H
illa
sc
an b
eu
s
edto p
lo
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c
ec
l
a
s
s
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sb
a
s
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i
r m
ag
n
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
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z
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s(
s
e
eF
i
g
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.
2
)
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o
l
low
ingth
i
sa
rgum
en
tsom
esou
r
c
ec
l
a
s
s
e
s
,l
ik
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sup
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rnov
ar
emn
an
t
sa
r
ea
l
r
e
adyex
c
lud
eda
sp
rodu
c
t
ions
i
t
e
sfo
ru
l
t
r
ah
igh
en
e
rg
e
t
i
c
18eV
co
sm
i
cr
ay
s(UHECR
s
;E >1
0×1
0
)
.
E
le
c
t
ron
sandpo
s
i
t
ron
s
Du
etoth
e
i
rsm
a
l
lm
a
s
se
l
e
c
t
r
on
s(
andpo
s
i
t
ron
s
)loo
s
een
e
rgyqu
i
ck
lycomp
a
r
edtoion
s
inth
ep
r
e
s
en
c
eo
fm
a
gn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
s
,r
ad
i
a
t
iono
rm
a
t
t
e
r[8
]
. M
e
a
su
r
em
en
t
so
fth
ee
l
e
c
t
r
on
andpo
s
i
t
r
onsp
e
c
t
rumh
av
eb
e
enp
e
r
fo
rm
edbys
ev
e
r
a
lexp
e
r
im
en
t
s[9–11
]
. Anob
s
e
rv
ed
r
i
s
einth
epo
s
i
t
r
on
e
l
e
c
t
r
onr
a
t
i
oa
taf
ew100G
eVi
so
f
t
ens
e
ena
sanind
i
c
a
to
rfo
ralo
c
a
l
2
l
s
a
rw
indn
ebu
l
a[12
]
,o
rah
in
t
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
to
ro
fe
l
e
c
t
r
on
sandpo
s
i
t
r
on
s
,l
ik
ean
e
a
rby pu
fo
rd
a
rk m
a
t
t
e
r[
1
3
,1
4
]
.
A
tmo
sphe
r
i
cin
te
ra
c
t
ion
s
I
fch
a
rg
edp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sa
r
r
iv
ea
tE
a
r
thth
eyc
anp
en
e
t
r
a
t
eth
eE
a
r
th
’
sa
tmo
sph
e
r
e
. Ev
en
tu
a
l
ly
,th
ep
r
im
a
ryp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sin
t
e
r
a
c
tw
i
thap
a
r
t
i
c
l
eo
fth
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
eandp
rodu
c
es
ev
e
r
a
l
s
e
cond
a
ryp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
, wh
i
chi
ss
im
i
l
a
rt
op
a
r
t
i
c
l
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
sin m
an
-m
ad
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
to
r
s
[1
]
. Th
e
s
es
e
c
ond
a
ryp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sc
anin
t
e
r
a
c
tag
a
inanda"
show
e
r"o
fp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
si
sp
rodu
c
ed
.
S
e
cond
a
ryp
r
odu
c
ede
l
e
c
t
r
on
sandpho
ton
sp
rop
ag
a
t
einaso
c
a
l
l
ed"
e
l
e
c
t
ro
-m
agn
e
t
i
c
c
a
s
c
ad
e"in wh
i
che
l
e
c
t
r
on
-po
s
i
t
r
onp
a
i
r
sa
r
ep
rodu
c
edandth
ech
a
r
g
edl
ep
ton
slo
s
e
en
e
rgyv
i
aB
r
em
s
s
t
r
ah
lun
gun
t
i
lth
ec
r
e
a
t
edpho
ton
sdono
th
av
eenoughen
e
rgyto
2
Inth
ew
o
rko
f[12
]th
eV
e
lapu
l
sa
rw
i
thad
i
s
tan
c
eo
fabou
t3
00p
cf
romEa
r
th
.
5
2
. Th
eh
i
ghen
e
r
gyun
iv
e
r
s
e
F
igu
re2
.2
:P
o
s
s
ib
l
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
ons
i
t
e
sp
l
a
c
eda
c
co
rd
ingtoth
e
i
rm
agn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
sands
i
z
e
sh
ownf
o
rn
eu
t
r
ons
t
a
r
s(n
s
)
, wh
i
t
edw
a
r
f
s(wd
)
,sun
spo
t
s(
s
s
)
,m
agn
e
t
i
c
s
t
a
r
s(m
s
)
,a
c
t
iv
eg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cnu
c
l
e
i(
ag
)
,in
t
e
r
s
t
e
l
l
a
rsp
a
c
e(
i
s
)
,SNR
s(
sn
)
,r
a
d
i
og
a
l
axyl
ob
e
s(
r
g
)
,g
a
l
a
c
t
i
cd
i
sk(d
)andh
a
lo(h
)
,c
lu
s
t
e
r
so
fg
a
l
ax
i
e
s
(
c
l
)
,
b
l
a
z
a
r
s(b
l
)andg
amm
ar
aybu
r
s
t(gb
)andin
t
e
rg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cm
ed
ium(
ig
)
.D
i
a
g
on
a
ld
a
sh
edl
in
e
sind
i
c
a
t
eth
em
ax
imumen
e
rgytowh
i
chp
ro
ton
sc
anb
e
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edbyth
eg
iv
encomb
in
a
t
iono
fm
agn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
sands
i
z
e
.So
l
idl
in
e
s
sh
owth
em
ax
imumen
e
rgyto wh
i
chap
ro
tonc
anb
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edbysho
ck
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
ono
fd
iﬀ
e
r
en
teﬃ
c
i
en
cy(
s
e
e[7
]ands
e
c
t
ion2
.3fo
r mo
r
ed
e
t
a
i
l
.
T
ak
enf
r
om[
7
]
.
c
r
e
a
t
en
ewe
l
e
c
t
r
on
-po
s
i
t
r
onp
a
i
r
s
. Su
chane
l
e
c
t
ro
-m
agn
e
t
i
cc
a
s
c
ad
ei
sa
l
sop
rodu
c
edi
f
aco
sm
i
cg
amm
ar
ayo
re
l
e
c
t
r
on
/po
s
i
t
ronp
en
e
t
r
a
t
e
sth
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
e
.
Th
ep
rodu
c
ed h
ad
r
on
sin
t
e
r
a
c
ta
g
a
in w
i
th p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sinth
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
eo
rd
e
c
ay
.
Th
e mo
s
tabund
an
th
ad
r
on
i
cd
e
c
ay
sa
r
eth
ed
e
c
ay
so
fP
ion
sand K
aon
s
,in wh
i
ch
n
eu
t
r
ino
sandch
a
r
g
edl
ep
t
on
s
,su
cha
s muon
s
,c
anb
ec
r
e
a
t
ed
. Muon
sh
av
eal
iv
e
t
im
e
−6s[
o
fabou
t2
✳
2×1
0
1
5
]
.S
in
c
eth
eyo
f
t
ena
r
eh
igh
lyr
e
l
a
t
iv
i
s
t
i
cth
eyc
anr
e
a
chth
e
su
r
f
a
c
eandev
enp
en
e
t
r
a
t
eth
eE
a
r
ths
ev
e
r
a
lkmd
e
ep
. Th
esp
e
c
t
rumo
fa
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c
muon
s[16
]
,andbo
tha
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
c muonn
eu
t
r
ino
s[17
]ande
l
e
c
t
ronn
eu
t
r
ino
s[18
]h
a
s
b
e
en m
e
a
su
r
ed
,s
e
eF
i
g
.2
.
3
.
6
-2 -1 -1
eVcm
ss
r)
E2
νΦν (G
co
nv
en
t
io
na
lν
-3
10
KM+AT
IC
2
KM+GAMMA
KM+ZS
-1
1
0
QGS
JETI
I
-03+ZS
S
IBYLL2
.1+ZS
EPOS1
.61+ZS
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
3
211
2
EDµ(E
)
,cmss
r G
eV
2
.2
. M
e
s
s
eng
e
r
s
-2
e
e
-8
10
Hondaνµ(HKKMS2007
)
Hondaνe(HKKMS2007
)
mod
i
f
iedHonda νe
-9
10
3
10
4
10
Ba
r
to
lνe
5
1
0
Eµ,G
eV
νe (2014
)
p
rom
p
tν
µ,
ν
2
1
νe (DeepCo
re2013
)
co
nv
en
t
io
na
lν
10-7
L
3+C
o
sm
i
c
,2
0
0
4
C
o
sm
oALEPH
,2
0
0
7
LVD
,1
9
9
8
F
r
e
j
u
s
,1
9
9
0
MSU
,1
9
9
4
A
r
t
y
om
o
v
s
k
,1
9
8
5
|
|
|
|MACROb
B
a
k
s
a
n
,1
9
9
2
e
s
tf
i
t
νµ (
fo
rwa
rdfo
ld
ing
)
µ
3
1
0
νµ (un
fo
ld
ing
)
-10
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
log (E
/GeV
)
ν
10
F
igu
re 2
.3
:M
e
a
su
r
em
en
t
so
fth
ea
to
sph
e
r
i
c muon(
l
e
f
t
)andn
eu
t
r
ino(
r
igh
t
)sp
e
c
t
rum
.
T
ak
enf
r
om
:l
e
f
t[
1
9
]r
i
gh
t[18
]
Du
eto en
e
r
gy
-d
ep
end
en
t en
e
r
gylo
s
s
e
sinth
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
eth
e ob
s
e
rv
edsp
e
c
t
rum
3. A
fo
rn
eu
t
r
in
o
sand mu
on
si
ss
t
e
ep
e
rth
anth
ep
r
im
a
ryco
sm
i
cr
aysp
e
c
t
rum
th
igh
e
r
p
r
im
a
ry p
a
r
t
i
c
l
een
e
r
g
i
e
sn
o
t on
ly P
ion
sand K
aon
s bu
ta
l
so h
e
av
i
e
r M
e
son
s(
l
ik
e
th
eD
-M
e
son
)c
anb
ep
r
odu
c
edins
ign
iﬁ
c
an
tnumb
e
r
s[20
]
. Th
e
s
e M
e
son
sd
e
c
ayso
r
ap
id
ly(
"p
r
omp
t
"
)th
a
tth
e
i
ren
e
r
gylo
s
sdu
r
ingp
rop
ag
a
t
ionth
r
oughth
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
ei
s
sm
a
l
l
. Thu
s
,th
e
i
rsp
e
c
t
rumi
sexp
e
c
t
edtofo
l
lowth
esp
e
c
t
rumo
fth
ep
r
im
a
ryco
sm
i
cr
ay
s
.
How
ev
e
r
, th
i
s "p
r
omp
t
" ﬂux h
a
s no
tb
e
en m
e
a
su
r
ed con
c
lu
s
iv
e
ly[16
, 18
]
. An
ov
e
r
a
l
ld
e
c
r
e
a
s
eins
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
cdu
et
oth
es
t
e
epsp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
exa
th
igh
e
ren
e
rg
i
e
sandth
e
ev
ens
t
e
ep
e
rsp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
exf
o
ren
e
r
g
i
e
sh
igh
e
rth
anth
e"kn
e
e"o
fth
eco
sm
i
cr
ay
s–and
inth
ec
a
s
eo
fn
eu
t
r
in
o
sth
eex
i
s
t
en
c
eo
fth
ea
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
inoﬂux– m
ak
eth
i
sa
ch
a
l
l
eng
in
gt
a
sk
.
De
te
c
t
ion
Th
e
r
ea
r
etw
od
iﬀ
e
r
en
tapp
r
o
a
ch
e
stod
e
t
e
c
tco
sm
i
cr
ay
s
. A
tlowen
e
rg
i
e
sﬂux
e
sa
r
e
s
t
i
l
lh
ighen
ou
ght
ob
ed
e
t
e
c
t
edd
i
r
e
c
t
ly w
i
thth
el
im
i
t
edd
e
t
e
c
to
ra
r
e
ao
fabou
t1m2
o
fb
a
l
loon
sh
i
ghinth
ea
tm
o
sph
e
r
eo
rs
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
s
. Mod
e
rnd
e
t
e
c
to
r
sc
and
e
t
e
rm
in
ebo
th
th
ee
l
em
en
ttyp
eo
fi
on
sd
e
t
e
c
t
edandth
e
i
ren
e
rgy
.D
i
r
e
c
td
e
t
e
c
t
ionc
anb
eu
s
edupto∼
100TeV[
2
1
]
.
A
th
igh
e
ren
e
r
g
i
e
sd
i
r
e
c
td
e
t
e
c
t
i
on b
e
com
e
s mo
r
ech
a
l
l
eng
ing
. W
i
thth
ed
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
inﬂuxth
enumb
e
ro
fexp
e
c
t
edev
en
t
sch
ang
e
sf
romabou
t10ev
en
t
sp
e
rs
e
cond w
i
th
2d
a100cm
e
t
e
c
t
o
rinth
er
an
g
eo
f1GeV[21
]toon
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
eay
e
a
rp
e
rkm2 a
tth
e
3
A sp
e
c
t
ra
lind
exo
f3
.7compa
r
edto2
.7fo
rp
r
ima
ryco
sm
i
cray
sw
i
then
e
rg
i
e
sb
e
lowth
e"kn
e
e"
.
7
2
. Th
eh
i
ghen
e
r
gyun
iv
e
r
s
e
en
e
rgyo
fth
e"
ank
l
e
"[
2
2
]
. C
o
sm
i
cr
ay
sa
tth
e
s
een
e
rg
i
e
sandabov
ea
r
eth
enu
su
a
l
ly
d
e
t
e
c
t
edby m
e
a
su
r
in
gp
r
op
e
r
t
i
e
so
fth
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
eshow
e
rth
eyp
rodu
c
e(
s
e
es
e
c
t
ion2
.2
.1
)
.
Th
ee
l
e
c
t
r
o
-m
a
gn
e
t
i
cc
ompon
en
t
,th
enumb
e
ro
fp
rodu
c
ed muon
so
rth
eob
s
e
rv
a
t
ion
o
fth
e ﬂu
o
r
e
s
c
en
c
el
i
gh
tp
r
odu
c
edinth
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
e byth
eshow
e
r[21
]a
r
ea
l
lb
e
u
s
edtor
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
tth
een
e
r
gyo
fth
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
eth
a
tp
rodu
c
edth
eshow
e
r
. How
ev
e
r
,th
e
ind
i
r
e
c
td
e
t
e
c
t
i
on m
ak
e
si
td
iﬃ
cu
l
ttod
e
t
e
rm
in
eth
ech
em
i
c
a
le
l
em
en
to
fth
eco
sm
i
cr
ay
.
Cu
r
r
en
t
lyth
i
si
son
lypo
s
s
ib
l
eonas
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
lb
a
s
i
s[21
]
.
2
.2
.2
. Neu
t
ron
s
A
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
on
sc
ou
ld b
ep
rodu
c
ed byth
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
so
f bo
th p
ro
ton
sw
i
th
p
ro
ton
sandp
r
o
t
on
sw
i
thph
o
t
on
s[23
]
. H
e
av
i
e
rnu
c
l
e
ic
ana
l
soc
r
e
a
t
en
eu
t
ron
sv
i
a
sp
a
l
l
a
t
iono
rph
o
t
od
i
s
in
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
on
. Inﬁ
r
s
to
rd
e
rth
een
e
rgyo
fth
ep
rodu
c
edn
eu
t
ron
d
ep
end
sonth
een
e
r
gyp
e
rnu
c
l
e
on
. H
en
c
e
,ani
ronnu
c
l
eu
sh
a
stoh
av
e56t
im
e
sth
e
en
e
rgyo
fap
r
o
t
onnu
c
l
eu
st
oc
r
e
a
t
ean
eu
t
rono
fs
am
een
e
rgy
.
S
in
c
en
eu
t
r
on
sa
r
ech
a
r
g
e
l
e
s
sth
ey a
r
e no
td
eﬂ
e
c
t
ed by m
agn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
s
. Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,th
ed
i
r
e
c
t
i
on
a
lr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
ono
fan
eu
t
ron w
ou
ldpo
in
ttoi
t
ssou
r
c
e
. How
ev
e
r
,
i
t
s m
e
anl
i
f
e
t
im
eo
f8
86spu
t
sc
on
s
t
r
a
in
sonth
ed
i
s
t
an
c
ef
rom wh
i
ch n
eu
t
ron
sa
r
e
exp
e
c
t
edt
or
e
a
ch E
a
r
thb
e
f
o
r
eth
eyd
e
c
ay
. T
ak
ingr
e
l
a
t
iv
i
s
t
i
ceﬀ
e
c
t
sin
toa
c
coun
ti
t
s
m
e
ant
r
av
e
ld
i
s
t
an
c
ei
sabou
t 9
✳
2p
ca
t1PeV. Ina
i
rshow
e
rexp
e
r
im
en
t
sapo
t
en
t
i
a
l
n
eu
t
rons
i
gn
a
lw
ou
ld m
an
i
f
e
s
ti
t
s
e
l
finana
c
c
e
s
so
fp
ro
tonl
ik
eev
en
t
sind
i
r
e
c
t
iono
fi
t
s
sou
r
c
e
.H
ow
ev
e
r
,ad
ed
i
c
a
t
eds
e
a
r
ch
e
sbybo
thth
eP
i
e
r
r
eAug
e
rOb
s
e
rv
a
to
ry[24
]andth
e
I
c
eCub
e Ob
s
e
rv
a
t
o
ry[
2
5
]h
av
en
o
ty
e
td
i
s
cov
e
r
edanyn
eu
t
ronsou
r
c
e
.
2
.2
.3
.V
e
ryh
igh
-ene
rge
t
ic(VHE
) Gammara
y
s
G
amm
ar
ay
sa
r
en
o
td
eﬂ
e
c
t
edby m
agn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
s
. Thu
s
,th
e
i
rr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
edd
i
r
e
c
t
ioni
s
mo
r
el
ik
e
lyt
opo
in
tt
oth
e
i
rs
ou
r
c
e
.
P
rodu
c
t
ion
D
e
sp
i
t
eth
ef
a
c
tth
a
tov
e
r1
5
0s
ou
r
c
e
so
fV
e
ry H
ighEn
e
rgy(VHE
)g
amm
ar
ay
s(Eγ >
100GeV)h
av
eb
e
enid
en
t
iﬁ
ed[
2
6
]
,i
ti
so
f
t
enun
c
l
e
a
rhowth
eyp
rodu
c
eth
e
s
eg
amm
a
r
ay
s
.Inth
ef
o
l
l
ow
in
gp
a
r
a
g
r
aph
stw
osu
sp
e
c
t
edp
rodu
c
t
ion m
e
ch
an
i
sm
sa
r
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
.
Lep
ton
i
cp
rodu
c
t
ion Th
eﬁ
r
s
tm
e
ch
an
i
smhowg
amm
ar
ay
sc
anb
ep
rodu
c
edi
s"
l
ep
ton
i
c
p
rodu
c
t
ion
"
.E
l
e
c
t
r
on
sa
r
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edinasou
r
c
er
eg
ion
. Th
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
sb
e
tw
e
enth
e
s
e
e
l
e
c
t
ron
sandph
o
t
on
so
rm
a
gn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
sc
anp
rodu
c
eg
amm
ar
ay
sinv
a
r
iou
sw
ay
s
. Wh
en
th
eys
c
a
t
t
e
rw
i
thph
o
t
on
sinth
eamb
i
en
tenv
i
ronm
en
tth
eyc
ant
r
an
s
f
e
rp
a
r
to
fth
e
i
r
en
e
rgytoth
eph
o
t
on
. Th
i
sp
r
o
c
e
s
si
sa
l
soc
a
l
l
edinv
e
r
s
eComp
ton(
IC
)s
c
a
t
t
e
r
ing(
s
e
e[1
]
)
.
Asp
e
c
i
a
lc
a
s
eo
fICs
c
a
t
t
e
r
in
gi
ss
e
l
f
syn
ch
ro
t
ronComp
tonr
ad
i
a
t
ion
.H
e
r
eth
ee
l
e
c
t
ron
8
2
.2
. M
e
s
s
eng
e
r
s
in
t
e
r
a
c
t
sw
i
thaph
o
t
onth
a
tw
a
sp
rodu
c
edv
i
asyn
ch
ro
t
ron
. G
amm
ar
ay
sc
ana
l
sob
e
em
i
t
t
edbye
l
e
c
t
r
on
ssuﬀ
e
r
in
gB
r
em
s
s
t
r
ah
lunglo
s
s
e
so
rem
i
t
t
ingsyn
ch
ro
t
ronr
ad
i
a
t
ion
.
Had
ron
i
cp
rodu
c
t
ion Th
es
e
c
ondop
t
iono
fVHEg
amm
ar
ayp
rodu
c
t
ioni
sth
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
o
fh
igh
en
e
r
gych
a
r
g
edh
ad
r
on
i
cp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
,l
ik
ep
ro
ton
s
,w
i
tho
th
e
rm
a
t
t
e
r(pp)o
rr
ad
i
a
t
ion
(
pγ)
.N
eu
t
r
a
lm
e
s
on
sl
ik
eπ✵✱
K✵✱
D✵✱
✳
✳
✳
✳c
anb
ep
rodu
c
eda
ss
e
cond
a
ryp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
. Wh
en
th
e
s
em
e
s
on
sd
e
c
ayth
eyc
anp
r
odu
c
e VHEg
amm
ar
ay
s
.I
fin
s
t
e
adch
a
rg
ed m
e
son
sa
r
e
p
rodu
c
ed
,th
e
i
rd
i
r
e
c
td
e
c
ayp
r
odu
c
t
sc
anb
en
eu
t
r
ino
s
,du
etoch
a
rg
eandl
ep
ton
-numb
e
r
con
s
e
rv
a
t
i
on
.A
ts
om
epo
in
tinth
ed
e
c
aych
a
ino
fach
a
rg
ed m
e
sonan
eu
t
r
inoh
a
stob
e
p
rodu
c
ed
. Th
ef
o
l
l
ow
in
gex
amp
l
e
s
,t
ak
enf
rom[27
]
,showth
ep
rodu
c
t
iono
fl
igh
tm
e
son
s
inpγandppin
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
sa
sw
e
l
la
sth
eex
emp
l
a
ryp
rodu
c
t
iono
fn
eu
t
r
ino
sinth
ed
e
c
ay
o
fach
a
rg
ed m
e
s
on
sandph
o
t
on
sinth
ed
e
c
ayo
fn
eu
t
r
a
lm
e
son
s:
p+ p
p+ γ
→ π✵+π±✱K± +✳
✳
✳
π✵→
+
π →
π− →
✷
γ
µ+ +νµ →
µ− +✖
νµ →
e+ +νµ +✖
νµ +νe
e− +✖
νµ +νµ +✖
νe
(2
.2
)
(2
.3
)
(2
.4
)
(2
.5
)
De
te
c
t
ion
A
tth
e mom
en
tth
r
e
ed
i
s
t
in
c
tm
e
th
od
sfo
rth
es
e
a
r
cho
fa
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
lg
amm
ar
ay
sex
i
s
t
.
S
in
c
eth
eVHEg
amm
ar
ay
sin
t
e
r
a
c
tw
i
thth
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
eo
fE
a
r
thd
i
r
e
c
td
e
t
e
c
t
ioni
son
ly
po
s
s
ib
l
einsp
a
c
e
. Th
eF
e
rm
i
-LATs
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e[28
]w
a
sl
aun
ch
edin2008
.I
tc
an m
e
a
su
r
e
g
amm
ar
ay
sinth
een
e
r
gyr
an
g
eb
e
tw
e
en20 MeVand2TeV. Th
ed
e
t
e
c
t
ionp
r
in
c
ip
l
e
i
sp
a
i
rconv
e
r
s
i
on
. Th
eg
amm
ar
ayp
r
odu
c
e
sane
l
e
c
t
ronpo
s
i
t
ronp
a
i
r
. Th
i
sp
a
i
rth
en
p
rop
ag
a
t
e
sth
r
ou
ghth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
ra
l
l
ow
ingfo
rbo
thangu
l
a
randen
e
rgyr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
.A
t
h
igh
e
ren
e
r
g
i
e
sth
enumb
e
ro
fexp
e
c
t
edev
en
t
si
slow
e
r
. Thu
si
ti
stoosm
a
l
ltod
e
t
e
c
t
g
amm
ar
ay
sa
sen
e
r
g
i
e
sabov
eaf
ewTeV.
A
tth
e
s
e en
e
r
g
i
e
sa
i
r C
e
r
enk
ovt
e
l
e
s
cop
e
sa
r
eu
s
ed
. Th
ey d
e
t
e
c
tth
e C
e
r
enk
ov
l
igh
t(d
e
t
a
i
l
sw
i
l
lb
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
edin3
.
1
.2
)em
i
t
t
edbyth
es
e
cond
a
ryp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s wh
i
cha
r
e
p
rodu
c
ed wh
enth
eph
o
t
onin
t
e
r
a
c
t
sw
i
thth
eE
a
r
th
’
sa
tmo
sph
e
r
e(
s
e
es
e
c
t
ion2
.2
.1
)
.
Th
r
e
em
a
j
o
rt
e
l
e
s
c
op
ea
r
r
ay
sa
r
eop
e
r
a
t
eda
tth
e mom
en
t
. HESS[29
]i
slo
c
a
t
edinth
e
sou
th
e
rnh
em
i
sph
e
r
eand VER
ITAS[30
]and MAG
IC[31
]a
r
elo
c
a
t
edinth
eno
r
th
e
rn
h
em
i
sph
e
r
e
.
Th
e numb
e
ro
fp
r
odu
c
ed C
e
r
enk
ov pho
ton
si
s sm
a
l
l
. Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
, ob
s
e
rv
a
t
ioni
s
on
lypo
s
s
ib
l
ea
tn
i
gh
tandinr
e
g
i
on
sw
i
thou
tl
igh
tpo
l
lu
t
ion
. Inadd
i
t
ionc
loud
sc
an
r
edu
c
eth
eav
a
i
l
ab
l
eob
s
e
rv
a
t
i
ont
im
e
,s
in
c
eth
esou
r
c
eo
fth
el
igh
ti
sa
th
igha
l
t
i
tud
ein
th
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
e
. Th
i
sl
e
ad
st
oana
c
t
iv
ep
e
r
iodo
fd
a
t
at
ak
ingo
fabou
t10%p
e
rannum[32
]
.
9
2
. Th
eh
i
ghen
e
r
gyun
iv
e
r
s
e
On
e po
s
s
ib
i
l
i
tyt
od
e
t
e
c
tth
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
so
fg
amm
ar
ay
sw
i
thth
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
ein
d
ep
end
en
to
fd
ay
t
im
eando
th
e
reﬀ
e
c
t
sl
ik
ec
loud
si
sth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
iono
fth
ee
l
e
c
t
ro
-m
agn
e
t
i
c
show
e
ronth
eg
r
ound
. Th
i
sc
anb
edon
ew
i
thl
a
rg
e
rin
s
t
rum
en
t
edv
o
lum
e
so
ft
r
an
sp
a
r
en
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l(u
su
a
l
ly w
a
t
e
r
)
. Th
eC
e
r
enk
ovl
igh
tem
i
t
t
edinth
i
sm
a
t
e
r
i
a
li
sth
end
e
t
e
c
t
ed
andu
s
edt
or
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
ten
e
r
gyandd
i
r
e
c
t
iono
fth
eg
amm
ar
ayth
a
tp
rodu
c
edth
eshow
e
r
.
Th
i
sw
a
t
e
rC
e
r
enk
ovt
e
chn
iqu
eh
a
sb
e
enu
s
edsu
c
c
e
s
s
fu
linth
eM
i
l
ag
rod
e
t
e
c
to
r[33
]and
i
snowu
s
edinHAWCd
e
t
e
c
t
o
r[
3
4
]
.
Wh
i
l
e angu
l
a
rr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
on and h
igh
e
rb
a
ckg
round comp
a
r
ed to a
i
r C
e
r
enk
ov
t
e
l
e
s
cop
e
sa
r
ed
i
s
adv
an
t
a
g
e
ou
s
,th
ed
e
t
e
c
to
rup
t
im
ei
sno
tl
im
i
t
edby w
e
a
th
e
ro
rl
igh
t
cond
i
t
ion
s
. Thu
s
,i
tc
anop
e
r
a
t
ew
i
thanon
s
topdu
tycy
c
l
e
. Ano
th
e
radv
an
t
ag
ei
sth
e
l
a
rg
e
rﬁ
e
ldo
fv
i
ew
.A
i
rC
e
r
enk
ovt
e
l
e
s
cop
e
son
lyob
s
e
rv
easm
a
l
lp
a
r
to
fth
esky(
abou
t
5
°fo
rth
e1
2md
i
am
e
t
e
rHESSt
e
l
e
s
cop
e
s[29
]
)
. W
a
t
e
rC
e
r
enk
ovt
e
l
e
s
cop
e
sonth
eo
th
e
r
h
anda
r
ea
lw
ay
sob
s
e
rv
in
gth
een
t
i
r
eov
e
rh
e
adsky(2s
r
)[35
]
. Th
ed
iﬀ
e
r
en
ten
e
rgyr
ang
e
s
o
fth
eth
r
e
ed
e
t
e
c
t
ion m
e
th
od
sandr
equ
i
r
edob
s
e
rv
a
t
iont
im
e
stod
e
t
e
c
tasp
e
c
iﬁ
cﬂux
a
r
ev
i
su
a
l
i
z
edinF
i
g
.2
.
4
.
F
igu
re2
.4
:D
iﬀ
e
r
en
t
i
a
lg
amm
ar
ays
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyfo
rs
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
s(F
e
rm
i
)
,a
i
rc
e
r
enk
ovd
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
s(V
e
r
i
t
a
s
/HESS
)anda
i
rshow
e
rg
amm
ar
ayd
e
t
e
c
to
r
s(HAWC
)
.T
ak
en
f
r
om[
3
4
]
.
2
.2
.4
. Neu
t
r
ino
s
A
sa
l
r
e
adyd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
i
on2
.
2
.3
,i
f VHEg
amm
ar
ay
sa
r
ep
rodu
c
edh
ad
ron
i
c
a
l
ly
n
eu
t
r
ino
sa
r
eexp
e
c
t
eda
sw
e
l
l
.H
en
c
e
,p
r
ed
i
c
t
ion
sc
anb
em
ad
eonth
eexp
e
c
t
edn
eu
t
r
ino
ﬂuxb
a
s
edonth
em
e
a
su
r
ed VHEg
amm
ar
ayﬂux
. Th
ed
e
t
e
c
t
iono
rnon
-d
e
t
e
c
t
iono
f
n
eu
t
r
ino
sf
r
omas
ou
r
c
ec
anth
enb
eu
s
edtov
e
r
i
fyo
rd
i
s
f
av
ou
rh
ad
ron
i
cp
rodu
c
t
ion
incomp
a
r
i
s
ont
ol
ep
t
on
i
cp
r
odu
c
t
i
on
. Add
i
t
ion
a
l
ly
,n
eu
t
r
ino
sc
anb
ea m
e
s
s
eng
e
rf
rom
10
2
.3
. Co
sm
i
ca
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
to
r
s
env
i
ronm
en
t
swh
i
chg
amm
ar
ay
sc
anno
tl
e
av
e
.N
eu
t
r
ino
sa
r
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
edin mo
r
ed
e
t
a
i
lin
s
e
c
t
ion2
.
5andch
ap
t
e
r3
.
2
.3
. Co
sm
icacce
le
ra
to
r
s
2
.3
.1
.A
cce
le
ra
t
ion mechan
i
sm
A
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
i
on2
.
2
.
1
,ch
a
r
g
edp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sf
romsp
a
c
ea
r
eob
s
e
rv
edov
e
rm
anyd
e
c
ad
e
s
o
fen
e
rg
i
e
s
. Th
e
i
ren
e
r
gyd
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ionfo
l
low
sapow
e
r
l
aw
. Apo
t
en
t
i
a
la
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ion
m
e
ch
an
i
smn
e
ed
st
obo
thp
r
ed
i
c
tapow
e
r
l
awl
ik
esh
ap
eo
fth
esp
e
c
t
rumanda
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
e
uptoth
eh
i
gh
e
s
ten
e
r
g
i
e
s
.
ico Ferm
i ("F
e
rm
ia
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ion"
)in 1949
A m
e
ch
an
i
sm
, ﬁ
r
s
tp
r
opo
s
ed by Enr
[36
]
,s
e
em
st
ofu
lﬁ
lth
e
s
er
equ
i
r
em
en
t
s
. Th
efo
l
low
ingexp
l
an
a
t
ion
sandfo
rmu
l
ano
t
a
t
ion
s
a
r
ein
sp
i
r
edby[
8
]
.Ferm
ish
ow
edth
a
tp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
scou
ldg
a
inen
e
rgybyth
eco
l
l
i
s
ionand
r
eﬂ
e
c
t
ion w
i
th m
ov
in
gm
o
l
e
cu
l
a
rc
loud
sw
i
th
inou
rg
a
l
axy
. Onav
e
r
ag
e
,th
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
w
ou
ldg
a
inen
e
r
gyp
r
opo
r
t
i
on
a
lt
oth
esqu
a
r
eo
fth
ev
e
lo
c
i
tyo
fth
ec
loudV:
✽ V
∆E
=
E
✸ c
✷
✳
(2
.6
)
H
e
r
e andinth
ef
o
l
l
ow
in
g
,i
ti
sa
s
sum
edth
a
tth
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ed p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sa
r
eh
igh
ly
r
e
l
a
t
iv
i
s
t
i
c(
v∼c
)
. Ac
ru
c
i
a
lpo
in
ti
sth
eg
a
inonas
to
ch
a
s
t
i
cb
a
s
i
s
.I
fac
loud mov
e
saw
ay
f
romth
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
,th
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
ew
i
l
llo
s
een
e
rgyin
s
t
e
ado
fg
a
in
ingen
e
rgyinth
ec
a
s
eo
fa
c
loud mov
in
gt
ow
a
rd
sth
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
. Du
etoth
eh
igh
e
rr
e
l
a
t
iv
ev
e
lo
c
i
tyinth
el
a
t
t
e
rc
a
s
e
th
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
eg
a
in
sen
e
r
gyonav
e
rage[36
]
. Add
i
t
ion
a
l
ly
,th
esp
e
c
t
r
a
len
e
rgyd
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ion
w
i
l
lfo
l
lowapow
e
r
l
aw
.
How
ev
e
r
,i
ts
e
em
sl
ik
eth
ep
r
opo
s
ed m
e
ch
an
i
smi
stoos
low
, bo
th du
etoth
elow
v
e
lo
c
i
tyo
fth
ec
l
oudandth
ef
o
l
l
ow
ingco
l
l
i
s
ion
s
.I
fth
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
ew
e
r
etoon
lyexp
e
r
i
en
c
e
V
h
e
ad
-onc
o
l
l
i
s
i
on
s
,th
een
e
r
gyg
a
in w
ou
ldb
ep
ropo
r
t
ion
a
ltoth
e c andno
tth
esqu
a
r
e
.
Thu
s
,i
tw
ou
ldb
e mu
ch m
o
r
eeﬃ
c
i
en
t
.
On
eenv
i
r
onm
en
tin wh
i
chc
o
sm
i
cr
ay
sc
an b
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edinth
i
seﬃ
c
i
en
t m
ann
e
r
a
r
esho
ck
s
. Ash
o
cki
sth
ebo
rd
e
rb
e
tw
e
entw
or
eg
ion
so
fd
iﬀ
e
r
en
tp
l
a
sm
aconﬁgu
r
a
t
ion
.
Inf
ron
to
fth
esh
o
ckw
av
e(up
s
t
r
e
amr
eg
ion
)g
a
si
sa
tr
e
s
to
rs
low
ly mov
ing
.B
eh
indth
e
sho
ck(down
s
t
r
e
amr
e
g
i
on
)w
av
eth
eg
a
si
s mov
ingw
i
thav
e
lo
c
i
tyh
igh
e
rth
enth
esp
e
ed
o
fsoundinth
i
sm
ed
ium
.
I
f ar
e
l
a
t
iv
i
s
t
i
cp
a
r
t
i
c
l
ec
r
o
s
s
e
sth
esho
ckf
rom down
s
t
r
e
amto up
s
t
r
e
am and v
i
c
e
v
e
r
s
a
,i
tw
i
l
lg
a
inen
e
r
gyinth
ep
r
o
c
e
s
s
. Th
eav
e
r
ag
een
e
rgyg
a
info
rap
a
r
t
i
c
l
ec
ro
s
s
ing
11
2
. Th
eh
i
ghen
e
r
gyun
iv
e
r
s
e
on
c
ef
romup
s
t
r
e
amt
od
own
s
t
r
e
amandb
a
cki
s
:
✹V
∆E
=
✳
E
✸c
(2
.7
)
Comp
a
r
in
gequ
a
t
i
on
s2
.
6and2
.
7
,a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ioninsho
ck
si
s mo
r
eeﬃ
c
i
en
tdu
etoth
e
ﬁ
r
s
t
-o
rd
e
rt
e
rminV
c
om
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
t
e
rm
.
c
Th
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ed p
a
r
t
i
c
l
ec
ana
lw
ay
sl
e
av
eth
er
eg
iono
fa
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ion w
i
thac
e
r
t
a
in
p
rob
ab
i
l
i
ty
. R
ep
e
a
t
eda
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
onande
s
c
ap
ep
rob
ab
i
l
i
tyl
e
adtoar
e
su
l
t
ingsp
e
c
t
r
a
l
en
e
rgyd
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
i
onth
a
tf
o
l
l
ow
sapow
e
r
l
aw[8
]
. Th
esp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
exi
stw
o–h
a
rd
e
rth
an
th
eob
s
e
rv
edsp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
exo
fth
eco
sm
i
cr
ay
s
.I
fon
eco
r
r
e
c
t
sfo
ren
e
r
gy
-d
ep
end
en
t
en
e
rgylo
s
s
e
sb
e
tw
e
enth
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ions
i
t
eandE
a
r
th[37
]
,th
eexp
e
c
t
edsp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
ex
w
i
l
lb
e
com
es
o
f
t
e
randc
anexp
l
a
inth
eob
s
e
rv
edon
e4.
Th
ev
e
ryeﬃ
c
i
en
ta
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
on
,th
eco
r
r
e
c
tsp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
exandth
ep
r
ed
i
c
t
iono
fa
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ions
i
t
e
sandenv
i
r
onm
en
t
sm
ak
eﬁ
r
s
t
-o
rd
e
rsho
cka
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ionah
igh
lyf
av
ou
r
ed
mod
e
lw
i
th
inth
ea
s
t
r
ophy
s
i
c
a
lc
ommun
i
ty
. How
ev
e
r
,th
een
t
i
r
em
e
ch
an
i
smp
r
e
s
en
t
ed
a
s
sum
e
sr
e
l
a
t
iv
i
s
t
i
cp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sinth
eﬁ
r
s
tp
l
a
c
e
. Thu
s
,i
tc
anno
texp
l
a
inhowth
e
s
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
w
e
r
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edupt
oth
i
spo
in
t
. Th
esp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
exo
ftw
oi
sa
l
sono
tﬁx
ed[
38
]–by
v
a
ry
ingp
a
r
am
e
t
e
r
so
fth
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ions
i
t
e
,l
ik
ea
s
sum
ingr
e
l
a
t
iv
i
s
t
i
csho
ck
s
,th
eind
ex
c
anv
a
ry[
3
9
]
.
Ing
en
e
r
a
l
,p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sc
ana
l
s
ob
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edine
l
e
c
t
r
i
cﬁ
e
ld
s
. How
ev
e
r
,th
eabund
an
c
e
o
funbounde
l
e
c
t
r
on
sandi
on
sinsp
a
c
em
ak
e
si
tv
e
rych
a
l
l
eng
ingtobu
i
l
tupe
l
e
c
t
r
i
cﬁ
e
ld
s
th
a
ta
r
ec
ap
ab
l
eo
fa
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
in
gp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
supt
oth
eh
igh
e
s
ten
e
rg
i
e
s
. On
eenv
i
ronm
en
tin
wh
i
chth
i
sc
ou
ldb
epo
s
s
ib
l
ea
r
ea
r
e
a
sw
i
ths
t
rong m
agn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
s
.I
fzon
e
so
fd
iﬀ
e
r
en
t
m
agn
e
t
i
cpo
l
a
r
i
tya
r
ec
l
o
s
et
oe
a
cho
th
e
r
,m
agn
e
t
i
cr
e
conn
e
c
t
ionc
ano
c
cu
r
. Wh
i
l
eth
e
en
t
i
r
ep
r
o
c
e
s
sw
ou
ldr
equ
i
r
eanexp
l
an
a
t
iono
fm
agn
e
tohyd
rodyn
am
i
c
sinmo
r
ed
e
t
a
i
lth
an
f
e
a
s
ib
l
einth
es
c
op
eo
fth
i
sch
ap
t
e
r
,acomp
r
eh
en
s
iv
er
ev
i
ewo
fth
etop
i
cc
anb
efoundin
[40
]
.B
r
i
eﬂysumm
a
r
i
z
edth
eph
en
om
enonc
anb
ed
e
s
c
r
ib
eda
saconv
e
r
s
ionf
rom m
agn
e
t
i
c
ﬁ
e
lden
e
rgyin
t
oth
ek
in
e
t
i
cen
e
r
gyo
fap
a
r
t
i
c
l
ev
i
ae
l
e
c
t
r
i
cﬁ
e
ld
sinth
er
e
conn
e
c
t
ionl
ay
e
r
.
I
tc
anb
esh
own[
4
1
]th
a
tth
i
sp
r
o
c
e
s
si
sc
ap
ab
l
eo
fa
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ingp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
stoth
eh
igh
e
s
t
en
e
rg
i
e
s
.
2
.3
.2
. Ga
lac
t
icsou
rcecand
ida
te
sfo
rco
sm
icra
y
s
Th
eg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cc
en
t
e
randth
em
a
j
o
r
i
tyo
fob
s
e
rv
edg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cg
amm
ar
aysou
r
c
e
si
slo
c
a
t
ed
inth
esou
th
e
rnsky
. A
sa
l
r
e
ady m
en
t
ion
edins
e
c
t
ion2
.2
.1
,co
sm
i
cr
ay
suptoa
tl
e
a
s
t
1
5
✳
5
10 eVa
r
esu
sp
e
c
t
edt
ob
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edinou
rg
a
l
axy
.
4
Ob
s
e
rv
edsp
e
c
t
ra
lind
exb
e
lowth
ekn
e
e
:2
.7
,sp
e
c
t
ra
lind
exbyﬁ
r
s
t
-o
rd
e
rf
e
rm
ia
c
c
e
l
e
ra
t
ionanden
e
rgy
d
ep
end
en
ten
e
rgylo
s
s
e
sdu
r
ingp
ropaga
t
ion
:2
.6
.
12
2
.3
. Co
sm
i
ca
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
to
r
s
Supe
rnova me
chan
i
sm
s S
ev
e
r
a
lg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cob
j
e
c
tc
l
a
s
s
e
s wh
i
cha
r
esu
sp
e
c
t
edtob
es
i
t
e
s
o
fco
sm
i
cr
ay
sa
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
ona
r
ed
e
s
c
end
an
t
so
fas
t
a
rexp
lod
inginasup
e
rnov
a
.A
f
t
e
ra
s
t
a
rh
a
sd
ep
l
e
t
edi
t
sfu
s
i
onfu
e
lr
e
sou
r
c
e
s
,i
tc
anno
tk
e
epupth
ep
r
e
s
su
r
eag
a
in
s
tth
e
g
r
av
i
t
a
t
ion
a
lf
o
r
c
e
sini
t
sinn
e
rp
a
r
t(
co
r
e
)anda
sar
e
su
l
ti
t
sou
t
e
rp
a
r
t
sco
l
l
ap
s
e
s[8
]
.
D
ep
end
in
gonth
em
a
s
so
fth
es
t
a
r( 8M )
,th
eg
r
av
i
t
a
t
ion
a
lfo
r
c
e
sinth
eco
r
eo
fth
e
s
t
a
rc
anb
e
c
om
es
t
r
on
gen
ou
ghf
o
rth
ee
l
e
c
t
ron
so
fth
ea
tom
stoov
e
r
com
eth
ee
l
e
c
t
ron
d
eg
en
e
r
a
cyp
r
e
s
su
r
e
. Th
eya
r
eth
enpu
sh
edinth
enu
c
l
eu
sandc
r
e
a
t
e
,w
i
thth
ep
ro
ton
sin
ang
e[42
]
. Th
en
eu
t
ron
s
th
enu
c
l
eu
s
,n
eu
t
r
on
sandn
eu
t
r
in
o
sw
i
then
e
rg
i
e
sinth
eMeV r
fo
rman
eu
t
r
ons
t
a
r
. Th
i
sn
eu
t
r
ons
t
a
ri
ssod
en
s
eth
a
tadd
i
t
ion
a
lf
e
rm
ion
sw
ou
ldh
av
e
toov
e
r
com
eth
en
eu
t
r
ond
e
g
en
e
r
a
cyp
r
e
s
su
r
e
.I
fth
es
t
a
ri
sm
a
s
s
iv
eenough
,ab
l
a
ckho
l
e
w
i
l
lb
ec
r
e
a
t
ed
.O
th
e
rw
i
s
e
,th
eou
t
e
rp
a
r
t
so
fth
es
t
a
rwh
i
cha
r
ef
a
l
l
inginw
a
rd
s
,boun
c
e
o
fth
en
eu
t
r
ons
t
a
randp
r
op
a
g
a
t
eaw
ayf
romi
tandfo
rmasup
e
rnov
ar
emn
an
t
.
Th
er
emn
an
tp
a
r
t
s
’k
in
e
t
i
cen
e
r
gyo
fabou
t 1051e
rg
si
ssm
a
l
lcomp
a
r
edtoth
een
53e
e
rgyth
a
ti
sc
a
r
r
i
edaw
aybyM
eV n
eu
t
r
ino
s(
abou
t10
rg
s
)[27
]
.F
o
rab
l
a
ckho
l
eto
em
e
rg
eth
em
a
s
so
fth
ep
r
o
g
en
i
t
o
rs
t
a
rh
a
stob
el
a
rg
e
rth
an∼25M [42
]
.S
in
c
eth
e
co
r
eo
fth
es
t
a
rc
o
l
l
ap
s
ede
i
th
e
rt
oan
eu
t
rons
t
a
ro
rtoab
l
a
ckho
l
e
,th
i
sp
ro
c
e
s
si
sc
a
l
l
ed
aco
r
eco
l
l
ap
s
esup
e
rn
ov
a
e
.In1
9
8
7
,n
eu
t
r
ino
sf
romasup
e
rnov
ainth
eL
a
rg
eM
ag
e
l
l
an
i
c
5
e
r
ed
e
t
e
c
t
ed[
4
3
]
. Upt
ot
od
ayth
e
s
en
eu
t
r
ino
sa
r
eth
eon
lyn
eu
t
r
ino
sth
a
tw
e
r
e
C
loud w
a
s
so
c
i
a
t
edw
i
thasp
e
c
iﬁ
cs
ou
r
c
eou
t
s
id
eou
rso
l
a
rsy
s
t
em
.
A
l
sol
igh
t
e
rs
t
a
r
s
’l
i
f
ec
anend w
i
thasup
e
rnov
aexp
lo
s
ion
.I
fas
t
a
ri
s
,a
tth
eend
o
fh
i
sl
i
f
e
cy
c
l
e
,t
ool
i
gh
tt
oov
e
r
c
om
eth
ee
l
e
c
t
rond
eg
en
e
r
a
cyp
r
e
s
su
r
e
,awh
i
t
edw
a
r
fw
i
l
l
b
efo
rm
ed
.Inasy
s
t
emw
i
th m
o
r
eth
anon
es
t
a
rth
i
swh
i
t
edw
a
r
fth
enc
ana
c
c
r
e
t
em
a
s
s
f
roman
e
a
rbycomp
an
i
on
. Th
ea
c
c
r
e
t
ed m
a
s
sin
c
r
e
a
s
e
sth
ep
r
e
s
su
r
ein
s
id
eth
e wh
i
t
e
dw
a
r
fandr
e
i
gn
i
t
e
sth
efu
s
i
ono
fr
em
a
in
ingc
a
rbon[44
]
. Th
i
sin
c
r
e
a
s
e
sth
et
emp
e
r
a
tu
r
e
in
s
id
eth
ewh
i
t
edw
a
r
fands
t
a
r
t
sadd
i
t
ion
a
lfu
s
ionp
ro
c
e
s
s
e
s
. Th
er
e
l
e
a
s
eden
e
rgyinth
e
s
e
r
e
ign
i
t
edfu
s
i
onp
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
si
sl
a
r
g
eenoughtoov
e
r
com
eth
eg
r
av
i
t
a
t
ion
a
lb
ind
ingen
e
rgy
5
1
4
o
fth
es
t
a
r(
0
✳
5×1
0 e
rg
s)andt
oa
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
em
a
s
se
j
e
c
t
auptoabou
t1×10 km
s−1,
5
1
wh
i
chco
r
r
e
spond
st
oabou
t1×1
0 e
rg
s[44
]
.
Sup
e
rnov
a
eo
fth
i
styp
e(
a
l
s
okn
owna
s Typ
eI
a
)a
r
ethough
ttoem
i
tv
e
rys
im
i
l
a
r
lum
ino
s
i
typ
r
oﬁ
l
e
s
. Th
i
sc
anb
eu
s
edtoc
a
l
cu
l
a
t
eth
ed
i
s
t
an
c
eo
fth
esup
e
rnov
aby
comp
a
r
in
gth
elum
in
o
s
i
tyob
s
e
rv
edonE
a
r
thtoth
eem
i
t
t
edlum
ino
s
i
ty[45
]
.
Supe
rnovaremnan
t
s(SNR
) A
f
t
e
rasup
e
rnov
aexp
lo
s
ionth
ee
j
e
c
t
ai
s mov
ingr
ad
i
a
l
ly
aw
ayf
romi
ta
th
i
ghv
e
l
o
c
i
t
i
e
s
.I
tp
r
op
a
g
a
t
e
sth
roughth
ev
i
c
in
i
tya
roundth
eexp
lod
ed
s
t
a
r
, wh
i
chc
on
t
a
in
sin
t
e
r
s
t
e
l
l
a
rm
a
t
t
e
r(
ISM
)andc
ancon
t
a
in mo
l
e
cu
l
a
rc
loud
s
. Th
i
s
sy
s
t
emn
owc
anfu
lﬁ
lth
er
equ
i
r
em
en
t
sfo
rsho
cka
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
iona
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion2
.3
.1
.
5
1
In
t
r
igu
in
g
ly
,th
ek
in
e
t
i
cen
e
r
gyr
e
l
e
a
s
edinasup
e
rnov
a(
1×10 e
rg
s)c
anp
rov
id
eenough
5
An
ea
rbysa
t
e
l
l
i
t
ega
laxyo
fou
rownga
laxy
.
13
2
. Th
eh
i
ghen
e
r
gyun
iv
e
r
s
e
en
e
rgyfo
rc
o
sm
i
cr
ay
supt
oth
e"kn
e
e"i
f3%to30%o
fth
er
e
l
e
a
s
eden
e
rgya
r
eu
s
edto
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ec
o
sm
i
cr
ay
s[
4
6
]
.
Pu
l
sa
r W
ind Nebu
lae(PWN
) Wh
enasup
e
rnov
aexp
lo
s
ionr
e
su
l
t
sinth
ec
r
e
a
t
iono
f
an
eu
t
rons
t
a
r
,m
o
s
to
fth
ean
gu
l
a
r mom
en
tumo
fth
ep
rog
en
i
to
rs
t
a
rr
em
a
in
sw
i
thth
e
n
eu
t
rons
t
a
r
. Du
et
oi
t
s mu
chsm
a
l
l
e
rs
i
z
e(10kmto15km[47
]r
ad
iu
scomp
a
r
edto
5km[
7×10
4
8
]o
fou
rsuna
sanex
amp
l
e
.
)i
ts
t
a
r
t
storo
t
a
t
ev
e
ryf
a
s
t
.I
fapu
l
s
edr
ad
io
em
i
s
s
ionf
r
omth
i
sn
eu
t
r
ons
t
a
ri
sd
e
t
e
c
t
edi
ti
sc
a
l
l
eda"pu
l
s
a
r"
. A
tth
es
am
et
im
e
,
12G)c
r
e
a
t
es
t
rongpo
t
en
t
i
a
ld
iﬀ
e
r
en
c
e
sinth
e
l
a
rg
ero
t
a
t
in
gm
a
gn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
s(upt
o1×10
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
cﬁ
e
ldb
e
tw
e
enth
epo
l
eandth
eequ
a
to
ro
fth
en
eu
t
rons
t
a
r
. Th
i
se
l
e
c
t
r
i
cﬁ
e
ldi
s
sos
t
rongth
a
ti
ts
t
r
ip
saw
aye
l
e
c
t
r
on
sandion
s[49
]f
romth
esu
r
f
a
c
eo
fth
en
eu
t
rons
t
a
r
.
Ch
a
rg
ed p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sth
a
ta
r
es
t
r
ipp
ed aw
ay ﬁ
l
lth
ev
i
c
in
i
ty a
roundth
e pu
l
s
a
r and
a
r
ec
a
l
l
edth
epu
l
s
a
rw
ind[
5
0
]
. Th
eyem
i
tsyn
ch
ro
t
ronr
ad
i
a
t
ioninth
er
ad
ioandX
r
ay
b
and wh
enth
eya
r
ed
eﬂ
e
c
t
edbyth
em
agn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ldo
fth
epu
l
s
a
r[47
]
. Th
ein
t
e
r
e
s
e
t
ed
r
e
ad
e
rc
anﬁndadd
i
t
i
on
a
lin
f
o
rm
a
t
ioninth
e
s
er
ev
i
ew
s[51–53
]andad
e
t
a
i
l
edd
e
s
c
r
ip
t
ion
o
fth
em
a
gn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
sandth
econv
e
r
s
ionf
rome
l
e
c
t
ro
-m
agn
e
t
i
cin
tok
in
e
t
i
cen
e
rgyin
[54
]
. Du
et
oth
e
i
rs
t
r
on
gm
a
gn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
s PWNa
r
ec
and
id
a
t
e
sfo
rp
a
r
t
i
c
l
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ion
th
rough m
a
gn
e
t
i
cr
e
c
onn
e
c
t
i
on
.
B
ina
rysy
s
tem/ M
i
c
roqua
sa
r Ab
in
a
rysy
s
t
emth
a
tcon
s
i
s
t
so
facomp
a
c
tob
j
e
c
t(
l
ik
ea
n
eu
t
rons
t
a
ro
rab
l
a
ckh
o
l
e
)andac
omp
an
ions
t
a
ro
rano
th
e
rcomp
a
c
tob
j
e
c
tc
ana
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
st
oh
i
ghen
e
r
g
i
e
s
. Th
ec
omp
a
c
tob
j
e
c
tc
ana
c
c
r
e
t
em
a
s
sf
romth
ecomp
an
ion
s
t
a
r
.I
ti
sb
e
l
i
ev
edth
a
ti
tc
onv
e
r
t
sp
a
r
t
so
fth
een
e
rgyg
a
in
edbyth
i
sa
c
c
r
e
t
ionin
toth
e
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
ono
fp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sinj
e
t
sa
longi
t
sro
t
a
t
ion
a
lax
e
s[55
]o
rth
roughin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
so
f
w
ind
s[56
]
.
The Ga
la
c
t
i
c Cen
t
re Th
ec
en
t
r
eo
fth
i
sg
a
l
axy ho
s
t
sasup
e
r
-m
a
s
s
iv
eb
l
a
ck ho
l
e
,
S
ag
i
t
t
a
r
iu
sA
*
. Th
i
sb
l
a
ckh
o
l
ei
sp
ropo
s
eda
ssou
r
c
eo
fth
eg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cco
sm
i
cr
ay
sin
[57
]
.T
od
ay
,th
eob
s
e
rv
edlum
in
o
s
i
tyi
stoosm
a
l
ltob
eac
and
id
a
t
efo
rsuﬃ
c
i
en
tp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
on
.H
ow
ev
e
r
,l
a
r
g
es
t
ru
c
tu
r
e
s
,so
c
a
l
l
edbubb
l
e
s
,ob
s
e
rv
edabov
eandb
e
lowth
e
g
a
l
a
c
t
i
cc
en
t
r
e[
5
8
]a
r
eanind
i
c
a
t
i
onfo
ra mo
r
ea
c
t
iv
eph
a
s
eo
fth
eb
l
a
ckho
l
einth
ep
a
s
t
.
Th
eb
l
a
ckh
o
l
ec
ou
ldh
av
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sinj
e
t
sbyu
s
ingen
e
rgyr
e
l
e
a
s
edby m
a
s
s
a
c
c
r
e
t
iononi
t
.
Th
es
i
z
eand po
s
i
t
i
ono
fth
e bubb
l
e
sc
an b
eu
s
edtoe
s
t
im
a
t
eth
et
im
ew
indowo
f
th
i
sh
igha
c
t
iv
i
ty ph
a
s
eo
fth
eb
l
a
ck ho
l
e
. Th
i
sy
i
e
ld
sana
c
t
iv
i
ty ph
a
s
eo
fabou
t
7y
7y
1×10
r
swh
i
chs
t
a
r
t
edabou
t2
✳
4×10
r
sago
. Th
i
si
ss
im
i
l
a
rtoth
eav
e
r
ag
ee
s
c
ap
e
t
im
eo
fac
o
sm
i
cr
ayf
r
omou
tg
a
l
axy
,1
✳
5×107y
r
s[59
]
. A
spo
in
t
edou
tin[60
]
,th
e
av
e
r
a
g
ee
s
c
ap
et
im
ec
ana
l
s
ob
el
a
r
g
e
rbyf
a
c
to
rtw
otofou
ri
fd
iﬀ
e
r
en
ta
s
sump
t
ion
sabou
t
th
eco
sm
i
cr
ayp
r
op
a
g
a
t
i
ona
r
em
ad
e
.
14
2
.4
. Ob
s
e
rv
edg
amm
asou
r
c
e
s
S
im
i
l
a
rt
osh
o
ck a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
on asp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
ex o
ftw
oa
tth
esou
r
c
ei
sp
r
ed
i
c
t
ed
.
H
en
c
e
,aph
a
s
eo
fh
i
gha
c
t
iv
i
tyinth
eph
a
s
eo
fS
ag
i
t
t
a
r
iu
s A*i
son
epo
s
s
ib
l
eo
r
ig
ino
f
g
a
l
a
c
t
i
cco
sm
i
cr
ay
s
.
2
.3
.3
. Ex
t
ra
-ga
lac
t
icsou
rcecand
ida
te
sfo
rco
sm
icra
y
s
A
c
t
ivega
la
c
t
i
cnu
c
le
i A
c
t
iv
eg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cnu
c
l
e
i(AGN
s
)a
r
einn
e
rp
a
r
t
so
fg
a
l
ax
i
e
sw
i
tha
v
e
ryh
ighlum
in
o
s
i
ty[
6
1
]
.I
ti
sa
s
sum
edth
a
tth
e
i
rem
i
s
s
ioni
sfu
e
l
l
edbyth
ea
c
c
r
e
t
ion
o
fm
a
s
sonasup
e
rm
a
s
s
iv
eb
l
a
ckh
o
l
e
. AGN
sa
r
ep
r
im
ec
and
id
a
t
e
sfo
rth
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ion
o
f UHEc
o
sm
i
cr
ay
sa
sc
ana
l
s
ob
es
e
eninF
ig
.2
.2
. Du
eto m
a
s
sa
c
c
r
e
t
edbyth
eb
l
a
ck
ho
l
eana
c
c
r
e
t
i
ond
i
ski
sf
o
rm
ed
.S
om
e
t
im
e
son
ea
l
soob
s
e
rv
e
stw
oh
igh
lyr
e
l
a
t
iv
i
s
t
i
cj
e
t
s
o
r
thogon
a
lt
oth
ed
i
sk
.S
om
em
od
e
l
sexp
e
c
tth
eUHEco
sm
i
cr
ay
stob
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edinth
e
j
e
t
s[3
]
.D
ep
end
in
gonth
ev
i
ew
in
gang
l
eanAGNi
sid
en
t
iﬁ
edind
iﬀ
e
r
en
tsou
r
c
ec
l
a
s
s
e
s
.
Anex
amp
l
ea
r
e AGN
sw
i
thon
eo
fth
e
i
rj
e
t
spo
in
t
ingd
i
r
e
c
t
lytou
s
, wh
i
cha
r
ec
a
l
l
ed
b
l
a
z
a
r
s
.
Gammara
ybu
r
s
t
s G
amm
ar
aybu
r
s
t
s(GRB
s
)a
r
esho
r
t(
s
e
cond
so
rl
e
s
s
)bu
r
s
t
so
f
4
0k
eVt
o1×10 keV[62
]
.Inth
i
ssho
r
tp
e
r
iodth
e
i
rlum
ino
s
i
tyi
s
pho
ton
sp
e
ak
in
ga
t1
comp
a
r
ab
l
et
oth
een
t
i
r
eun
iv
e
r
s
ein
t
eg
r
a
t
edov
e
ra
l
lw
av
e
l
eng
th
s
. GRB
sa
r
eu
su
a
l
ly
s
ep
a
r
a
t
edintw
oc
l
a
s
s
e
sb
a
s
edonth
ed
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
iono
f GRBdu
r
a
t
ion
s
.
Sho
r
t GRB
sp
e
ak a
t a du
r
a
t
i
on o
f abou
t0
✳
3s wh
i
l
elong GRB
sp
e
ak a
t abou
t
30s
. GRB
sw
i
thadu
r
a
t
i
onsm
a
l
l
e
rth
an2sa
r
ec
l
a
s
s
iﬁ
eda
ssho
r
tGRB
s
,o
th
e
rw
i
s
e
,th
ey
a
r
ec
l
a
s
s
iﬁ
eda
sl
on
g GRB
s
. Th
e mo
s
tcommonin
t
e
rp
r
e
t
a
t
iono
fth
i
sf
e
a
tu
r
ea
r
etw
o
d
iﬀ
e
r
en
ts
ou
r
c
ec
l
a
s
s
e
s
. Th
ec
o
l
l
ap
s
eo
fm
a
s
s
iv
es
t
a
r
s( m
a
s
s>✶✺
M )h
a
sb
e
enid
en
t
iﬁ
ed
a
sth
ep
r
o
g
en
i
t
o
rf
o
rs
om
eo
fth
el
ong GRB
s
.L
ik
ew
i
s
e
,fo
rsho
r
t GRB
sth
em
e
rg
ingo
f
tw
ocomp
a
c
tob
j
e
c
t
sinab
in
a
rysy
s
t
emh
a
sb
e
end
i
s
cu
s
s
ed[63
]
. How
ev
e
r
,th
e
r
ea
r
es
t
i
l
l
m
anyop
enqu
e
s
t
i
on
s wh
eni
tc
om
e
stoth
ep
rog
en
i
to
r
so
f GRB
s
. Th
eob
s
e
rv
a
t
iono
f
VHEg
amm
ar
ay
sf
r
omth
e
s
eob
j
e
c
t
sm
igh
tb
eanind
i
c
a
to
rfo
rh
ad
ron
i
cp
ro
c
e
s
s
e
s
. Thu
s
,
GRB
sa
r
eapo
s
s
ib
l
es
i
t
eo
fc
o
sm
i
cr
aya
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ion
.
2
.4
. Ob
se
rvedgammasou
rce
s
A
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
i
on2
.
2
.
3VHEg
amm
ar
ay
sc
anb
ep
rodu
c
edbyth
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
iono
fco
sm
i
c
r
ay
sw
i
thamb
i
en
tm
a
t
t
e
ro
rph
o
t
onﬁ
e
ld
s
. Un
l
ik
eth
ech
a
rg
edco
sm
i
cr
ay
sth
en
eu
t
r
a
l
g
amm
ar
ay
sa
r
en
o
td
eﬂ
e
c
t
ed
.H
en
c
e
,th
eob
s
e
rv
a
t
iono
fVHEg
amm
ar
ayem
i
s
s
ionf
rom
ana
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
lob
j
e
c
to
rr
e
g
i
onc
anb
es
e
ena
sanind
i
c
a
to
rth
a
ti
ti
sa
l
soas
i
t
eo
fco
sm
i
c
r
aya
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
on
.H
ow
ev
e
r
,aVHEg
amm
ar
ayc
ana
l
sob
ep
rodu
c
edbyl
ep
ton
i
cp
ro
c
e
s
s
e
s
(
a
l
sod
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
i
on2
.
2
.
3
)
.Inth
ef
o
l
low
ingbo
thob
s
e
rv
a
t
ion
so
fVHEg
amm
ar
ay
s
f
romth
eg
a
l
a
c
t
i
candex
t
r
a
-g
a
l
a
c
t
i
co
r
ig
ina
r
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
.
15
2
. Th
eh
i
ghen
e
r
gyun
iv
e
r
s
e
Ga
la
c
t
i
cVHEgammara
y
s B
o
thHESS[64
]andth
eF
e
rm
i
-LATs
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
eh
av
esu
rv
ey
ed
6a
th
eg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cp
l
an
e
ndf
oundnum
e
rou
sg
a
l
a
c
t
i
csou
r
c
e
s(
s
e
eF
ig
. 2
.5
)
. D
ep
end
ing
onth
e
i
rpo
s
i
t
i
ononth
esky
,m
anyo
fth
e
s
ea
l
soh
av
eb
e
enob
s
e
rv
edby MAG
ICand
VER
ITAS
. Th
ed
iﬀu
s
eem
i
s
s
i
onf
r
omth
eg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cp
l
an
ei
sa
l
so m
e
a
su
r
edby FERM
I
[66
]and HESS[
6
7
]
. Wh
i
l
es
om
esou
r
c
e
ss
e
emtop
rodu
c
eth
eob
s
e
rv
edg
amm
ar
ay
s
l
ep
ton
i
c
a
l
ly
,f
o
ro
th
e
r
sth
e
r
ei
sev
id
en
c
eo
fh
ad
ron
i
cp
rodu
c
t
ion
.F
o
rsup
e
rnov
ar
emn
an
t
s
,
F
igu
re2
.5
:R
e
su
l
t
sf
r
omth
eg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cp
l
an
es
c
anw
i
thHESSandth
eF
e
rm
i
-LATs
a
t
e
l
i
t
e
.
T
ak
enf
r
om[
6
8
]
.
on
epo
s
s
ib
l
eexp
l
an
a
t
i
oni
sac
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
ionb
e
tw
e
enth
eag
eo
fth
er
emn
an
tandth
ed
en
s
i
ty
in wh
i
chin
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
st
ak
ep
l
a
c
e[
6
9
]
.I
ti
sb
e
l
i
ev
edth
a
tl
ep
ton
i
cp
rodu
c
t
iono
fg
amm
a
r
ay
so
c
cu
r
sinlowd
en
s
i
tyenv
i
r
onm
en
t
sandh
ad
ron
i
cp
rodu
c
t
ioninenv
i
ronm
en
t
sw
i
tha
h
igh
e
rd
en
s
i
ty
.
In m
anyc
a
s
e
s asou
r
c
ei
sn
o
t on
ly ob
s
e
rv
edinGeV and TeV g
amm
ar
ay
s
, bu
t
a
l
soinr
ad
i
oand X
r
ayb
and
s
. Th
eem
i
s
s
ioninth
e
s
eb
and
si
sg
en
e
r
a
l
lyin
t
e
rp
r
e
t
eda
s
i
s
s
ion
syn
ch
ro
t
r
onr
ad
i
a
t
i
ono
fe
l
e
c
t
r
on
s
. Thu
s
,a mod
e
ld
e
s
c
r
ib
ingth
eGeV andTeVem
bye
l
e
c
t
ron
sl
o
s
in
gth
e
i
ren
e
r
gyv
i
ainv
e
r
s
e
comp
tons
c
a
t
t
e
r
ingo
rB
r
em
s
s
t
r
ah
lungh
a
s
tob
econ
s
i
s
t
en
tw
i
thth
er
ad
i
oand X
r
ayob
s
e
rv
a
t
ion
s[70
]
.InF
ig
.2
.6th
esup
e
rnov
a
r
emn
an
tW
5
1Ci
su
s
eda
sanex
amp
l
efo
rth
ed
iﬀ
e
r
en
t
i
a
t
ionb
e
tw
e
en mod
e
l
s
. Wh
i
l
eth
e
ob
s
e
rv
edG
eV andTeVem
i
s
s
i
onﬁ
t
sbo
thh
ad
ron
i
c(mod
e
la
)andl
ep
ton
i
c(mod
e
lb+c
)
mod
e
l
sw
e
l
l
,th
ep
r
ed
i
c
t
edr
ad
i
oem
i
s
s
ionfo
rth
el
ep
ton
i
c mod
e
l
si
sind
i
s
ag
r
e
em
en
tw
i
th
th
ed
a
t
a
. Th
eg
amm
ar
ayem
i
s
s
i
oni
sth
e
r
e
fo
r
el
ik
e
lyh
ad
ron
i
cino
r
ig
in
.
F
o
rsom
esup
e
rn
ov
ar
emn
an
t
sth
eenv
i
ronm
en
t
a
lcond
i
t
ion
sandob
s
e
rv
edsp
e
c
t
r
a
s
t
rong
lysu
g
g
e
s
tah
ad
r
on
i
co
r
ig
ino
fth
eob
s
e
rv
edGeV andTeVg
amm
ar
ay
s(
ex
amp
l
e
s
:
6
Th
i
sha
sa
l
sob
edon
eby M
ILAGRO
, ma
in
lyinth
eno
r
th
e
rnsky[65
]
.
16
2
.4
. Ob
s
e
rv
edg
amm
asou
r
c
e
s
F
igu
re2
.6
: Sp
e
c
t
r
a
len
e
r
gyd
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ionfo
r W51C
.M
e
a
su
r
edd
a
t
a(
r
ad
ioonth
el
e
f
t
,
VHEg
amm
ar
ay
sonth
er
igh
t
)andth
r
e
ed
iﬀ
e
r
en
t mod
e
l
sa
r
eshown
.F
igu
r
e
a
)sh
ow
sa m
od
e
lw
i
thadom
in
an
th
ad
ron
i
cp
rodu
c
t
iono
fVHEg
amm
ar
ay
s
andF
i
gu
r
eb
)andc
)showmod
e
l
sth
a
tp
r
ed
i
c
tl
ep
ton
i
cp
ro
c
e
s
s
e
stodom
in
a
t
e
th
ep
r
odu
c
t
i
ono
fVHEg
amm
ar
ay
s
.T
ak
enf
rom[70
]
IC443and W
4
4[
4
6
]
)
. Th
ec
r
abn
ebu
l
a
,apu
l
s
a
rw
indn
ebu
l
aa
s
so
c
i
a
t
edw
i
thth
eob
s
e
rv
a
t
iono
fasup
e
rn
ov
ain1
0
5
4
,onth
eo
th
e
rh
and
,i
sw
e
l
lknownfo
rb
e
ingav
e
ryb
r
igh
tsou
r
c
e
inth
eskyf
o
rbo
thr
ad
i
oand X
r
ay
sa
sw
e
l
la
sg
amm
ar
ay
suptoaf
ewTeV[71
]
. Du
e
toi
t
sb
r
i
gh
tn
e
s
sinth
e
s
eb
and
sth
esp
e
c
t
r
a
len
e
rgyd
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ion(SED
)i
sw
e
l
lm
e
a
su
r
ed
andc
anb
ev
e
ryw
e
l
lﬁ
t
t
edw
i
thapu
r
el
ep
ton
i
cs
c
en
a
r
io[72–74
]a
sc
anb
es
e
eninF
ig
.2
.7
.
F
o
r mo
s
to
fth
es
ou
r
c
e
sth
eSED
sa
r
e no
ta
sw
e
l
lm
e
a
su
r
eda
sinth
ep
r
ev
iou
sex
amp
l
e
s
.I
fanob
s
e
rv
a
t
i
oninanen
e
rgyr
ang
ei
sm
i
s
s
ingth
i
sc
anb
ebo
thdu
etol
a
cko
f
exp
e
r
im
en
t
a
ls
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyo
rl
a
cko
fem
i
s
s
ion
. Add
i
t
ion
a
l
ly
,th
ea
rgum
en
t
su
s
edinf
av
ou
r
andag
a
in
s
tth
eh
ad
r
on
i
c
/
l
ep
t
on
i
cc
a
s
ea
r
eno
ta
lw
ay
sab
so
lu
t
e
. Agoodex
amp
l
ei
sth
e
sup
e
rnov
ar
emn
an
tRXJ
1
7
1
3
.
7
3
9
46
. Th
eem
i
s
s
ioninth
eGeV r
ang
eshow
sav
e
ryh
a
rd
✳
✺[
7
5
]
. Th
i
sandth
el
a
cko
fX
r
ayl
in
eem
i
s
s
ionexp
e
c
t
ed
sp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
exo
fabou
tγ= ✶
o
fh
igh
e
rp
r
o
t
onnumb
e
rd
en
s
i
t
i
e
sinh
ad
ron
i
cp
rodu
c
t
ion[76
]w
e
r
elongthough
ttob
e
a
rgum
en
t
sf
o
ral
ep
t
on
i
cp
r
odu
c
t
i
ono
fth
eob
s
e
rv
edg
amm
ar
ay
s[76
,77
]
.
Wh
i
l
es
imp
l
eh
ad
r
on
i
cm
od
e
l
ss
e
emtob
ed
i
s
f
av
ou
r
ed[78
]
,i
ti
spo
s
s
ib
l
etoexp
l
a
in
th
eob
s
e
rv
edG
eV andTeVem
i
s
s
i
onbyh
ad
ron
i
cin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
sw
i
thanadd
i
t
ion
a
lr
emn
an
t
sh
e
l
lup
s
t
r
e
am[
7
8
]o
rw
i
thac
lumpy m
ed
iuml
ik
ead
en
s
e mo
l
e
cu
l
a
rc
loud[79
,80
]
.
Th
eob
s
e
rv
a
t
i
ono
rn
on
ob
s
e
rv
a
t
i
ono
fn
eu
t
r
ino
scou
ldh
e
lptoe
i
th
e
rsuppo
r
th
ad
ron
i
c
s
c
en
a
r
io
so
rl
im
i
tth
e
i
rc
on
t
r
ibu
t
i
ontoth
eob
s
e
rv
edg
amm
ar
ay
s
.
Th
e HESSt
e
l
e
s
c
op
e
sa
l
s
od
e
t
e
c
t
ed TeV g
amm
a
r
ay
sf
romth
eG
a
l
a
c
t
i
cC
en
t
r
e[81
]
.
17
2
. Th
eh
i
ghen
e
r
gyun
iv
e
r
s
e
Ene
rgy[eV
]
-9
10
-7
10
-8
10
-7
-5
-3
-1
10 10 10 10
3
5
C
rabNebu
la
9
13
11
15
SYNC
SSC
BREMS
IC
-CMB
IC
-F
IR
IC
-N
IR
/OPT
-9
-1
-2
νFν (
ν)[e
rgs
cm
]
7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10
-10
10
-11
10
-12
10
-13
10
10-14
-15
10
-16
10
6
8
10
16
18
20
26
28
30
10 10 10 1012 1014 10 10 10 1022 1024 10 10 10
F
requency[Hz
]
F
igu
re2
.7
: Sp
e
c
t
r
a
len
e
r
gyd
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ionfo
rth
ec
r
abn
ebu
l
a
.D
a
t
apo
in
t
sandp
r
ed
i
c
t
ed
em
i
s
s
i
onf
r
omv
a
r
i
ou
sl
ep
ton
i
cp
rodu
c
t
ion m
e
ch
an
i
sm
s
.T
ak
enf
rom[74
]
.
Ini
t
sm
o
l
e
cu
l
a
rc
l
oudh
i
gh
en
e
r
g
e
t
i
ce
l
e
c
t
ron
sw
i
l
lsuﬀ
e
rl
a
rg
er
ad
i
a
t
iv
elo
s
s
e
s
. Th
i
s
d
i
s
f
av
ou
r
sal
ep
t
on
i
co
r
i
g
inb
e
c
au
s
ei
ti
sch
a
l
l
eng
ingtoexp
l
a
inth
el
a
rg
eem
i
s
s
ionr
eg
ion
w
i
thal
ep
t
on
i
cm
od
e
la
si
ti
sl
a
r
g
e
rth
anth
e
i
rexp
e
c
t
edr
ang
e
. Th
eg
amm
a
r
ayem
i
s
s
ion
inth
i
sr
e
g
i
oni
sa
l
s
oa m
a
gn
i
tud
el
a
rg
e
rth
anexp
e
c
t
a
t
ion
sf
romth
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
so
f
th
e"
‘
s
e
a
’o
fc
o
sm
i
cr
ay
s
"[
8
1
]th
a
tﬁ
l
l
sth
eg
a
l
axy
. Th
i
sind
i
c
a
t
e
sin
t
r
in
s
i
cco
sm
i
c
r
ay
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
oninth
eG
a
l
a
c
t
i
cC
en
t
r
eandsuppo
r
t
sth
eth
eo
ryo
fah
igha
c
t
iv
i
typh
a
s
eo
f
S
ag
i
t
t
a
r
iu
sA
*inth
ep
a
s
t
.
Ex
t
ra
-ga
la
c
t
i
c VHE gammara
y
s VHEg
amm
ar
ay
sh
av
ea
l
so b
e
en d
e
t
e
c
t
edf
rom
amm
ar
ay
sf
rom AGN
sc
anb
es
e
ena
san
ex
t
r
a
-g
a
l
a
c
t
i
cob
j
e
c
t
s
. Ob
s
e
rv
a
t
i
ono
fTeVg
1
7
ind
i
c
a
to
rf
o
rth
e
i
rab
i
l
i
tyt
oa
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ech
a
rg
edion
suptoen
e
rg
i
e
sabov
e1×10 eV[82
]
–i
fth
eya
r
eo
fh
ad
r
on
i
co
r
i
g
in
.H
ow
ev
e
r
,a
sshownex
amp
l
a
ryfo
rsom
eb
l
a
z
a
r
sin[82
]
,
th
e
i
r VHEg
amm
ar
ayem
i
s
s
i
onc
ana
l
sob
eexp
l
a
in
edbybo
thh
ad
ron
i
candl
ep
ton
i
c
p
ro
c
e
s
s
e
s(
s
e
eF
i
g
.2
.
8
)
.
B
l
a
z
a
r
sc
anv
a
ryinth
e
i
rem
i
s
s
i
ond
ep
end
en
to
ft
im
e
,s
e
eF
ig
.2
.8and[83
]
.3C279
,th
e
ex
emp
l
a
ryb
l
a
z
a
rsh
ownabov
e
,w
a
sinab
r
igh
ts
t
a
t
eov
e
raf
ewhou
r
sob
s
e
rv
edbyth
e
F
e
rm
is
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
ein D
e
c
emb
e
r2
0
1
3
.Inth
i
ss
t
a
t
eth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
edﬂux w
a
sabou
tt
ent
im
e
s
h
igh
e
rﬂuxth
anini
t
sg
r
ounds
t
a
t
e
. Th
i
sem
i
s
s
ionc
anb
eexp
l
a
in
edbyem
i
s
s
iono
fp
ro
ton
syn
ch
ro
t
r
onr
ad
i
a
t
i
ono
rbyapu
r
el
ep
ton
i
cs
c
en
a
r
io[83
]
.
A
s m
en
t
i
on
ed b
e
f
o
r
e
, ph
o
t
on
sc
anin
t
e
r
a
c
tw
i
tho
th
e
r pho
ton
sandc
r
e
a
t
ee
l
e
c
t
ron
po
s
i
t
ronp
a
i
r
s
. PeV ph
o
t
on
sc
anin
t
e
r
a
c
tw
i
thth
epho
ton
so
fth
eco
sm
i
cm
i
c
row
a
c
e
b
a
ckg
round
. Du
et
oth
eabund
an
c
eo
fth
i
sb
a
ckg
roundl
igh
tth
e
i
rm
e
anf
r
e
ep
a
thi
sa
s
18
2
.5
.P
ro
sp
e
c
t
so
fn
eu
t
r
inoa
s
t
ronomyandi
t
simp
a
c
t
3C
2
7
9
3C279
1
4
1
4
10
1
3
10
1
0
1
3
νFν[
J
yH
z
]
νFν[
J
yH
z
]
1
0
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
10
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
2
10
1
0
1
0
1
0
12
10
14
10
16
10
18
20
10
10
ν[H
z
]
22
10
2
4
10
2
6
10
10
1
0
10
1
2
10
1
4
10
1
6
10
1
8
2
0
10
10
ν[Hz
]
2
2
10
2
4
10
2
6
10
F
igu
re 2
.8
:L
e
f
t
: M
od
e
lw
i
thh
ad
ron
i
cem
i
s
s
ion(do
t
-do
t
-d
a
sh
ed
)andv
a
r
iou
sl
ep
ton
i
c
em
i
s
s
i
on
s(
o
th
e
rn
on
so
l
idl
in
e
s
)
.R
igh
t
:L
ep
ton
i
c mod
e
lw
i
thv
a
r
iou
sl
ep
t
on
i
cem
i
s
s
i
on
s
.Inbo
thﬁgu
r
e
sth
edo
t
t
edcu
rv
er
ep
r
e
s
en
t
sth
esyn
ch
ro
t
ron
em
i
s
s
i
onf
r
ome
l
e
c
t
r
on
s
.R
edpo
in
t
sco
r
r
e
spondtod
a
t
at
ak
enin
toa
c
coun
t
f
o
rth
eﬁ
t
. Th
eo
th
e
rd
a
t
apo
in
t
sshowth
ev
a
r
i
ab
i
l
i
tyo
fth
eb
l
a
z
a
ra
td
iﬀ
e
r
en
tpo
in
t
sint
im
e
.T
ak
enf
rom[82
]
−2M
sm
a
l
la
s1×1
0
p
c7[
8
4
]
.
A
t TeV en
e
r
g
i
e
sth
e VHE g
amm
ar
ay
s do no
tin
t
e
r
a
c
t w
i
thth
e CMB pho
ton
s
,
bu
tw
i
thth
ein
f
r
a
r
edex
t
r
a
g
a
l
a
c
t
i
cb
a
ckg
roundl
igh
t(EBL
)[85
]
. Th
eyh
av
ea m
e
anf
r
e
e
p
a
tho
f1
00 Mp
ct
o1
00
0 Mp
c(
s
e
eF
ig
.2
.9
)
.H
en
c
e
,th
e
i
rob
s
e
rv
edsp
e
c
t
rumn
e
ed
stob
e
co
r
r
e
c
t
edf
o
rth
i
sa
t
t
enu
a
t
i
on
. Th
i
sr
equ
i
r
e
sbo
thknow
l
edg
eo
fth
eEBLandth
esou
r
c
e
sp
e
c
t
rum
.N
eu
t
r
in
o
sc
ana
g
a
inh
e
lptod
i
s
t
ingu
i
shh
ad
ron
i
candl
ep
ton
i
cs
c
en
a
r
io
sandin
th
ec
a
s
eo
fah
ad
r
on
i
cs
c
en
a
r
i
ot
od
e
t
e
rm
in
ewh
e
th
e
rach
ang
einth
eob
s
e
rv
edsp
e
c
t
rum
i
sdu
etoach
an
g
einth
ein
i
t
i
a
lsp
e
c
t
rumo
rab
so
rp
t
ion
. Add
i
t
ion
a
l
ly
,inth
ePeVr
eg
im
e
th
eyop
enth
ew
ind
owt
oaun
iv
e
r
s
e(
a
lmo
s
t
)op
aqu
efo
rg
amm
ar
ay
s
.
2
.5
.P
ro
spec
t
so
fneu
t
r
inoa
s
t
ronomyandi
t
simpac
t
N
eu
t
r
ino
sa
r
ean un
amb
i
gu
ou
st
r
a
c
eo
fh
ad
ron
i
cp
ro
c
e
s
s
e
sinasou
r
c
e
. Thu
s
,th
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
iono
fa
s
t
r
ophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
in
o
si
sas
t
rongind
i
c
a
to
rth
a
ta
tl
e
a
s
tp
a
r
to
fth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
ed
g
amm
ar
ayﬂuxi
so
fh
ad
r
on
i
co
r
i
g
in
. On
eadv
an
t
ag
eo
fn
eu
t
r
ino
scomp
a
r
edtog
amm
a
r
ay
si
sth
e
i
rl
im
i
t
a
t
i
ont
ow
e
akin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
s(
andg
r
av
i
t
a
t
ion
a
lfo
r
c
e
s
)wh
i
l
eg
amm
ar
ay
s
c
ana
l
sound
e
r
g
oe
l
e
c
t
r
o
-m
a
gn
e
t
i
cin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
s
. H
en
c
e
, VHEg
amm
ar
ay
sc
anin
t
e
r
a
c
t
w
i
thpho
t
on
sinth
ep
r
odu
c
t
i
ons
i
t
e[86
]o
rth
eex
t
r
a
-g
a
l
a
c
t
i
cb
a
ckg
roundl
igh
t[85
]on
th
e
i
rw
ayt
oE
a
r
th
. Th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,i
ti
sno
texp
e
c
t
edtod
e
t
e
c
tth
e
s
eg
amm
ar
ay
sf
romsou
r
c
e
s
7
Abou
tth
ed
i
s
tan
c
eo
fEa
r
thtoth
ega
la
c
t
i
cc
en
t
e
ro
f8
✳
4±0
✳
6kp
c[15
]
.3C279th
eexamp
la
to
ryb
la
za
r
✳
5
o
fF
ig
.2
.8ha
sad
i
s
tan
c
ef
romEa
r
tho
fabou
t1
✳
8+0
p
c
−0✳
3M
19
2
. Th
eh
i
ghen
e
r
gyun
iv
e
r
s
e
4
10
1T
eV
1P
eV
1E
eV
3
10
2
λ[Mp
c
]
10
1
10
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10 10
10
1
2
10
1
4
1
6
1
0
1
0
E
n
e
rgy[
eV
]
1
8
10
2
0
1
0
F
igu
re2
.9
: Th
em
e
anf
r
e
ep
a
thf
o
r VHEg
amm
ar
ay
s
.In
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion w
i
th CMBpho
ton
s
a
r
er
ep
r
e
s
en
t
edbyth
eso
l
idl
in
e
. Th
ed
a
sh
edl
in
e
sco
r
r
e
spondtoin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
s
w
i
thd
iﬀ
e
r
en
tm
od
e
l
so
fth
eEBL
.T
ak
enf
r
om[84
]
th
a
ta
r
ef
a
raw
ayo
rp
r
odu
c
edinapho
ton
-d
en
s
eenv
i
ronm
en
t
. Abou
tﬁv
ep
e
r
c
en
to
fth
e
en
e
rgyo
fac
o
sm
i
cr
ayin
t
e
r
a
c
t
in
gi
sonav
e
r
ag
et
r
an
s
f
e
r
r
edtoas
ing
l
en
eu
t
r
ino[87
,88
]
.
15✳
5eVi
Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,i
fac
o
sm
i
cr
ayb
e
l
owth
e"kn
e
e"a
t1×10
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
s
,n
eu
t
r
ino
suptoa
anb
eex
c
ep
t
ed
.
f
ew100TeVc
I
c
eCub
e
,an
eu
t
r
in
od
e
t
e
c
t
o
rth
a
tw
i
l
lb
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
edin d
e
t
a
i
linch
ap
t
e
r3
,h
a
sd
e
t
e
c
t
edad
iﬀu
s
ea
s
t
r
ophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
inoﬂux[89–91
]a
tn
eu
t
r
inoen
e
rg
i
e
sabov
e25TeV[92
]
.
I
tw
a
spo
in
t
edou
tin[
8
6
]th
a
tth
i
sﬂuxa
l
r
e
adypu
t
scon
s
t
r
a
in
sonth
ep
rodu
c
t
ions
i
t
e
s
fo
rth
ed
iﬀu
s
eem
i
s
s
i
ono
fg
amm
ar
ay
sandn
eu
t
r
ino
s
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fth
eob
s
e
rv
edd
iﬀu
s
eem
i
s
s
iono
f
a
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
in
o
so
r
i
g
in
a
t
edf
romppin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
sth
eexp
e
c
t
edg
amm
a
r
ayﬂuxin
an
g
ew
ou
ldb
e mu
chh
i
gh
e
rth
anob
s
e
rv
ed
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sshowninF
ig
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.10
.
th
eGeV r
Th
es
am
ea
r
gum
en
ti
ss
om
ewh
a
tw
e
ak
e
rfo
r pγ in
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
s[86
]
. F
o
rth
i
ss
c
en
a
r
io
i
ti
sa
rgu
edth
a
tas
ou
r
c
eth
a
tp
r
odu
c
e
sn
eu
t
r
ino
seﬃ
c
i
en
t
lyr
equ
i
r
e
st
a
rg
e
tpho
tonﬁ
e
ld
s
o
fsu
chin
t
en
s
i
tyth
a
tth
es
ou
r
c
ew
ou
ldb
e
com
eop
aqu
efo
rg
amm
ar
ay
sinth
e1GeV
to100GeVdu
et
oγγin
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
s
. Thu
s
,a
s
sum
ingco
r
r
e
l
a
t
ionb
e
tw
e
eng
amm
ar
ay
sa
t
th
e
s
een
e
r
g
i
e
sandth
ea
s
t
r
ophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
ino
sob
s
e
rv
edbyI
c
eCub
em
igh
tno
tb
ef
ru
i
t
fu
l
.
Th
eycon
c
lud
eth
a
tth
e
s
ea
r
gum
en
t
sdono
tho
ldfo
rob
s
e
rv
a
t
ion
so
f TeVg
amm
a
r
ay
s–
m
ak
ingth
emap
r
im
em
e
s
s
en
g
e
rt
ou
s
ecomb
in
ed w
i
thn
eu
t
r
inoob
s
e
rv
a
t
ion
s
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ow
ev
e
r
,
inbo
thc
a
s
e
s(
ppandpγ)a
s
sump
t
ion
sabou
tth
en
eu
t
r
inosp
e
c
t
rumb
e
low10TeVa
r
e
m
ad
e
. Inth
i
sen
e
r
gyr
an
g
eth
esh
ap
eo
fth
ea
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
inosp
e
c
t
rumi
ss
t
i
l
l
unknown
.
20
2
.5
.P
ro
sp
e
c
t
so
fn
eu
t
r
inoa
s
t
ronomyandi
t
simp
a
c
t
-5
E
2
-2 -1 -1
[GeVcm s s
r]
10
10-6
F
e
rm
i
pp()
pp()
m
in
ima
lp ()
m
in
ima
lp ()
I
c
eCub
e
-7
10
10-8
-9
10
10-10
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
E[GeV
]
F
igu
re2
.10
: Th
em
e
a
su
r
edd
iﬀu
s
eg
amm
aandn
eu
t
r
inoem
i
s
s
ionbyF
e
rm
iandI
c
eCub
e
.
A
l
s
osh
owna
r
eg
en
e
r
i
c mod
e
l
sfo
rppandpγp
rodu
c
t
iono
fth
eg
amm
ar
ay
s
andn
eu
t
r
in
o
s
,a
s
sum
ingth
a
tth
eya
r
ep
rodu
c
edinth
es
am
es
i
t
e
s
.T
ak
en
f
r
om[
8
6
]
2
.5
.1
. Expec
tedneu
t
r
ino
sf
romthega
laxy
F
o
ra
l
lsou
r
c
ec
l
a
s
s
e
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion2
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.2mod
e
l
sc
anb
efound[55
,93–96
]p
r
ed
i
c
t
inga
con
t
r
ibu
t
i
ono
fn
eu
t
r
in
o
s
.Inth
ec
on
t
ex
to
fth
i
sth
e
s
i
sth
e
s
esou
r
c
e
sa
r
epo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
e
s–
sou
r
c
e
sw
i
thasp
a
t
i
a
lex
t
en
s
i
onb
e
l
owth
eangu
l
a
rr
e
so
lu
t
iono
fth
eexp
e
r
im
en
t
.In m
any
c
a
s
e
sth
e
s
em
od
e
l
sa
r
ee
i
th
e
rc
on
s
t
r
a
in
edbyth
eob
s
e
rv
edg
amm
ar
aysp
e
c
t
rumo
fth
e
8
sou
r
c
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em
e
a
su
r
edﬂuxo
rupp
e
rl
im
i
t
sf
rombo
thth
eI
c
eCub
eandth
eANTARES
co
l
l
abo
r
a
t
i
on
s
.A
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion2
.2
.
1andshowninF
ig
.2
.1co
sm
i
cr
ay
sa
tl
e
a
s
tup
15✳
5eVa
toth
e"kn
e
e
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t1×1
0
r
ethough
ttob
eo
fg
a
l
a
c
t
i
co
r
ig
in
.N
eu
t
r
ino
sp
rodu
c
ed
inan1PeVppin
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
onh
av
eanav
e
r
ag
een
e
rgyb
e
low100TeV,s
e
eF
ig
.2
.11
.
Conne
c
t
inggammara
y
sandneu
t
r
ino
s I
fth
eh
ad
ron
i
cp
r
odu
c
t
ion(
pp)o
fth
eob
s
e
rv
ed
g
amm
ar
ayﬂuxi
sb
e
l
i
ev
edin
,th
eco
r
r
e
spond
ingexp
e
c
t
edn
eu
t
r
inoﬂuxonE
a
r
thc
anb
e
c
a
l
cu
l
a
t
ed[
9
7
]u
s
in
gth
ep
a
r
am
e
t
r
i
z
a
t
iono
fppin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
sd
e
s
c
r
ib
edin[88
]
. On
eob
t
a
in
s
:
❞Nγ/ν
Eγ/ν
≈kγ/ν
❞Eγ/ν
1TeV
−Γγ/ν
❡①♣ −
Eγ/ν
γ/ν
(2
.8
)
Inth
i
sm
od
e
lth
esp
e
c
t
r
ao
fg
amm
ar
ay
sandn
eu
t
r
ino
sh
av
eth
es
am
esp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
ex
Γ. Th
en
eu
t
r
in
oﬂuxp
a
r
am
e
t
e
rkν i
sr
e
l
a
t
edtoth
eg
amm
ar
ayﬂuxp
a
r
am
e
t
e
rkγ:
kν ≈(
✵
✳✼
✶−✵
✳
✶
✻
α)
kγ,w
i
thαa
sth
eco
sm
i
cr
aysp
e
c
t
r
a
lind
exandΓ
≈α−✵
✳
✶
.I
fa
γ/ν
8
An
eu
t
r
inod
e
t
e
c
to
rd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion3
.2
.1
.
21
2
. Th
eh
i
ghen
e
r
gyun
iv
e
r
s
e
F
igu
re2
.11
: SEDo
fs
e
c
ond
a
ryp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sp
rodu
c
edbyappin
t
e
r
a
c
t
iono
fa1PeVp
ro
ton
(
✶)
andth
ed
e
c
ayo
fth
er
e
su
l
t
ing m
e
son
s
.νµ co
r
r
e
spond
stoth
econ
t
r
ibu
t
ion
o
f mu
onn
eu
t
r
in
o
sp
rodu
c
edbyth
ein
i
t
i
a
ld
e
c
ayo
fch
a
rg
edp
ion
s
. Th
e
sp
e
c
t
rumf
o
re
l
e
c
t
r
onn
eu
t
r
ino
si
sno
tshown
,bu
ti
sv
e
rys
im
i
l
a
rtoth
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
onsp
e
c
t
rumd
ep
i
c
t
ed
.T
ak
enf
rom[88
]
.
cu
toﬀc
anb
eﬁ
t
t
edt
oth
eg
amm
ar
aysp
e
c
t
rum
,i
ti
sp
a
r
am
e
t
r
i
z
edbyth
e❡①♣ −
Eγ/ν
γ/ν
t
e
rmand ν ≈ ✵
✳
✺
✾ γ. Inth
ec
a
s
eo
fnopub
l
i
sh
edcu
toﬀapu
r
epow
e
rlowi
sﬁ
t
t
ed
(γ/ν =∞)
.F
o
rﬁv
eo
fth
es
ou
r
c
e
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edin[97
]acu
toﬀi
sp
rov
id
edw
i
th γ b
e
tw
e
en
0
✳
21TeVand4
✳
2
4TeV.
Inth
i
s m
od
e
ls
om
ea
s
sump
t
i
on
sh
av
eto b
e m
ad
econ
c
e
rn
ingth
esou
r
c
e andi
t
s
env
i
ronm
en
t
. Ex
amp
l
e
sa
r
eth
eex
c
lu
s
iv
ep
rodu
c
t
ion o
fg
amm
ar
ay
sv
i
ah
ad
ron
i
c
p
rodu
c
t
ion(wh
i
ch m
i
gh
tn
o
tb
et
ru
efo
rm
anyo
fth
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
edsou
r
c
e
s
)o
rth
a
tbo
th
p
ion
sand mu
on
sd
on
o
tl
o
s
es
i
gn
iﬁ
c
an
tp
a
r
t
so
fth
e
i
ren
e
rgyb
e
fo
r
eth
e
i
rd
e
c
ayc
r
e
a
t
e
s
n
eu
t
r
ino
s
. Th
ep
r
ed
i
c
t
edn
eu
t
r
in
oﬂuxfo
rtw
os
t
rongg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cg
amm
ar
aysou
r
c
e
sSNR
RXJ1713
.
7
3
9
4
6and PWN V
e
l
a Xi
sshownin F
ig
.2
.12
. How
ev
e
r
,ev
en w
i
thth
e
s
e
op
t
im
i
s
t
i
ca
s
sump
t
i
on
sth
enumb
e
ro
fexp
e
c
t
edn
eu
t
r
ino
sp
rodu
c
edbyth
e
s
ep
ro
c
e
s
s
e
si
s
sm
a
l
lcomp
a
r
edt
oth
eb
a
ck
g
r
oundo
fn
eu
t
r
ino
sp
rodu
c
edinin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
so
fco
sm
i
cr
ay
s
9
w
i
thou
ra
tm
o
sph
e
r
e.
Ga
la
c
t
i
cp
lane Th
eg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cp
l
an
eh
a
sb
e
enob
s
e
rv
eding
amm
ar
ay
sw
i
then
e
rg
i
e
sup
toaf
ewTeV[
6
7
,9
8
]
.A
tl
e
a
s
tap
a
r
to
fth
i
sob
s
e
rv
edﬂuxi
sthough
ttob
eo
fh
ad
ron
i
c
o
r
ig
in[66
]
,c
om
in
gf
r
omin
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
so
fco
sm
i
cr
ay
sw
i
thin
t
e
r
s
t
e
l
l
a
rm
a
t
t
e
r
.Inth
i
sc
a
s
e
9
Examp
l
e
: Ahypo
th
e
t
i
ca
l KM3N
eTd
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t
e
c
to
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ou
ldexp
e
c
tto m
ea
su
r
eabou
t11s
igna
ln
eu
t
r
ino
sand41
ba
ckg
roundn
eu
t
r
ino
sabov
e1TeVfo
rth
eSNRRXJ1713
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-3946ov
e
raﬁv
ey
ea
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ing
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22
RXJ1713
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-3946
H
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.da
ta
f
i
t
ted
γspe
c
t
rum
ca
l
cu
la
tedν spe
c
t
rum
meana
tm
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c
t
rum
-10
10
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10-12
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Ve
laX
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ta
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i
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rum
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rum
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.νspec
t
rum
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10
10-11
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10
-1
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E2×f
lux(TeVs
cm
)
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E2×f
lux(TeVs
cm
)
2
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ro
sp
e
c
t
so
fn
eu
t
r
inoa
s
t
ronomyandi
t
simp
a
c
t
1
10
102
E(TeV
)
-13
10
10-1
1
10
102
E(TeV
)
F
igu
re 2
.12
:M
e
a
su
r
edandﬁ
t
t
edg
amm
ar
aysp
e
c
t
rumandp
r
ed
i
c
t
edn
eu
t
r
inosp
e
c
t
rum
f
o
rag
iv
ens
ou
r
c
e
. Th
el
e
f
tp
lo
tshow
sth
i
sfo
rth
eSNRRXJ1713
.7
-3946and
th
er
i
gh
tp
l
o
tf
o
rth
ePWNV
e
l
aX
.Add
i
t
ion
a
l
ly
,th
ep
r
ed
i
c
t
eda
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c
n
eu
t
r
in
oﬂuxf
o
rad
e
t
e
c
to
rinth
eM
ed
i
t
e
r
r
an
e
ans
e
ai
sshown
.T
ak
enf
rom
[
9
7
]
.
no
ton
lyg
amm
ar
ay
sf
r
omth
ed
e
c
ayo
fπ✵ a
r
eexp
e
c
t
ed
,bu
ta
l
son
eu
t
r
ino
sf
romth
e
d
e
c
ayo
fch
a
r
g
edp
i
on
s
. Wh
i
l
es
om
eau
tho
r
sc
l
a
imth
a
tth
enumb
e
ro
fexp
e
c
t
edn
eu
t
r
ino
ev
en
t
si
sbo
thsm
a
l
landth
e
i
ren
e
r
g
i
e
sr
a
th
e
rlow(90 %o
fth
ein
t
eg
r
a
lﬂuxf
romn
eu
t
r
ino
s
w
i
thEν <
1
0TeV)[
9
8
]
,o
th
e
r
sc
l
a
imth
a
td
iﬀu
s
eem
i
s
s
ionf
romth
eg
a
l
axycou
ld m
ak
eup
b
e
tw
e
en1
0%t
o4
0%o
fth
ea
s
t
r
ophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
inoﬂuxd
e
t
e
c
t
edbyI
c
eCub
e[99
]
.
Un
iden
t
iﬁedgammara
ysou
r
ce
s I
th
a
sb
e
end
i
s
cu
s
s
edin[94
]th
a
tsou
r
c
e
sob
s
e
rv
ed
amm
ar
ay
sm
igh
tb
eo
ldg
a
l
a
c
t
i
chyp
e
rnov
a
e
. Hyp
e
rnov
a
ea
r
ev
e
ryb
r
igh
t
,
on
lyinTeVg
"hyp
e
r
en
e
r
g
e
t
i
c
"sup
e
rn
ov
a
e[
1
0
0
]
. Th
e
s
esou
r
c
e
sc
anp
rodu
c
eVHEg
amm
ar
ay
sand
,i
f
on
ea
s
sum
e
sh
ad
r
on
i
cp
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
,a
l
s
on
eu
t
r
ino
s
. Wh
i
l
eth
eycou
ldp
rodu
c
en
eu
t
r
ino
sw
i
th
en
e
rg
i
e
supt
oabou
ton
ePeVth
eexp
e
c
t
ednumb
e
ro
fev
en
t
sw
ou
ldb
esm
a
l
l
.
Da
rk ma
t
te
r B
o
thf
r
om m
e
a
su
r
em
en
to
fth
eco
sm
i
cm
i
c
r
ow
av
eb
a
ckg
roundandth
ero
t
a
t
ioncu
rv
e
so
fg
a
l
ax
i
e
sth
e
r
ei
sev
id
en
c
efo
rth
eex
i
s
t
en
c
eo
fanadd
i
t
ion
a
lm
a
s
scompon
en
t
inou
run
iv
e
r
s
e[
1
0
1
]–d
a
rk m
a
t
t
e
r
.U
su
a
l
ly
,i
ti
sthough
ttoin
t
e
r
a
c
ton
lyv
i
ath
ew
e
ak
fo
r
c
eandg
r
av
i
ty
.I
t
si
l
lu
s
iv
ech
a
r
a
c
t
e
rm
ak
e
si
td
iﬃ
cu
l
ttob
ed
e
t
e
c
t
ed
. Tw
opo
s
s
ib
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
tod
e
t
e
c
ti
ta
r
eth
ed
e
c
ayo
fsu
chad
a
rk m
a
t
t
e
rp
a
r
t
i
c
l
ein
s
id
ead
e
t
e
c
to
ro
rth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
ion
o
fp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sp
r
odu
c
ed wh
entw
od
a
rk m
a
t
t
e
rp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sann
ih
i
l
a
t
e
.Insom
e mod
e
l
sbo
th
g
amm
ar
ay
sandn
eu
t
r
in
o
sf
r
omann
ih
i
l
a
t
iono
fd
a
rk m
a
t
t
e
rinth
eg
a
l
axy
,inp
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
th
eG
a
l
a
c
t
i
cC
en
t
e
r
,a
r
ep
r
ed
i
c
t
ed[
102
]
.
2
.5
.2
. Expec
tedneu
t
r
ino
sf
romex
t
ra
-ga
lac
t
icsou
rcecand
ida
te
s
L
ik
eth
eg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cs
ou
r
c
ec
and
id
a
t
e
sabov
eex
t
r
a
-g
a
l
a
c
t
i
csou
r
c
e
sa
r
ea
s
sum
edtob
epo
in
t
l
ik
einth
es
c
op
eo
fth
i
sth
e
s
i
s
.
23
2
. Th
eh
i
ghen
e
r
gyun
iv
e
r
s
e
GRB
s Th
eI
c
eCub
en
eu
t
r
in
ot
e
l
e
s
cop
ew
a
sa
l
r
e
adyab
l
etopu
ts
t
rongl
im
i
t
s(
abou
ton
e
o
rd
e
ro
fm
a
gn
i
tud
eb
e
l
owth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
edn
eu
t
r
inoﬂux
)onth
en
eu
t
r
inoﬂuxf
rom GRB
s
[103
]
,ex
c
lud
in
gal
a
r
g
ec
on
t
r
ibu
t
i
ontoth
eov
e
r
a
l
la
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
inoﬂux[90
]
.
AGN
s F
o
rAGN
sth
ev
i
c
in
i
tyo
fth
eb
l
a
ckho
l
e[104
]andth
ej
e
tc
anb
ep
rodu
c
t
ions
i
t
e
s
o
fa
s
t
r
ophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
in
o
s[
1
0
5
,1
0
6
]
.A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edp
ro
ton
scou
ldin
t
e
r
a
c
tw
i
th m
a
t
t
e
rin
th
eho
s
tg
a
l
axyandp
r
odu
c
en
eu
t
r
ino
s[106
]
.R
e
c
en
tI
c
eCub
er
e
su
l
t
s[107
,108
]r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
th
econ
t
r
ibu
t
i
ono
fAGN
sw
i
thj
e
t
spo
in
t
ingtoE
a
r
th(
so
c
a
l
l
edb
l
a
z
a
r
s
)toth
em
e
a
su
r
ed
10 [
a
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
lﬂuxt
ob
eabou
t2
0%o
rl
e
s
s
108
]
.
S
ta
rbu
r
s
tga
lax
ie
s Sup
e
rn
ov
ar
emn
an
t
sa
r
ep
r
im
ec
and
id
a
t
e
sfo
rco
sm
i
cr
aya
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ion
s
i
t
e
sw
i
th
inou
rg
a
l
axy
.S
om
eg
a
l
ax
i
e
s
, mo
r
elum
inou
sth
anou
r
s
,h
av
er
eg
ion
sw
i
than
in
c
r
e
a
s
edr
a
t
eo
fs
t
a
rf
o
rm
a
t
i
onandthu
s
,anin
c
r
e
a
s
edr
a
t
eo
fsup
e
rnov
a
s
. Th
eob
s
e
rv
a
t
ion
o
fsyn
ch
r
o
t
r
onem
i
s
s
i
onbyG
eV e
l
e
c
t
ron
si
sanind
i
c
a
to
rfo
rs
t
rong(
∼✶✵✵t
im
e
ss
t
rong
e
r
th
aninou
rg
a
l
axy
)m
a
gn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
s
. Du
etoth
el
a
rg
em
agn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
sandth
ed
en
s
e
env
i
ronm
en
tn
eu
t
r
in
o
sbyppin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
sa
r
eexp
e
c
t
ed[87
,109
,110
]
.S
in
c
eth
eco
sm
i
c
r
ay
sa
r
ea
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
edinth
er
emn
an
tsho
ck
s
,co
sm
i
cr
ayen
e
r
g
i
e
sa
r
eno
texp
e
c
t
edtob
e
mu
chh
igh
e
rth
aninou
rg
a
l
axy
. Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,i
ts
e
em
sun
l
ik
e
lyth
a
tth
eya
r
eth
esou
r
c
e
s
o
f UHEc
o
sm
i
cr
ay
s
. Th
eexp
e
c
t
edn
eu
t
r
inoen
e
rg
i
e
sgouptoabou
t100TeV–i
fon
e
do
e
sno
ta
s
sum
em
o
r
eex
t
r
em
es
c
en
a
r
io
ssu
cha
sg
a
l
axy m
e
rg
e
r
s
,sup
e
rm
a
s
s
iv
eb
l
a
ckho
l
e
a
c
t
iv
i
t
i
e
so
rhyp
e
rn
ov
a
e[
1
1
0
]
.
Co
smogen
i
cneu
t
r
ino
s Sh
o
r
t
lya
f
t
e
rth
ed
i
s
cov
e
ryo
fth
eCo
sm
i
cM
i
c
row
av
eB
a
ckg
round
i
sen[111
]
(CMB
)
,in
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
so
fCMBph
o
t
on
sw
i
thUHECR
sw
e
r
ep
r
ed
i
c
t
edbo
thbyGre
andZat
sep
inandKuzm
in [
1
1
2
]
. Th
i
sl
a
t
e
rc
a
l
l
edGZK
eﬀ
e
c
tcou
ldp
rodu
c
en
eu
t
r
ino
sa
t
16eVa
21eV
0
nd1
0
. How
ev
e
r
,th
e
r
ea
r
eexp
e
r
im
en
t
a
landth
eo
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
en
e
rg
i
e
sb
e
tw
e
en1
un
c
e
r
t
a
in
t
i
e
sonth
em
ax
imumen
e
rgyandcompo
s
i
t
iono
fsu
ch UHECR
sandev
enin
op
t
im
i
s
t
i
cs
c
en
a
r
i
o
sth
eexp
e
c
t
ednumb
e
ro
fev
en
t
si
sv
e
rysm
a
l
lfo
rn
eu
t
r
inot
e
l
e
s
cop
e
s
l
ik
eI
c
eCub
e
: Abou
t1
.
3ev
en
t
sf
o
rapu
r
ep
ro
tonsp
e
c
t
rumand >0
.1ev
en
t
sfo
rapu
r
e
i
ronsp
e
c
t
ruminon
ey
e
a
ro
fd
a
t
af
o
rE
eV [113
]
.
ν >1P
10
F
o
rasamp
l
eo
f862F
e
rm
i
-LATob
s
e
rv
edb
la
za
r
s
.
24
3
. Thep
r
inc
ip
leo
fh
igh
-ene
rgyneu
t
r
ino
de
tec
t
ionandneu
t
r
inote
le
scope
s
Mo
s
texp
e
r
im
en
t
ss
e
a
r
ch
in
gf
o
rh
i
gh
en
e
rg
e
t
i
c(Eν >10G
eV)n
eu
t
r
ino
sh
av
edon
eth
i
sby
look
ingf
o
rth
el
i
gh
tp
a
t
t
e
rn
sp
r
odu
c
edbys
e
cond
a
ryp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sth
a
ta
r
ec
r
e
a
t
edinn
eu
t
r
ino
in
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
sw
i
thnu
c
l
e
iin
s
id
eo
rinth
ev
i
c
in
i
tyo
fth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
r
. Th
i
sch
ap
t
e
rd
i
s
cu
s
s
e
s
ﬁ
r
s
tth
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
so
fn
eu
t
r
in
o
sand m
a
t
t
e
r
,s
e
condth
ep
rodu
c
t
iono
fl
igh
tbys
e
cond
a
ry
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
so
fth
en
eu
t
r
in
oandth
i
rdth
ep
r
op
ag
a
t
iono
fth
el
igh
tinat
r
an
sp
a
r
en
tm
ed
ium
.
Th
enth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
sa
r
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
.
3
.1
. Phy
s
ic
so
fneu
t
r
inode
tec
t
ion
3
.1
.1
. Theneu
t
r
inoa
sane
lemen
ta
rypa
r
t
ic
le
N
eu
t
r
ino
sa
r
ech
a
r
g
e
l
e
s
sl
ep
t
on
s
. Du
etoth
i
sf
a
c
tth
eyc
anon
lyexp
e
r
i
en
c
eth
ew
e
ak
fo
r
c
e
(
andg
r
av
i
t
a
t
i
on
)
. Th
e
r
ea
r
etw
opo
s
s
ib
l
ek
ind
so
fin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
sb
e
tw
e
enn
eu
t
r
ino
sand
nu
c
l
eon
s
. Th
eyc
anex
ch
an
g
eaW ± (
ch
a
rg
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
)o
rex
ch
ang
eaZ✵(n
eu
t
r
a
l
cu
r
r
en
t
)
[114
]
. F
o
rn
eu
t
r
in
o
sw
i
then
e
r
g
i
e
sl
a
rg
e
rth
an15GeVd
e
epin
e
l
a
s
t
i
cs
c
a
t
t
e
r
ing(D
IS
)
i
sth
edom
in
an
tp
r
o
c
e
s
s[
1
1
4
]
. D
ISi
sth
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
iono
fth
en
eu
t
r
ino w
i
thaqu
a
rk
inth
enu
c
l
e
on
. An
eu
t
r
a
l
cu
r
r
en
tp
ro
c
e
s
sg
iv
e
san
eu
t
r
inointh
eﬁn
a
ls
t
a
t
e wh
i
l
ea
ch
a
rg
ed
cu
r
r
en
tp
r
o
c
e
s
s(
sh
owninF
ig
.3
.1
)g
iv
e
sach
a
rg
edl
ep
ton
.
F
igu
re3
.1
:F
eynm
and
i
a
g
r
amf
o
rach
a
rg
ed
cu
r
r
en
tD
ISp
ro
c
e
s
s
.T
ak
enf
rom[114
]
25
3
. Th
ep
r
in
c
ip
l
eo
fh
i
gh
en
e
r
gyn
eu
t
r
inod
e
t
e
c
t
ionandn
eu
t
r
inot
e
l
e
s
cop
e
s
A
tlow
e
r en
e
r
g
i
e
s th
ec
r
o
s
s
s
e
c
t
i
on
sfo
r an
t
i
-n
eu
t
r
ino
sa
r
e sm
a
l
l
e
r th
an tho
s
eo
f
n
eu
t
r
ino
s
. Th
i
sd
iﬀ
e
r
en
c
ea
lm
o
s
tv
an
i
sh
e
sfo
rv
e
ryh
ighen
e
r
g
i
e
s(
abou
tth
es
am
ea
tEν >
1PeV(
s
e
eF
i
g
.3
.
2
)
)
.A
th
i
ghen
e
r
g
i
e
sE
a
r
thb
e
com
e
sop
aqu
efo
rn
eu
t
r
ino
s[115
,116
]
.
F
igu
re3
.2
:C
r
o
s
s
s
e
c
t
i
on
sf
o
rch
a
r
g
ed
cu
r
r
en
t(CC
)andn
eu
t
r
a
l
cu
r
r
en
t(NC
)in
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
so
fn
eu
t
r
in
o
sw
i
thani
so
s
c
a
l
a
rt
a
rg
e
t
.T
ak
enf
rom[116
]
.
N
eu
t
r
ino
sh
av
eaﬂ
av
o
randa m
a
s
se
ig
en
s
t
a
t
e
. Aﬂ
av
o
re
ig
en
s
t
a
t
edo
e
sno
th
av
ea
co
r
r
e
spond
in
gm
a
s
se
i
g
en
s
t
a
t
e
, bu
ti
sa m
ix
tu
r
eo
fa
l
lm
a
s
se
ig
en
s
t
a
t
e
s
. N
eu
t
r
ino
s
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
eb
e
tw
e
enth
e
i
rﬂ
av
o
rs
t
a
t
e
sdu
etoth
e
i
rnon
z
e
ro m
a
s
s
. Th
e
s
eo
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
ion
so
c
cu
r
b
e
tw
e
ena
l
lth
r
e
eﬂ
av
o
rs
t
a
t
e
s
.H
ow
ev
e
r
,inagoodapp
rox
im
a
t
ionth
ep
rob
ab
i
l
i
tyfo
rth
i
s
c
anb
eexp
r
e
s
s
eda
satw
oﬂ
av
o
ro
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
ionandi
sp
ropo
r
t
ion
a
lto[87
]
:
✷
Pνα→ νβ ∼ ✐♥
δm✷
i
jL
✹
E
✳
(3
.1
)
H
e
r
eαandβa
r
etw
oﬂ
av
o
re
i
g
en
s
t
a
t
e
sandδmiji
sth
ed
iﬀ
e
r
en
c
eo
fth
esqu
a
r
ed m
a
s
s
e
s
,
Li
sth
ed
i
s
t
an
c
ef
o
r wh
i
chth
eo
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
ionp
r
ob
ab
i
l
i
tyi
sc
a
l
cu
l
a
t
edandEth
een
e
rgyo
f
th
en
eu
t
r
in
o
.
Ev
eni
fth
en
eu
t
r
in
oen
e
r
gyc
an b
ed
e
t
e
rm
in
ed w
i
th good p
r
e
c
i
s
ion
,th
ed
i
s
t
an
c
e
b
e
tw
e
enth
epo
in
to
fn
eu
t
r
in
oem
i
s
s
ioninana
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
lsou
r
c
eandd
e
t
e
c
t
ion w
i
l
l
b
eimpo
s
s
ib
l
et
ob
ed
e
t
e
rm
in
ed
. Th
eu
su
a
la
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
lsou
r
c
ei
so
fsu
chl
a
rg
es
i
z
e
✷
comp
a
r
edt
oth
eo
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
i
onl
en
g
thth
a
t ✐♥
t
e
rminequ
a
t
ion3
.1av
e
r
ag
e
sto✶
en
c
e
,
✷. H
ad
i
r
e
c
tc
a
l
cu
l
a
t
i
ono
f wh
i
chn
eu
t
r
ino m
ix
ingi
sexp
e
c
t
edon E
a
r
th
,d
ep
end
ingonth
e
in
i
t
i
a
ln
eu
t
r
in
oﬂ
av
o
rc
ompo
s
i
t
i
ona
tth
esou
r
c
eandth
em
ix
tu
r
eandth
ed
eg
r
e
eto
wh
i
chth
em
a
s
sandﬂ
av
o
re
i
g
en
s
t
a
t
e
sa
r
em
ix
edbu
tind
ep
end
en
tf
romEandL,i
spo
s
s
ib
l
e
.
A
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
i
on2
.
2
.
3n
eu
t
r
ino
sa
r
eexp
e
c
t
edf
romth
ed
e
c
ay
so
fp
ion
sand
muon
s
. W
i
th
ou
tanyo
th
e
ra
s
sump
t
ion
sth
i
sg
iv
e
sar
a
t
ioo
f( νe =✶:νµ =✷:ντ =✵)
a
tth
esou
r
c
e
.A
tE
a
r
thth
er
a
t
i
ob
e
com
e
s(
✶:
✶:
✶
)a
f
t
e
ra
c
coun
t
ingfo
rm
ix
ing[117
]
.
26
3
.1
. Phy
s
i
c
so
fn
eu
t
r
inod
e
t
e
c
t
ion
Mo
s
t mod
e
l
sp
r
ed
i
c
tth
ep
r
odu
c
t
i
ono
f ντ a
tth
esou
r
c
eto b
ev
e
rysm
a
l
lo
rev
en
n
eg
l
e
c
ti
t
. Du
et
oth
em
ix
in
gh
ow
ev
e
r
,acon
t
r
ibu
t
iono
fντ a
tE
a
r
thi
sexp
e
c
t
edfo
ra
l
l
mod
e
l
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edh
e
r
e
.
I
fth
e mu
on
sp
r
odu
c
edinth
ep
i
on d
e
c
aylo
s
es
ign
iﬁ
c
an
ten
e
rgyin m
agn
e
t
i
cﬁ
e
ld
s
a
tth
esou
r
c
e(d
amp
ed mu
on
s
)th
eνµ andνe p
rodu
c
edinth
e
i
rd
e
c
aya
r
eo
flow
e
ren
e
rgy
.
Thu
s
,th
er
a
t
i
of
o
r HEn
eu
t
r
in
o
sb
e
com
e
s(✵:✶:✵
)a
tth
esou
r
c
e
. Ano
th
e
rpo
s
s
ib
l
e
s
c
en
a
r
ioa
r
es
ou
r
c
e
s wh
e
r
eth
ed
om
in
an
tp
r
o
c
e
s
so
fn
eu
t
r
inop
rodu
c
t
ioni
sth
ed
e
c
ayo
f
n
eu
t
ron
s–l
e
ad
in
gt
oa(✶:
✵:
✵
)r
a
t
io
.T
ab
l
e3
.1show
sth
er
e
l
a
t
ionb
e
tw
e
enth
en
eu
t
r
ino
ﬂuxa
tth
es
ou
r
c
eandth
eE
a
r
th
.
T
ab
le3
.1
.
: In
i
t
i
a
lc
ompo
s
i
t
i
ono
f(νe :νµ :ντ )andcompo
s
i
t
iona
f
t
e
rm
ix
ing
.V
a
lu
e
s
t
ak
enf
r
om[
1
1
7
]
In
i
t
i
a
l A
f
t
e
rm
ix
ing
n
o
rm
a
lp
i
ond
e
c
ay 1
:2
:0
1
:1
:1
0
:1
:0
4
:7
:7
d
amp
ed mu
on
s
n
eu
t
r
ond
e
c
ay
1
:0
:0
5
:2
:2
D
ep
end
in
gonth
een
e
r
gyandth
en
e
c
e
s
s
a
ryenv
i
ronm
en
t
a
lcond
i
t
ion
s(d
en
s
i
ty
,m
agn
e
t
i
c
ﬁ
e
ld
s
)som
es
ou
r
c
ec
l
a
s
s
e
sc
anb
ef
av
ou
r
edo
rex
c
lud
edfo
rc
e
r
t
a
inﬂ
av
o
rcompo
s
i
t
ion
s
[118
]
.
3
.1
.2
. TheCe
renkoveﬀec
t
I
fap
a
r
t
i
c
l
em
ov
e
sth
r
ou
gha m
ed
ium w
i
thav
e
lo
c
i
tyvh
igh
e
rth
anth
esp
e
edo
fl
igh
t
inth
i
sm
ed
iumi
tb
e
g
in
st
oem
i
tpho
ton
s[119
]
. Th
i
seﬀ
e
c
ti
sn
am
eda
f
t
e
ri
t
sd
i
s
cov
e
r
e
r
Pa
vel Cherenkov. Th
esp
e
edo
fl
igh
tinth
em
ed
iumi
sd
eﬁn
edbyth
esp
e
edo
fl
igh
t
inv
a
cuumcov
e
rth
er
e
f
r
a
c
t
iv
eind
exn. Th
e
s
epho
ton
sa
r
eem
i
t
t
edinasp
e
c
iﬁ
cang
l
e
,
c
s
(
θ)=vn
. Th
enumb
e
randw
av
e
l
eng
tho
fth
eem
i
t
t
ed
th
esoc
a
l
l
edC
e
r
enk
ovan
g
l
eco
pho
ton
sa
r
ed
ep
end
en
tonth
ech
a
r
g
eo
fth
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
.A
son
ec
ans
e
ein3
.2th
enumb
e
ro
f
λ
pho
ton
si
sd
ep
end
en
tondE=hdν=h
cd
[
1
2
0
]
:
λ✷
d✷Nγ α
z✷
✶
=
✶− ✷ ✷
dxdE h
βn
c
(3
.2
)
Thu
s
,pho
t
on
sw
i
thsm
a
l
l
e
rw
av
e
l
eng
th
sa
r
ep
rodu
c
edinh
igh
e
rnumb
e
r
sth
anpho
ton
s
1
.
3
3
)andi
c
e(n=1
.31
)th
ep
rop
e
r
t
i
e
sa
r
er
a
th
e
rs
im
i
l
a
r
.
w
i
thl
a
rg
e
ron
e
s
.F
o
rw
a
t
e
r(n=
Rough
ly2
0
0em
i
t
t
edph
o
t
on
sp
e
r cminth
er
ang
eo
fth
ev
i
s
ib
l
el
igh
t(
λ= 400nmto
700nm
)a
r
eexp
e
c
t
ed
. Th
een
e
r
gylo
s
sdu
etoth
eC
e
r
enk
oveﬀ
e
c
ti
ssm
a
l
lcomp
a
r
edto
th
eov
e
r
a
l
len
e
r
gyl
o
s
so
fth
ech
a
r
g
edp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e[120
]
. Th
er
e
f
r
a
c
t
iv
eind
exi
sno
tcon
s
t
an
t
,
bu
tch
ang
e
sf
o
rl
i
gh
tw
i
thd
iﬀ
e
r
en
tw
av
e
l
eng
th
.F
o
rX
r
ay
sth
er
e
f
r
a
c
t
iv
eind
exapp
ro
a
ch
e
s
on
e[121
]andn
oC
e
r
enk
ovl
i
gh
ti
sem
i
t
t
ed
.
27
3
. Th
ep
r
in
c
ip
l
eo
fh
i
gh
en
e
r
gyn
eu
t
r
inod
e
t
e
c
t
ionandn
eu
t
r
inot
e
l
e
s
cop
e
s
3
.1
.3
. Ene
rgylo
s
se
so
fcha
rgedpa
r
t
ic
le
s
Th
een
e
rgyl
o
s
s
e
so
fr
e
l
a
t
iv
i
s
t
i
cch
a
rg
edp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sh
e
av
i
e
rth
anth
ee
l
e
c
t
ronin m
a
t
t
e
rc
an
b
es
ep
a
r
a
t
edin
t
otw
op
a
r
t
s[
1
2
2
]
. Onth
eon
eh
and
,th
ech
a
rg
edp
a
r
t
i
c
l
elo
s
e
sen
e
rgyby
ion
i
z
a
t
iono
fth
et
a
r
g
e
tm
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
. Onth
eo
th
e
rh
and
,i
tlo
s
e
sen
e
rgyov
e
rth
eso
c
a
l
l
ed
r
ad
i
a
t
iv
ep
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
sB
r
em
s
s
t
r
ah
lun
g
,p
a
i
rp
rodu
c
t
ion
,andpho
to
-nu
c
l
e
a
rin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
s
.F
o
r
muon
s
,wh
i
cha
r
eo
fp
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
rin
t
e
r
e
s
tinth
es
cop
eo
fth
i
sth
e
s
i
s
,th
eav
e
r
ag
een
e
rgylo
s
s
fo
rEµ >1G
eV c
anb
ep
a
r
am
e
t
r
i
z
eda
sfo
l
low
s
:
−
dE
=a(
E)+b(
E)
E✱
dx
(3
.3
)
wh
e
r
eth
ep
a
r
am
e
t
e
ra(
E)r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
sth
eion
i
z
a
t
ionp
a
r
tandb(
E)th
er
ad
i
a
t
iv
eon
e
. Th
e
"
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
len
e
r
gy
"i
sd
eﬁn
eda
sth
een
e
rgyfo
r wh
i
chth
econ
t
r
ibu
t
iono
fbo
thp
a
r
t
sto
th
eto
t
a
len
e
r
gyl
o
s
si
sequ
a
l(
abou
t1TeVfo
r muon
sin w
a
t
e
r
)
.A
th
igh
e
ren
e
rg
i
e
sth
e
r
ad
i
a
t
iv
el
o
s
s
e
sd
om
in
a
t
eth
et
o
t
a
len
e
rgylo
s
s
,s
e
eF
ig
.3
.3
. Th
i
sh
a
sal
a
rg
einﬂu
en
c
eon
th
e"
topo
l
o
gy
"o
rp
r
oﬁ
l
eo
fth
eov
e
r
a
l
len
e
rgylo
s
s
e
sa
longap
a
r
t
i
c
l
et
r
a
ck
. Wh
i
l
elo
s
s
e
s
o
fion
i
z
a
t
i
ona
r
er
a
th
e
rc
on
s
t
an
t
,th
ep
a
r
t
i
c
l
ec
anloo
s
eal
a
rg
ep
a
r
to
fi
t
sen
e
rgyina
s
ing
l
er
ad
i
a
t
iv
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
. Th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,th
er
ad
i
a
t
iv
elo
s
s
e
sp
e
run
i
td
i
s
t
an
c
ea
r
eo
fa mo
r
e
s
to
ch
a
s
t
i
cn
a
tu
r
e
.
103
102
-3
2 -1
Loss (10 GeV cmg )
104
c
10
1
a
b
-1
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
E (GeV)
F
igu
re3
.3
: En
e
r
gyl
o
s
so
f mu
on
sinw
a
t
e
rd
ep
end
ingonth
e muon
s mom
en
tum
.T
ak
en
f
r
om[
1
2
3
]
.
3
.1
.4
.S
igna
tu
re
s
D
ep
end
in
gonth
etyp
eo
fin
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
onandn
eu
t
r
inod
iﬀ
e
r
en
tl
igh
tp
a
t
t
e
rn
so
fC
e
r
enk
ov
l
igh
ta
r
ep
r
odu
c
edf
r
omth
een
e
r
gylo
s
s
e
so
fs
e
cond
a
ryp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edinth
etw
o
s
e
c
t
ion
sabov
e
.
In anyin
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
on h
ad
r
on
i
cp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sa
r
ep
rodu
c
ed wh
i
chin
t
e
r
a
c
tf
a
s
t ag
a
in w
i
th
28
3
.1
. Phy
s
i
c
so
fn
eu
t
r
inod
e
t
e
c
t
ion
nu
c
l
eon
sandc
a
s
c
ad
ed
ownt
ol
ow
e
ren
e
rg
i
e
s[124
]
. Su
chac
a
s
c
ad
eex
t
end
sfo
raf
ew
m
e
t
e
r
sa
t1
00TeVn
eu
t
r
in
oen
e
r
gyandabou
t200 ma
t10EeV[125
]
.A
slonga
ss
e
cond
a
ry
ch
a
rg
edp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sinth
e
s
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
sa
r
ef
a
s
tenough
,th
eyem
i
tC
e
r
enk
ovl
igh
t
.S
im
i
l
a
r
toth
ea
i
rsh
ow
e
r
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion2
.2
.1ane
l
e
c
to
-m
agn
e
t
i
ccompon
en
ti
sp
rodu
c
ed
a
sw
e
l
l
,in
c
r
e
a
s
in
gth
el
i
gh
ty
i
e
ld[124
]
. S
c
a
t
t
e
r
ing o
f pho
ton
sl
e
ad
sto an a
lmo
s
t
i
so
t
rop
i
cl
i
gh
td
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
i
ona
f
t
e
r2
5 minth
ei
c
eo
fth
eI
c
eCub
ed
e
t
e
c
to
r[125
]
. H
en
c
e
,
fo
rl
a
rg
e
rd
i
s
t
an
c
e
sf
r
omth
ein
t
e
r
a
c
t
ionv
e
r
t
exth
eem
i
s
s
ionapp
e
a
r
sa
lmo
s
tsph
e
r
i
c
.A
n
eu
t
r
a
l
cu
r
r
en
tc
a
s
c
ad
ei
sd
ep
i
c
t
edinF
ig
.3
.4 A
.
In a n
eu
t
r
a
l
cu
r
r
en
tin
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
onth
en
eu
t
r
ino c
an c
a
r
ry al
a
rg
ep
a
r
to
fi
t
s en
e
rgy
aw
ay
. Wh
i
l
einch
a
r
g
ed
cu
r
r
en
tin
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
sth
em
ed
i
ano
fth
esumo
fth
een
e
rg
i
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A
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t
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a
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i
r
ed
. Th
i
sl
im
i
t
sd
e
t
e
c
to
r
d
e
s
ign
stor
e
g
i
on
so
fth
eE
a
r
thw
e
r
esu
chqu
an
t
i
t
i
e
so
fapo
t
en
t
i
a
lm
a
t
e
r
i
a
la
r
ea
l
r
e
adyin
p
l
a
c
e
. Bo
thth
en
e
ed
eds
i
z
eandth
en
e
c
e
s
s
a
ryop
t
i
c
a
lp
rop
e
r
t
i
e
sm
ak
ew
a
t
e
ro
ri
c
es
t
rong
cho
i
c
e
sa
sd
e
t
e
c
t
o
rm
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
. Add
i
t
ion
a
lr
equ
i
r
em
en
t
sa
r
epow
e
r
supp
ly
,d
a
t
at
r
an
s
f
e
r
,
andenou
ghd
ep
tht
or
edu
c
eth
eb
a
ckg
roundo
f muon
sp
rodu
c
edinth
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
ewh
i
ch
c
anc
r
e
a
t
es
i
gn
a
tu
r
e
ss
im
i
l
a
rt
oth
o
s
eo
f muonn
eu
t
r
ino
sa
ta mu
chh
igh
e
rr
a
t
e
. Th
e
comb
in
a
t
i
ono
fa
l
lth
e
s
er
equ
i
r
em
en
t
sl
e
ad
stotw
ok
ind
so
fenv
i
ronm
en
t
sfo
rpo
t
en
t
i
a
l
exp
e
r
im
en
t
a
ls
i
t
e
s
:D
e
ep w
a
t
e
rl
ik
eth
es
e
a(no
ttoof
a
raw
ayf
romth
esho
r
e
)o
rd
e
ep
l
ak
e
s(
l
ik
el
ak
eB
a
ik
a
l
)andth
eg
l
a
c
i
e
r
so
fG
r
e
en
l
andandth
eAn
t
a
r
c
t
i
ccon
t
in
en
t[131
]
.
3
.2
. Neu
t
r
inote
le
scopep
ro
jec
t
s
A
l
lt
e
l
e
s
c
op
e
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
ed h
e
r
eop
e
r
a
t
ev
i
ath
ed
e
t
e
c
t
iono
fC
e
r
enk
ovl
igh
tv
i
a pho
to
mu
l
t
ip
l
i
e
rtub
e
s(PMT
)th
a
ta
r
ep
a
r
to
fop
t
i
c
a
l modu
l
e
s(OM
s
)
. Th
e
s
e OM
sa
r
e
conn
e
c
t
edv
i
ac
ab
l
e
sf
o
rﬁx
a
t
i
on
,d
a
t
at
r
an
s
f
e
randpow
e
rsupp
ly
. Aun
i
to
fth
e
s
ec
ab
l
e
s
and OM
si
sc
a
l
l
edas
t
r
in
g
. Inth
efo
l
low
ing
,af
ew m
i
l
e
s
ton
eexp
e
r
im
en
t
slook
ingfo
r
a
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
in
o
sa
r
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
.
31
3
. Th
ep
r
in
c
ip
l
eo
fh
i
gh
en
e
r
gyn
eu
t
r
inod
e
t
e
c
t
ionandn
eu
t
r
inot
e
l
e
s
cop
e
s
A
l
l exp
e
r
im
en
t
sh
av
et
o ov
e
r
c
om
e th
eb
a
ckg
round o
fa
tmo
sph
e
r
i
cn
eu
t
r
ino
s and
muon
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
i
on2
.
2
.
1t
od
e
t
e
c
ta
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
ino
s
. Add
i
t
ion
a
l
ly
,th
e
r
ea
r
e
o
th
e
rp
ro
c
e
s
s
e
sl
ik
eb
i
o
lum
in
e
s
c
en
c
e(no
tini
c
e
)a
sw
e
l
la
sr
ad
io
a
c
t
iv
ed
e
c
ayinth
e OM
s
andth
e
i
rv
i
c
in
i
tyth
a
tc
ana
l
s
op
r
odu
c
el
igh
tandh
ind
e
rd
e
t
e
c
to
rop
e
r
a
t
ion
sa
s"no
i
s
e"
.
Inth
ec
a
s
eo
f ANTARES
,ad
e
t
e
c
t
o
rd
i
s
cu
s
s
edinth
es
e
c
t
ionb
e
low
,th
eadd
i
t
ion
a
ll
igh
t
em
i
t
t
edbyb
i
o
lo
g
i
c
a
llum
in
e
s
c
en
c
ec
anin
c
r
e
a
s
eth
eamoun
to
fd
a
t
at
ak
enbyaf
a
c
to
r
o
ft
eninph
a
s
e
so
fh
i
ghb
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
la
c
t
iv
i
tyandu
l
t
im
a
t
iv
e
lyl
e
ad
stoph
a
s
e
sw
i
thlow
e
r
s
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyt
oa
s
t
r
ophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
ino
s[132
]
. F
o
ra mo
r
ecomp
r
eh
en
s
iv
eov
e
rv
i
ewth
e
h
i
s
to
r
i
c
a
lr
ev
i
ewbySp
ier
ing[
1
3
3
]i
sr
e
comm
end
ed
.
3
.2
.1
. DUMAND
, ANTARESand KM3NeT
W
i
thbo
thl
a
r
g
ed
ep
thandv
o
lum
e
,th
eo
c
e
an
sa
r
easom
ewh
a
tn
a
tu
r
a
lcho
i
c
efo
rn
eu
t
r
ino
t
e
l
e
s
cop
e
s
.F
i
r
s
tp
l
ann
edw
a
sth
e DUMANDd
e
t
e
c
to
rn
e
a
rH
aw
a
i
i[134
]
.D
e
s
ign
edtob
e
3
akm -v
o
lum
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
rs
ev
e
r
a
lth
ou
s
and m
e
t
e
rb
e
lowth
esu
r
f
a
c
eth
ep
ro
j
e
c
truninbo
th
t
e
chn
i
c
a
landﬁn
an
c
i
a
lp
r
ob
l
em
sand w
a
sab
andon
edin1995–a
f
t
e
rth
eﬁ
r
s
td
ep
loy
ed
s
t
r
ingc
e
a
s
edt
ow
o
rksh
o
r
t
lya
f
t
e
rd
ep
loym
en
t
.
Exp
e
r
im
en
t
sinth
e M
ed
i
t
e
r
r
an
e
ans
e
aw
e
r
e mo
r
esu
c
c
e
s
s
fu
l
. S
t
a
r
t
ing w
i
thth
ed
e
p
loym
en
tin2
0
0
1n
e
a
rth
esh
o
r
eo
fT
ou
lon
,F
r
an
c
e
, ANTARESi
scomp
l
e
t
eds
in
c
e2008
[132
]
. Ag
r
oupo
fth
r
e
e OM
si
sin
s
t
a
l
l
edonaop
t
i
c
a
l modu
l
ef
r
am
e(OMF
)
.Th
ed
i
s
t
an
c
e
a
longas
t
r
in
gb
e
tw
e
entw
oOMF
si
sabou
t14
✳
5m(
s
e
eF
ig
.3
.6
)
. ANTARESi
sfo
rm
edby
eth
eo
c
e
an
’
sﬂoo
r(
2475m
13s
t
r
ing
s
.E
l
ev
eno
fth
emh
av
e2
4OMF
s
,s
t
a
r
t
ing100mabov
b
e
lows
e
al
ev
e
l
)
. On
eh
a
son
ly2
0 OMF
sandadd
i
t
ion
a
ls
en
so
r
sfo
ra
cou
s
t
i
cn
eu
t
r
ino
d
e
t
e
c
t
ion
. Th
el
a
s
ts
t
r
in
gi
su
s
edf
o
rth
em
e
a
su
r
ingo
fenv
i
ronm
en
tv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
s
.
Du
etos
e
acu
r
r
en
t
sth
e po
s
i
t
i
ono
fth
e OMF
si
s no
t ﬁx
ed
. How
ev
e
r
,th
e po
s
i
t
ion
i
s mon
i
t
o
r
ed by an a
c
ou
s
t
i
cs
en
so
rsy
s
t
emcon
t
inuou
s
ly
. Wh
i
l
e m
e
a
su
r
em
en
t
so
f
a
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c mu
on
sandn
eu
t
r
in
o
sa
r
epo
s
s
ib
l
e
,th
esm
a
l
ls
i
z
eo
fth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
r(
abou
t
3)s
0
✳
01km
ev
e
r
e
lyl
im
i
t
sth
epo
t
en
t
i
a
lto m
e
a
su
r
eana
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
inoﬂux[135
]
.
D
e
comm
i
s
s
i
on
in
go
fth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
ri
sp
l
ann
edin2016
.
ANTARES w
i
l
lb
ef
o
l
l
ow
edupbyth
e KM3N
eTd
e
t
e
c
to
r[136
,137
]
.I
tw
i
l
lcon
s
i
s
t
ou
to
fs
ev
e
r
a
lbu
i
ld
in
gb
lo
ck
s
. Th
ebu
i
ld
ingb
lo
ck
sa
r
eop
t
im
i
z
edfo
rd
iﬀ
e
r
en
ts
c
i
en
c
e
go
a
l
s
. On
eb
l
o
cki
sp
l
ann
edf
o
rlowen
e
rgy m
e
a
su
r
em
en
t
s(GeV)o
fp
a
r
t
i
c
l
ephy
s
i
c
s
p
rop
e
r
t
i
e
so
fth
en
eu
t
r
in
o(ORCA
)
.I
tw
i
l
lb
ebu
i
l
tinv
i
c
in
i
tyo
fth
eANTARESd
e
t
e
c
to
r
.
Ano
th
e
rbu
i
ld
in
gb
l
o
cki
sp
l
ann
edn
e
a
rth
esho
r
eo
fS
i
c
i
ly
. Th
i
son
ei
sop
t
im
i
z
edfo
r
th
ed
e
t
e
c
t
i
ono
fh
i
gh
en
e
r
gyn
eu
t
r
ino
s(ARCA
)
. Con
s
t
ru
c
t
iono
fbo
ths
i
t
e
sh
a
sb
egun
.
D
ep
end
in
gonfund
in
gupt
os
ixbu
i
ld
ingb
lo
ck
sa
r
eenv
i
s
ion
ed
.
32
3
.2
.N
eu
t
r
inot
e
l
e
s
cop
ep
ro
j
e
c
t
s
F
igu
re3
.6
:L
ay
ou
to
fth
eANTARESd
e
t
e
c
to
r
.T
ak
enf
rom[132
]
.
3
.2
.2
. Ba
ika
lexpe
r
imen
t
, NT200and GVD
Th
ed
e
t
e
c
t
i
ono
fn
eu
t
r
in
o
sin w
a
t
e
ri
sno
tl
im
i
t
edtoth
eo
c
e
an
s
. How
ev
e
r
,th
er
equ
i
r
e
m
en
t
sl
im
i
t
th
epo
s
s
ib
l
es
i
t
e
sinl
ak
e
s
. Sof
a
r
,on
lyinl
ak
eB
a
ik
a
lan
eu
t
r
inot
e
l
e
s
cop
e
h
a
sb
e
ensu
c
c
e
s
s
fu
l
lyop
e
r
a
t
ed
.In1981
,ﬁ
r
s
texp
e
r
im
en
t
ss
t
a
r
t
edinsh
a
l
loww
a
t
e
r[138
]
.
Th
eyw
e
r
ef
o
l
l
ow
edbyth
ec
on
s
t
ru
c
t
iono
fth
eNT200d
e
t
e
c
to
r
.D
ep
loy
eda
tth
ebo
t
tom
o
fth
el
ak
einap
a
r
tw
i
thd
ep
th
so
fabou
t1370m
,192op
t
i
c
a
l modu
l
e
sa
r
ea
t
t
a
ch
edto
e
igh
ts
t
r
in
g
s
. Th
ed
i
s
t
an
c
eb
e
tw
e
enth
e
s
es
t
r
ing
si
s21
✳
5mandth
eh
e
igh
to
fth
es
t
r
ing
3 –a
72m
. Thu
s
,th
ein
s
t
rum
en
t
edv
o
lum
ei
sabou
t0
✳
0001km
bou
taf
a
c
to
r100sm
a
l
l
e
r
th
anth
eANTARESd
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
.
Th
ed
ep
l
oym
en
to
f a mu
chl
a
r
g
e
rd
e
t
e
c
to
r
, th
eB
a
ik
a
l G
ig
a
ton V
o
lum
e D
e
t
e
c
to
r
(GVD
)h
a
sb
e
gun
. GVDi
sp
l
ann
edtoh
av
e216s
t
r
ing
s
,e
a
chs
t
r
ingho
ld
ing48OM
s
. Th
e
comp
l
e
t
edd
e
t
e
c
t
o
rw
ou
ldth
enh
av
eanin
s
t
rum
en
t
edv
o
lum
eo
fabou
t1
✳
4km3 [139
]
.
3
.2
.3
. AMANDA
Th
el
a
s
tenv
i
r
onm
en
tf
o
rn
eu
t
r
in
ot
e
l
e
s
cop
e
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edh
e
r
ei
sth
eAn
t
a
r
c
t
i
ci
c
e
.D
ep
loy
m
en
to
fth
e An
t
a
r
c
t
i
c Mu
onand N
eu
t
r
ino D
e
t
e
c
to
rA
r
r
ay(AMANDA
)s
t
a
r
t
edinth
e
1990
s
.F
i
r
s
tAMANDAAw
a
sd
ep
l
oy
ed
,con
s
i
s
t
ingo
ffou
rs
t
r
ing
se
a
chc
a
r
ry
ing20 OM
s
.
Th
e OM
sw
e
r
ed
ep
l
oy
edind
ep
th
sb
e
tw
e
en800mand1000m
. How
ev
e
r
,a
i
rbubb
l
e
sl
ed
tol
a
rg
es
c
a
t
t
e
r
in
go
fph
o
t
on
sinth
ei
c
ea
tth
e
s
ed
ep
th
sand m
ad
ear
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
iono
f
muont
r
a
ck
sin
f
e
a
s
ib
l
e
.
Thu
s
,th
en
ex
tt
ens
t
r
in
g
s
, AMANDA B
,w
e
r
ed
ep
loy
edin d
ep
th
sb
e
tw
e
en 1545m
33
3
. Th
ep
r
in
c
ip
l
eo
fh
i
gh
en
e
r
gyn
eu
t
r
inod
e
t
e
c
t
ionandn
eu
t
r
inot
e
l
e
s
cop
e
s
and1978m
. D
ep
l
oym
en
tend
ed w
i
thth
eadd
i
t
ion
a
le
igh
ts
t
r
ing
so
f AMANDAI
I
po
s
i
t
ion
eda
r
ound AMANDA B
. Th
r
e
eo
fth
e
s
es
t
r
ing
sh
ad OM
sd
ep
loy
eda
sd
e
epa
s
2350m
. Th
e
r
ebyi
c
ep
r
op
e
r
t
i
e
sa
tth
e
s
ed
ep
th
scou
ldb
einv
e
s
t
ig
a
t
ed–afo
r
e
sh
adowo
f
th
ea
l
r
e
adyp
l
ann
edI
c
eCub
ed
e
t
e
c
to
r
. AMANDA w
a
ssu
c
c
e
s
s
fu
linshow
ingth
a
tth
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
iono
fn
eu
t
r
in
o
sini
c
ei
spo
s
s
ib
l
e
. How
ev
e
r
,s
im
i
l
a
rto ANTARES
,i
t
ss
i
z
e(
abou
t
3
0
✳
02km)l
im
i
t
edi
tt
oth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
i
ono
fa
tmo
sph
e
r
i
cn
eu
t
r
ino
s[140
,141
]
.
3
.3
. TheIceCube Neu
t
r
ino Ob
se
rva
to
ry
A
f
t
e
rth
esu
c
c
e
s
s
fu
lop
e
r
a
t
i
ono
fth
ep
r
ed
e
c
e
s
so
rAMANDA
,p
l
an
sfo
ra mu
chl
a
rg
e
rd
e
t
e
c
to
rw
e
r
em
ad
e
.F
in
i
sh
in
gth
ed
ep
l
oym
en
to
fop
t
i
c
a
l modu
l
e
sin2010th
eI
c
eCub
ed
e
t
e
c
to
r
i
snow
ad
ay
sth
el
a
r
g
e
s
td
e
t
e
c
t
o
ro
fth
i
styp
einth
ew
o
r
ld
. Th
ed
e
t
e
c
to
ri
sequ
ipp
edw
i
th
2
]anda m
a
inbo
a
rdfo
rd
a
t
a
5400 modu
l
e
s
.E
a
ch m
odu
l
ec
on
s
i
s
t
so
fa25cmPMT [142
a
cqu
i
s
i
t
ion
. Th
em
e
a
su
r
edan
a
l
o
gu
es
ign
a
lbyth
ePMTi
sd
ig
i
t
a
l
i
z
edb
e
fo
r
ei
ti
ss
en
tto
th
esu
r
f
a
c
e
. Th
em
odu
l
ea
sawh
o
l
ei
sc
a
l
l
ed DOM(D
ig
i
t
a
l Op
t
i
c
a
l Modu
l
e
)andw
i
l
lb
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
eda
f
t
e
rand
e
s
c
r
ip
t
i
ono
fth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
rl
ay
ou
t
.
3
.3
.1
. Dep
lo
ymen
tandla
you
to
ftheIceCubede
tec
to
r
Th
eDOM
sa
r
eﬁx
edt
oa2
5
0
0 ml
on
gc
ab
l
e
,th
es
t
r
ing
. Th
es
t
r
ingp
rov
id
e
spow
e
r
supp
ly
andcommun
i
c
a
t
i
onf
o
rth
ea
t
t
a
ch
ed DOM
s
.E
a
chs
t
r
ingho
ld
s60 DOM
s[143
]
. Mo
s
to
f
th
es
t
r
ing
s(
7
8
)a
r
eo
r
i
en
t
edinat
r
i
agon
a
lg
r
idw
i
th125msp
a
c
ingandth
e60DOM
sa
r
e
d
ep
loy
edind
ep
th
sb
e
tw
e
en1
45
0mand2450m(
s
e
eF
ig
.3
.7
)
.
Inth
ec
en
t
e
ro
fI
c
eCub
ee
i
gh
ts
t
r
ing
sa
r
ed
ep
loy
ed mo
r
ed
en
s
e
ly(b
e
tw
e
en40m
and70map
a
r
t
)
.Inc
on
t
r
a
s
tt
oth
eo
th
e
rs
t
r
ing
sth
e
i
r DOM
sa
r
eequ
ipp
ed w
i
thPMT
s
w
i
thah
igh
e
rqu
an
tumeﬃ
c
i
en
cy
. Add
i
t
ion
a
l
ly
,th
e
s
e DOM
sa
r
eno
td
ep
loy
edb
e
tw
e
en
1450mand2
45
0m
. T
eno
fth
e DOM
sa
r
ed
ep
loy
edb
e
tw
e
en1760mand1850m
;th
e
o
th
e
rﬁ
f
tya
r
ed
ep
l
oy
ed b
e
tw
e
en2100mand2450md
e
epinth
ei
c
e
. Th
i
sp
a
r
to
f
th
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
ri
sop
t
im
i
z
edf
o
ral
ow
e
rth
r
e
sho
lden
e
rgy(
abou
t10G
eVin
s
t
e
ado
fabou
t
100GeV)andi
sc
a
l
l
edD
e
epC
o
r
e
. Th
eI
c
eCub
eN
eu
t
r
ino Ob
s
e
rv
a
to
ryi
scomp
l
e
t
edbya
su
r
f
a
c
ea
r
r
ayc
a
l
l
edI
c
eT
op
.I
tc
on
s
i
s
t
so
f81s
t
a
t
ion
sinat
r
i
angu
l
a
rg
r
idw
i
thth
es
am
e
125msp
a
c
in
ga
sI
c
eCub
e
. E
a
chs
t
a
t
ioni
sm
ad
eo
ftw
ot
ank
sw
i
thc
l
e
a
ri
c
einth
em
.
Ev
e
ryt
ankh
o
s
t
stw
oDOM
s
. Th
ea
r
r
ayc
and
e
t
e
c
tth
eshow
e
r
so
fco
sm
i
cr
ay
s
.
3
.3
.2
. The D
ig
i
ta
l Op
t
ica
l Modu
le- DOM
Th
eenv
i
r
onm
en
tin wh
i
chth
e DOM
sa
r
ed
ep
loy
ed d
i
c
t
a
t
e
ss
ev
e
r
a
lo
fth
e DOM
s
p
rop
e
r
t
i
e
s
.I
tsh
ou
ldn
o
tr
equ
i
r
e mo
r
eth
anﬁv
e W
a
t
t
so
fe
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
len
e
r
gydu
etoh
igh
fu
e
lco
s
t
sa
tth
eS
ou
thP
o
l
e
. Add
i
t
ion
a
l
ly
,i
th
a
stob
ebu
i
l
trobu
s
tenoughtow
i
th
s
t
and
th
ep
r
e
s
su
r
eandt
emp
e
r
a
tu
r
ec
ond
i
t
ion
sp
r
e
s
en
td
e
epinth
ei
c
e
.F
o
rp
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
lr
e
a
son
s
2
Hamama
t
suR7081
-02
34
3
.3
. Th
eI
c
eCub
eN
eu
t
r
ino Ob
s
e
rv
a
to
ry
F
igu
re3
.7
: Th
eI
c
eCub
eN
eu
t
r
in
o ob
s
e
rv
a
to
ry
, con
s
i
s
t
ing o
fth
eI
c
eCub
ed
e
t
e
c
to
r
,
th
elow
en
e
r
gyex
t
en
s
ion D
e
epCo
r
eandth
ea
i
rshow
e
rd
e
t
e
c
to
rI
c
eT
op
,
i
sd
ep
l
oy
edath
eg
e
og
r
aph
i
cSou
th P
o
l
e
. A
l
soshowni
sth
ep
r
ed
e
c
e
s
so
r
AMANDA
.T
ak
enf
r
om[144
]
.
th
e DOMh
a
st
ow
o
rka
tr
oomt
emp
e
r
a
tu
r
e(
20◦C)du
r
ingt
e
s
t
inga
sw
e
l
la
sa
t−55◦C
wh
eni
ti
st
r
an
spo
r
t
edt
oandd
ep
l
oy
eda
tth
eSou
thP
o
l
e[143
]
.T
om
in
im
i
z
eth
ed
a
rk
no
i
s
ebyn
a
tu
r
a
lr
ad
i
o
a
c
t
iv
i
tyth
em
a
t
e
r
i
a
l(m
a
in
lyth
eg
l
a
s
ssph
e
r
e
)th
e DOMi
sm
ad
e
o
fh
adtob
ech
o
s
ena
c
c
o
rd
in
g
ly
. Ano
th
e
rimpo
r
t
an
tp
rop
e
r
tyi
sth
er
e
l
i
ab
i
l
i
ty
.S
in
c
e
th
ei
c
er
e
f
r
e
e
z
e
sa
f
t
e
rd
ep
l
oym
en
t
,th
e DOM
sc
anno
tb
ephy
s
i
c
a
l
lya
c
c
e
s
s
eda
f
t
e
rw
a
rd
s
.
Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,ev
e
ryDOMw
i
thaf
a
t
a
lh
a
rdw
a
r
eo
rso
f
tw
a
r
ee
r
ro
rr
em
a
in
slo
s
t
.
Th
e
s
er
equ
i
r
em
en
t
sa
r
e m
e
t byth
echo
s
en d
e
s
ign
. T
or
e
s
i
s
tth
eh
igh p
r
e
s
su
r
ein
th
ed
e
epi
c
eth
e DOM
sh
ou
s
in
gi
sm
ad
eou
to
ftw
og
l
a
s
sh
a
l
f
sph
e
r
e
sw
i
thath
i
ckn
e
s
so
f
13mmandad
i
am
e
t
e
ro
f3
5✳
6cm
. Th
ePMT
,po
in
t
ingdownw
a
rd
s
,andth
em
a
inbo
a
rd
a
r
eﬁx
edinth
esph
e
r
e
,s
e
eF
i
g
.3
.
8
.T
oimp
rov
eth
eop
t
i
c
a
lcoup
l
ingb
e
tw
e
enPMTand
sph
e
r
easp
e
c
i
a
ls
i
l
i
c
on
e
-b
a
s
edg
e
li
su
s
ed
.
L
igh
tem
i
t
t
eda
ta po
s
i
t
i
on h
i
gh
e
rth
anth
e DOM h
a
sto b
es
c
a
t
t
e
r
ed b
e
fo
r
ed
e
t
e
c
t
ion
.I
faph
o
t
onr
e
a
ch
e
sth
e DOM
,i
tc
anb
ed
e
t
e
c
t
edbyth
ePMTa
sch
a
rg
e
. Th
e
ch
a
rg
eov
e
rt
im
e
,m
e
a
su
r
edbyth
ePMT
,i
sth
end
ig
i
t
i
z
ed
. Th
e
r
ea
r
etw
ow
ay
sas
ign
a
l
35
3
. Th
ep
r
in
c
ip
l
eo
fh
i
gh
en
e
r
gyn
eu
t
r
inod
e
t
e
c
t
ionandn
eu
t
r
inot
e
l
e
s
cop
e
s
c
anb
ed
i
g
i
t
i
z
ed[
1
4
5
,1
4
6
]
.
F
igu
re3
.8
:S
ch
em
a
t
i
cd
r
aw
in
go
fth
eD
ig
i
t
a
l Op
t
i
c
a
l Modu
l
e
.T
ak
enf
rom[142
]
.
On
ei
sd
i
g
i
t
i
z
a
t
i
on by af
a
s
t An
a
logu
eto D
ig
i
t
a
l Conv
e
r
t
e
r(
fADC
)
. Th
i
sfADC
s
amp
l
e
sth
es
i
gn
a
lt
ak
enbyth
ePMTw
i
thar
a
t
eo
f40 M
eg
as
amp
l
e
sp
e
rs
e
cond(MSPS
)
.
I
fth
efADCg
e
t
st
r
i
g
g
e
r
ed
,2
5
6s
amp
l
e
sa
r
er
e
co
rd
ed
,cov
e
r
ingat
im
ein
t
e
rv
a
lo
f6
✳
4µs
.
F
o
ra h
i
gh
e
rt
im
e
r
e
s
o
lu
t
i
on tw
o An
a
log T
r
an
s
i
en
t W
av
e
fo
rm D
ig
i
t
i
z
e
r (ATWD
s
)
a
r
eu
s
ed
. Th
eys
amp
l
eth
e PMTs
ign
a
lw
i
th300 MSPSandc
anr
e
co
rd128s
amp
l
e
s
,
cov
e
r
ingat
im
ein
t
e
rv
a
lo
fabou
t4
00n
s
. Th
r
e
eATWDch
ann
e
l
sa
r
eop
e
r
a
t
edinp
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
w
i
thd
iﬀ
e
r
en
tamp
l
iﬁ
e
rg
a
in
s
,t
oimp
rov
eth
edyn
am
i
cr
ang
eth
a
tc
anb
er
e
co
rd
ed. Th
e
s
e
condATWDc
and
i
g
i
t
i
z
e
,i
fth
eﬁ
r
s
ton
ei
sind
e
adt
im
e
.
Th
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
rw
a
sp
l
ann
ed a
s
sum
ing a DOMsu
rv
iv
a
lr
a
t
eo
f 90 p
e
r
c
en
ta
f
t
e
r 15
y
e
a
r
s
. Upt
od
a
t
eth
enumb
e
ro
fl
o
s
t DOM
si
sabou
t120(
abou
ttw
op
e
r
c
en
t
)–e
l
ev
en
y
e
a
r
sa
f
t
e
rth
ed
ep
l
oym
en
to
fth
eﬁ
r
s
ts
t
r
inganda
lmo
s
ts
ixy
e
a
r
sa
f
t
e
rth
ed
ep
loym
en
t
o
fth
el
a
s
t
.
3
.3
.3
.I
cep
rope
r
t
ie
sa
ttheSou
thpo
le
Th
ei
c
eb
e
tw
e
en1
45
0mand2
45
0mi
sv
e
ryc
l
e
a
rl
e
ad
ingtoaneﬀ
e
c
t
iv
eab
so
rp
t
ionl
eng
th
l
a
rg
e
rth
an7
0mandaneﬀ
e
c
t
iv
es
c
a
t
t
e
r
ingl
eng
thl
a
rg
e
rth
an20min mo
s
tp
a
r
t
so
fth
e
d
e
t
e
c
to
r(
s
e
e[
1
4
7
,1
4
8
]
)andF
i
g
.3
.
9
)
. How
ev
e
r
,th
ei
c
e
-p
rop
e
r
t
i
e
sa
r
eno
thomog
en
eou
s
.
Inth
ep
a
s
tth
e
r
ew
e
r
es
ev
e
r
a
lp
e
r
i
od
so
fh
ighcon
c
en
t
r
a
t
iono
fdu
s
tp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sinth
eE
a
r
th
’
s
a
tmo
sph
e
r
e
.N
ow
ad
ay
sth
i
sc
anb
eob
s
e
rv
eda
s"du
s
tl
ay
e
r
s"inth
ei
c
e
.Inth
e
s
el
ay
e
r
s
36
3
.3
. Th
eI
c
eCub
eN
eu
t
r
ino Ob
s
e
rv
a
to
ry
1
0
1
4
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
3
2
0
2
5
3
3
0
.
0
2
5
0
0
.
0
1
1
0
0
7
0
1400
1600
-1
7
AHA
1800
2000
2200
2400
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
3
SP
ICE M
IE
2
0
2
5
AHA
λa(
4
0
0nm
)[ m]
0
.
1
5
SP
ICE M
IE
λe(
4
0
0nm
)[ m]
0
.
2
abso
rp
t
iona
(400nm
)[ m ]
-1
e
f
f
.sca
t
te
r
ingbe(400nm
)[ m ]
th
es
c
a
t
t
e
r
in
gandab
so
rp
t
ionl
en
g
tha
r
e mu
chsm
a
l
l
e
rdu
etoth
eun
c
l
e
ani
c
e(
s
e
eth
e
r
ang
eb
e
tw
e
en1
80
0mand2
00
0minF
ig
.3
.9
)
. Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,l
e
s
sl
igh
ti
sd
e
t
e
c
t
edf
rom
in
t
e
r
a
c
t
ion
so
f mu
on
s
/n
eu
t
r
in
o
sinth
i
sr
eg
ion
.
3
3
0
.
0
2
5
0
0
.
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
5
0
.
0
0
5
2
0
0
2
5
0
7
0
1400
dep
th[ m]
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
dep
th[ m]
F
igu
re 3
.9
:Eﬀ
e
c
t
iv
es
c
a
t
t
e
r
in
gc
o
eﬃ
c
i
en
t
(
l
e
f
t
)andab
so
rp
t
ion(
r
igh
t
)
,d
ep
end
en
ton
d
ep
th
,f
o
rtw
om
od
e
l
sd
e
s
c
r
ib
ingth
eop
t
i
c
a
lp
rop
e
r
t
i
e
so
fth
ei
c
einI
c
eCub
e
.
T
ak
enf
r
om[
1
4
8
]
.
3
.3
.4
. Da
taacqu
i
s
i
t
iona
ttheSou
thPo
le
E
a
ch DOMi
sc
onn
e
c
t
edt
oth
etw
o DOM
sb
e
lowandabov
ei
t
.I
fon
e DOMd
e
t
e
c
t
s
ch
a
rg
eov
e
rath
r
e
sh
o
ldo
f0
.
2
5Ph
o
to
e
l
e
c
t
ron
s(PE
)w
i
thad
i
s
c
r
im
in
a
to
rt
r
igg
e
r
,i
tw
i
l
l
s
t
a
r
td
a
t
as
amp
l
in
gw
i
thth
efADCandon
eo
fth
e ATWD
s
.I
tw
i
l
la
l
soch
e
cki
fi
t
s
n
e
ighbou
r
s(
th
etw
oDOM
sabov
eandb
e
lowh
im
)r
eg
i
s
t
e
r
edch
a
rg
eabov
eth
i
sth
r
e
sho
ld
inat
im
ew
ind
owo
f1µsa
sw
e
l
l
.I
fth
i
si
st
ru
e
,th
e
s
er
e
adou
t
sw
i
l
lb
eth
en m
a
rk
eda
s
"
lo
c
a
l
co
in
c
id
en
t
"o
rLC
.
B
e
tw
e
enth
r
e
e ande
i
gh
t DOM
s mu
s
th
av
e ob
s
e
rv
ed LCr
e
adou
t
sw
i
th
in 5µs fo
r
anev
en
tt
ob
et
r
i
g
g
e
r
ed
.I
fth
et
r
i
g
g
e
rcond
i
t
ioni
sfu
lﬁ
l
l
edth
er
e
adou
t
sf
romth
een
t
i
r
e
d
e
t
e
c
to
rw
i
l
lb
er
e
c
o
rd
ed
,wh
i
chd
eﬁn
e
sanev
en
t
.R
e
adou
t
sth
a
tfu
lﬁ
lth
eLCcond
i
t
ion
a
r
es
to
r
edc
omp
l
e
t
e
ly(bo
th ATWDandfADCd
a
t
a
)
. F
o
ra
l
lo
th
e
rr
e
adou
t
son
lyth
e
th
r
e
eh
igh
e
s
ts
amp
l
e
so
fth
eﬁ
r
s
t1
6fADCs
amp
l
e
sa
r
ek
ep
t
.
Th
ed
a
t
ao
fth
er
e
ad
ou
ti
sth
ens
en
ttoaf
a
c
i
l
i
tya
tth
esu
r
f
a
c
e
. Th
eto
t
a
lt
r
igg
e
r
r
a
t
ei
sabou
t2
✳
5kH
z[
1
4
9
]
. Th
i
sr
a
t
ec
anv
a
ryby∼±✶✵✪du
etoy
e
a
r
lya
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
t
ion
s[
1
5
0
]
. Th
ein
t
e
rp
r
e
t
a
t
i
ono
fr
aw ATWDandfADCi
sch
a
l
l
eng
ingfo
r mo
s
t
u
s
edr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
i
ona
lg
o
r
i
thm
s
. H
en
c
e
,fo
rt
r
igg
e
r
edev
en
t
sth
i
sin
fo
rm
a
t
ioni
su
s
ed
tod
e
conv
o
lv
esp
e
c
iﬁ
cs
in
g
l
e PEsh
ap
e
s[151
]
. A
f
t
e
rw
a
rd
sth
eev
en
t
sa
r
er
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ed
w
i
thr
e
l
a
t
iv
e
lys
imp
l
e
,bu
tf
a
s
ta
l
go
r
i
thm
sapp
l
i
edonth
i
sex
t
r
a
c
t
edt
im
eandch
a
rg
e
in
fo
rm
a
t
i
on(pu
l
s
e
s
)anda
f
t
e
rw
a
rd
sp
r
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
ed(ﬁ
l
t
e
r
ed
)
. Th
eﬁ
l
t
e
r
edev
en
t
sa
r
es
en
t
v
i
as
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
ef
o
rfu
r
th
e
rp
r
o
c
e
s
s
in
gw
i
th mo
r
et
im
econ
sum
ingr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
s
.
37
3
. Th
ep
r
in
c
ip
l
eo
fh
i
gh
en
e
r
gyn
eu
t
r
inod
e
t
e
c
t
ionandn
eu
t
r
inot
e
l
e
s
cop
e
s
3
.4
. De
tec
to
rs
imu
la
t
ionandbackg
rounde
s
t
ima
t
ionu
sedfo
r
th
i
sana
ly
s
i
s
S
imu
l
a
t
ed n
eu
t
r
in
o
sa
r
er
equ
i
r
edtoe
s
t
im
a
t
eth
equ
a
l
i
tyo
fth
eu
s
edr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
m
e
thod
s
,t
od
e
s
i
gnth
eev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
i
onandtoc
a
l
cu
l
a
t
es
en
s
i
t
iv
i
t
i
e
sandupp
e
rl
im
i
t
s
. Th
e
b
a
ckg
roundo
fa
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
cev
en
t
si
se
s
t
im
a
t
edu
s
ingd
a
t
a
. Th
i
sh
a
sth
eadv
an
t
ag
eth
a
t
sy
s
t
em
a
t
i
cun
c
e
r
t
a
in
t
i
e
s(
f
o
rex
amp
l
eth
eno
rm
a
l
i
z
a
t
iono
fth
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c muonﬂuxin
I
c
eCub
e
)d
on
o
th
av
et
ob
et
ak
enin
toa
c
coun
tfo
rth
eb
a
ckg
rounde
s
t
im
a
t
ion
. Th
ea
imo
f
th
i
san
a
ly
s
i
si
st
om
e
a
su
r
eem
i
s
s
i
onf
rompo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
e
s
,no
tad
iﬀu
s
eem
i
s
s
ion
.S
in
c
e
i
ti
sno
texp
e
c
t
edt
oc
lu
s
t
e
rinsp
a
c
e
,ap
r
e
c
i
s
ee
s
t
im
a
t
iono
fth
ea
tmo
sph
e
r
i
cb
a
ckg
round
i
sno
tn
e
c
e
s
s
a
ry. Th
einﬂu
en
c
eo
fsy
s
t
em
a
t
i
cun
c
e
r
t
a
in
t
i
e
sonth
es
ign
a
ls
imu
l
a
t
ioni
s
d
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
i
on6
.
3
.
How
ev
e
r
,t
ov
e
r
i
fyth
ev
a
r
i
ab
l
e
su
s
edinth
eev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
ions
imu
l
a
t
ed a
i
rshow
e
r
s
a
r
eu
s
edf
o
rc
omp
a
r
i
s
on
.Inth
i
san
a
ly
s
i
ss
ev
e
r
a
ls
imu
l
a
t
iond
a
t
as
e
t
sa
r
eu
s
ed
. Wh
i
l
e
som
eo
fth
e
r
ep
a
r
am
e
t
e
r
sd
iﬀ
e
r
,f
o
rex
amp
l
eth
etyp
eo
fp
a
r
t
i
c
l
es
imu
l
a
t
ed(n
eu
t
r
ino
s/
muon
s
)o
rth
eg
en
e
r
a
t
eden
e
r
gysp
e
c
t
rum
,th
eov
e
r
a
l
ls
imu
l
a
t
ionch
a
inr
em
a
in
sth
es
am
e
.
F
i
r
s
t
,e
i
th
e
rs
imu
l
a
t
ed mu
on
so
rn
eu
t
r
ino
sa
r
e"
c
r
e
a
t
ed" u
s
ing a g
en
e
r
a
to
r
. F
o
r
n
eu
t
r
ino
sag
en
e
r
a
t
o
rb
a
s
edonth
eso
f
tw
a
r
ep
a
ck
ag
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
edin[
152
]i
su
s
ed
. Th
e
p
rob
ab
i
l
i
tyo
fan
eu
t
r
in
ot
oin
t
e
r
a
c
tinth
es
imu
l
a
t
edv
o
lum
ei
sv
e
rysm
a
l
l
. T
oav
o
id
s
imu
l
a
t
in
gm
anyev
en
t
sth
a
tl
e
av
enot
r
a
c
einth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
rth
eg
en
e
r
a
to
rfo
r
c
e
sth
e
n
eu
t
r
inot
oin
t
e
r
a
c
tin
s
id
eth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
ro
rinth
ev
i
c
in
i
tyo
fi
t
.A
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c muon
sa
r
e
t
ak
enf
romth
ea
i
rsh
ow
e
rs
imu
l
a
t
i
onso
f
tw
a
r
eCORS
IKA[153
]
.
Inas
e
conds
t
ep
,th
ep
r
op
a
g
a
t
i
ono
fth
e muon
sc
r
e
a
t
edine
i
th
e
ro
fth
eg
en
e
r
a
to
r
s
3
een
e
rgylo
s
s
e
sin
s
id
eand
i
ss
imu
l
a
t
edu
s
in
gth
es
o
f
tw
a
r
ed
e
s
c
r
ib
edin[128
,154
] . Th
inth
ev
i
c
in
i
tyo
fth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
ra
r
eth
enu
s
edtoe
s
t
im
a
t
eth
el
igh
ty
i
e
ldo
fanev
en
t
.
U
s
ingp
a
r
am
e
t
r
i
z
a
t
i
on
so
fth
enumb
e
ro
fexp
e
c
t
edpho
ton
sf
romanen
e
rgyd
epo
s
i
t
ion
th
e
s
epho
t
on
sa
r
eth
enp
r
op
a
g
a
t
ed
. Th
i
sp
rop
ag
a
t
iond
ep
end
sonbo
ths
c
a
t
t
e
r
ingand
ab
so
rp
t
ionl
en
g
tho
fth
ei
c
e
. F
o
rth
es
imu
l
a
t
ion
su
s
edinIC86
Ith
eSp
i
c
eM
IE mod
e
l
f
rom[14
8
]i
su
s
ed
. F
o
rIC
8
6
I
I+animp
r
ov
edv
e
r
s
iono
fth
i
s mod
e
l wh
i
chin
c
lud
e
s
4[
th
eob
s
e
rv
edan
i
s
o
t
r
opy
1
5
5
]o
fth
ei
c
e wh
e
r
eI
c
eCub
es
i
t
si
su
s
ed
. F
o
r mo
s
ts
imu
l
a
t
iond
a
t
as
e
t
sa
l
lph
o
t
on
sw
e
r
ep
r
op
ag
a
t
edu
s
ingth
ep
rop
ag
a
t
ioncod
ed
e
s
c
r
ib
edin[156
]
.
InIC86
Is
i
gn
a
ls
imu
l
a
t
i
on w
i
th h
ighs
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
sfo
rn
eu
t
r
inoev
en
t
sabov
e1PeV i
s
u
s
ed
. Th
ep
r
op
a
g
a
t
i
ono
fa
l
ls
in
g
l
epho
ton
si
scompu
t
a
t
ion
a
lv
e
ryexp
en
s
iv
e
. H
en
c
e
,
p
a
r
am
e
t
r
i
z
edl
ook
-upt
ab
l
e
s[
1
5
7
]a
r
eu
s
edh
e
r
eth
a
ta
r
ef
a
s
t
e
r
,bu
tl
e
s
sp
r
e
c
i
s
e
.
3
[128
]i
su
s
edfo
rs
imu
la
t
iono
fth
eﬁ
r
s
ty
ea
ro
fth
i
sana
ly
s
i
sand[154
]fo
rth
efo
l
low
ingy
ea
r
stw
otofou
r
.
Th
e ma
ind
iﬀ
e
r
en
c
ei
sth
ep
rog
ramm
inglanguag
eo
fth
ep
ropaga
t
ion
.
4
Ana
z
imu
thd
ep
end
en
c
eo
fth
el
igh
ty
i
e
ld
.
38
3
.
4
.D
e
t
e
c
t
o
rs
imu
l
a
t
ionandb
a
ckg
rounde
s
t
im
a
t
ionu
s
edfo
rth
i
san
a
ly
s
i
s
Th
er
e
spon
s
eo
fth
e OM
st
oa
r
r
iv
ingpho
ton
sandno
i
s
ei
ss
imu
l
a
t
edn
ex
tandina
l
a
s
ts
t
epth
es
am
et
r
i
g
g
e
r
sth
a
ta
r
eapp
l
i
edond
a
t
aa
r
ea
l
soapp
l
i
edonth
es
imu
l
a
t
ion
.
39
4
. ST
eVE–asea
rchfo
rpo
in
t
l
ik
eT
eV
neu
t
r
inosou
rce
sinthesou
the
rnsky
Th
i
sch
ap
t
e
rs
t
a
r
t
sw
i
thad
e
s
c
r
ip
t
i
ono
fth
eob
s
e
rv
ed VHEg
amm
ar
aysou
r
c
e
s
.A
sw
i
l
l
b
eshownins
e
c
t
i
on4
.
1
,th
em
a
j
o
r
i
tyo
fg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cVHEg
amm
asou
r
c
e
sh
a
sb
e
end
i
s
cov
e
r
ed
inth
esou
th
e
rnsky
. Th
eimp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
so
fth
i
sfo
rI
c
eCub
ew
i
l
lb
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion4
.2
.
Th
es
e
a
r
chs
t
r
a
t
e
gyd
e
s
c
r
ib
edinth
i
sth
e
s
i
s
,as
e
a
r
chfo
rn
eu
t
r
inoem
i
s
s
ionf
rompo
in
t
l
ik
e
sou
r
c
e
sw
i
thS
t
a
r
t
in
gTeVEv
en
t
s(ST
eVE)
,i
sp
r
e
s
en
t
edins
e
c
t
ion4
.3andanov
e
rv
i
ew
o
fp
r
ev
iou
ss
e
a
r
ch
e
sf
o
rpo
in
t
l
ik
es
ou
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42
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43
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r
a
cka
sth
r
ou
gh
g
o
ing
. Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,ap
e
r
f
e
c
tr
e
j
e
c
t
iono
fth
rough
-go
ing
t
r
a
ck
sw
ou
ldp
r
ov
id
eas
amp
l
eo
fpu
r
ea
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
lev
en
t
s
.A
sc
anb
es
e
eninF
ig
.4
.4
,
th
eeﬃ
c
i
en
cyo
fsu
chav
e
t
oi
sbo
thd
ep
end
en
tonen
e
rgyandz
en
i
thang
l
eo
fth
eev
en
t
.
Th
e mo
r
eh
o
r
i
z
on
t
a
lanev
en
ti
s
,th
el
e
s
seﬃ
c
i
en
tb
e
com
e
sth
ev
e
to
.L
ik
ew
i
s
e
,ah
igh
e
r
en
e
rg
e
t
i
ca
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
cn
eu
t
r
in
oh
a
sal
a
rg
e
rp
rob
ab
i
l
i
tytob
ea
c
comp
an
i
edbya mo
r
e
en
e
rg
e
t
i
c mu
on
. Th
i
s mu
onh
a
sah
igh
e
rch
an
c
etobo
thr
e
a
chth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
randtob
e
en
e
rg
e
t
i
cen
ou
ght
om
ak
eav
e
t
opo
s
s
ib
l
e
.
4
.3
.3
. Sea
rch
ingfo
rT
eVeu
t
r
ino
sf
rompo
in
t
l
ik
esou
rce
s
Inth
esou
th
e
rnskyth
eb
a
ck
g
r
oundbya
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c muon
sex
c
e
ed
sth
es
e
condl
a
rg
e
s
t
✻
b
a
ckg
roundo
fa
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
cn
eu
t
r
in
o
sbyrough
lyaf
a
c
to
r✶✵ (
s
e
eF
ig
.4
.3
)
. Th
e
s
e muon
s
e
rg
i
e
s wh
e
r
eg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cn
eu
t
r
ino
sa
r
e
a
r
es
t
i
l
labund
an
tinl
a
r
g
enumb
e
ra
tth
eTeVen
exp
e
c
t
ed
. Thu
s
,as
ep
a
r
a
t
i
onb
a
s
edonth
een
e
rgya
lon
edo
e
sno
ts
e
emtob
ep
rom
i
s
ing
.
Ina
lmo
s
ta
l
ls
e
a
r
ch
e
sf
o
rpo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
e
sinth
esou
th
e
rnskyw
i
thI
c
eCub
eth
em
a
jo
r
i
ty
o
fev
en
t
sa
r
ea
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
c mu
on
s–s
e
efo
rex
amp
l
e[149
]
. Th
ech
a
l
l
eng
ei
stosupp
r
e
s
sth
e
numb
e
ro
f mu
on
sen
ou
ghf
o
rac
lu
s
t
e
r
ingo
fn
eu
t
r
inoev
en
t
sf
romapo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
eto
b
es
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
lys
i
gn
iﬁ
c
an
t
,bu
ti
ti
sno
tr
equ
i
r
edtoob
t
a
inas
amp
l
eo
fpu
r
ea
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
l
n
eu
t
r
ino
sindu
c
eds
t
a
r
t
in
g mu
ont
r
a
ck
sa
tth
e
s
een
e
rg
i
e
sinas
e
a
r
chfo
rpo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
e
s
.
S
t
a
r
t
ing
t
r
a
ck
sa
r
ea p
r
om
i
s
in
g ev
en
ttopo
logy h
e
r
e
. Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
, th
i
s an
a
ly
s
i
sfo
cu
s
s
e
sonth
e
i
rs
e
l
e
c
t
i
ont
om
ak
eu
s
edo
fbo
thth
e
i
rgoodangu
l
a
rr
e
so
lu
t
ionandpo
s
s
s
ib
l
e
supp
r
e
s
s
i
ono
fa
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
cb
a
ck
g
r
ound
.
44
2cm
−2s
−1s
−1]
E3Φν [G
eV
r
10−2
2cm
−2s
−1s
−1]
E3Φν [G
eV
r
10−1
2cm
−2s
−1s
−1]
E3Φν [G
eV
r
4
.4
.P
r
ev
iou
sm
e
a
su
r
em
en
t
s
10−2
T
o
ta
lﬂux
eV
1T
eV
0
1 T
eV
100 T
10−3
A
f
t
e
rv
e
to
Conv
en
t
iona
l νµ
10−4
−1.
0
10−3
10−4
−0.
5
0.
5
1.
0
0.
5
1.
0
0.
5
1.
0
eV
1T
eV
10 T
eV
100 T
Conv
en
t
iona
l νe
10−5
−1.
0
−0.
5
10−3
0.
0
co
sθ
0.
0
co
sθ
100 T
eV
10 T
eV
10−4
eV
1T
P
romp
tνµ andνe
10−5
−1.
0
−0.
5
0.
0
co
sθ
F
igu
re4
.4
:A
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
cn
eu
t
r
in
of
o
rth
r
e
er
e
f
e
r
en
c
een
e
rg
i
e
s
,d
ep
end
ingond
e
c
l
in
a
t
ion
.
S
o
l
idl
in
e
ssh
owth
eto
t
a
lﬂux
. D
a
sh
edl
in
e
sshowth
ep
a
r
to
fﬂuxf
rom
n
eu
t
r
in
o
sw
i
th
ou
tamuonp
rodu
c
edinth
es
am
ea
i
rshow
e
rr
e
a
ch
ingI
c
eCub
e
.
T
op
: Mu
onn
eu
t
r
in
o
sf
romp
ionandk
aond
e
c
ay
s
. M
id
:E
l
e
c
t
ronn
eu
t
r
ino
s
f
r
omp
i
onandk
a
ond
e
c
ay
s
. Bo
t
tom
: Muonande
l
e
c
t
ronn
eu
t
r
ino
sp
rodu
c
ed
in"p
r
omp
t
"d
e
c
ay
s
.T
ak
enf
rom[161
]
.
4
.4
.P
rev
iou
s mea
su
remen
t
s
ST
eVEi
sn
o
tth
eﬁ
r
s
ts
e
a
r
chf
o
rpo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
e
so
fn
eu
t
r
inoem
i
s
s
ioninth
esou
th
e
rn
sky
. Inth
ef
o
l
l
ow
in
gs
e
c
t
i
onbo
thr
e
su
l
t
sf
romth
e ANTARESd
e
t
e
c
to
randp
r
ev
iou
s
s
e
a
r
ch
e
sw
i
thth
eI
c
eCub
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
ra
r
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
.
4
.4
.1
. ANTARESre
su
l
t
s
A
sd
e
s
c
r
ib
edins
e
c
t
i
on3
.
2
,th
eANTARESt
e
l
e
s
cop
eop
e
r
a
t
e
sinth
eM
ed
i
t
e
r
r
an
e
ans
e
a
.
Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,i
tc
anu
s
eth
eE
a
r
tha
sash
i
e
ldag
a
in
s
ta
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c muon
sf
romth
esou
th
e
rn
sky
. Th
e ANTARESc
o
l
l
abo
r
a
t
i
onc
ang
iv
eth
e mo
s
tcomp
e
t
i
t
iv
el
im
i
t
sonth
en
eu
t
r
ino
amm
ar
ay
sinth
esou
th
e
rnsky
,i
f
ﬂuxf
rom m
anya
s
t
r
ophy
s
i
c
a
lob
j
e
c
t
sob
s
e
rv
edinTeVg
th
econn
e
c
t
i
onb
e
tw
e
eng
amm
ar
ay
sandn
eu
t
r
ino
sa
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion2
.5
.1i
sa
s
sum
ed
45
4
.ST
eVE–as
e
a
r
chf
o
rpo
in
t
l
ik
eT
eVn
eu
t
r
inosou
r
c
e
sinth
esou
th
e
rnsky
[159
,162
]
. Ev
eni
fanE−✷n
eu
t
r
in
osp
e
c
t
rumw
i
thou
tacu
toﬀinen
e
r
gyi
sth
ehypo
th
e
s
i
s
th
er
e
su
l
t
sr
em
a
inc
omp
a
r
ab
l
et
oth
o
s
eo
fI
c
eCub
e
. Th
eab
i
l
i
tytocomp
e
t
ew
i
thad
e
t
e
c
to
r
a100t
im
e
sl
a
r
g
e
rimp
r
e
s
s
iv
e
lysh
ow
sth
epow
e
ro
fth
eE
a
r
tha
sa muonsh
i
e
ld(
s
e
eF
ig
.
4
.5
)
.
4
.4
.2
.I
ceCubesea
rche
sw
i
thth
rough
-go
ingeven
t
s
90CL
-2 -1
E2φν
[GeVcm
s]
Inth
esou
th
e
rnskyI
c
eCub
eh
a
ss
e
a
r
ch
edfo
rpo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
e
sw
i
thth
rough
-go
ingt
r
a
ck
s
[149
]
. Th
enumb
e
ro
fb
a
ck
g
r
oundev
en
t
si
sr
edu
c
edtoabou
t70
,000ev
en
t
s(
a
lmo
s
ten
−✷
t
i
r
e
ly mu
on
s
)p
e
ry
e
a
r
,bys
e
l
e
c
t
ingev
en
t
sw
i
thal
a
rg
ech
a
rg
e
. F
o
ranunb
rok
enE
sp
e
c
t
rumth
er
e
su
l
to
fth
i
ss
e
a
r
chi
scomp
a
r
ab
l
ew
i
thth
e ANTARESs
e
a
r
ch m
en
t
ion
ed
abov
e
.H
ow
ev
e
r
,i
fa m
o
r
er
e
a
l
i
s
t
i
cs
c
en
a
r
ioo
facu
toﬀinen
e
rgya
ta100TeVi
sa
s
sum
ed
,
th
eI
c
eCub
ean
a
ly
s
i
sw
i
l
ll
o
s
em
o
r
eth
anaf
a
c
to
r100in m
agn
i
tud
eins
en
s
i
t
iv
i
ty
, wh
i
l
e
ANTARESw
i
l
ll
o
s
eaf
a
c
t
o
ro
fabou
ttw
o
.G
iv
enth
eob
s
e
rv
edsp
e
c
t
r
a
len
e
rgyd
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ion
o
fth
eob
s
e
rv
edTeVg
amm
as
ou
r
c
e
sth
i
si
sno
tv
e
ryp
rom
i
s
ingfo
rth
eI
c
eCub
ean
a
ly
s
i
s
(
s
e
eF
ig
.4
.
5
)
.
10-6
ANTARESsens
i
t
iv
i
ty(1338days
)
ANTARES(1338days
)
ANTARESfu
l
l
-skyl
im
i
t-1°bands(1338days
)
ANTARES Eν <100T
eVsens
i
t
iv
i
ty
IceCube3yea
rs
IceCube3yea
rssens
i
t
iv
i
ty
IceCube3yea
rsE
<100T
eVsens
i
t
iv
i
ty
ν
10-7
10-8
10-9
-1 -0
.8 -0
.6 -0
.4 -0
.2
0
0
.2
0
.4
0
.6
0
.8
1
s
in
(
δ)
F
igu
re4
.5
:S
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyf
o
rpo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
e
sind
ep
end
en
c
eo
fd
e
c
l
in
a
t
ionfo
rANTARES
andth
eI
c
eCub
es
e
a
r
chu
s
ingth
rough
-go
ingev
en
t
s
.T
ak
enf
rom[159
]
46
4
.4
.P
r
ev
iou
sm
e
a
su
r
em
en
t
s
4
.4
.3
.I
ceCubesea
rche
sw
i
ths
ta
r
t
ingeven
t
s
H
igh
-ene
rgys
ta
r
t
ingeven
t
s(HESE
) Mo
t
iv
a
t
edbybo
thth
ep
rom
i
s
ingsupp
r
e
s
s
iono
f
a
tmo
sph
e
r
i
cb
a
ck
g
r
oundandth
el
a
cko
fev
id
en
c
einth
es
e
a
r
chfo
ra
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
ino
s
w
i
thth
rou
gh
g
o
in
gt
r
a
ck
sanan
a
ly
s
i
sw
a
sd
e
s
ign
edtosp
e
c
iﬁ
c
a
l
lys
e
l
e
c
tev
en
t
sw
i
tha
s
t
a
r
t
ingh
i
t
-p
a
t
t
e
rn
. Th
eI
c
eCub
e Co
l
l
abo
r
a
t
ionu
s
eds
t
a
r
t
ingh
i
t
-p
a
t
t
e
rn
sb
e
fo
r
e
,bu
t
th
e
s
es
e
a
r
ch
e
sw
e
r
ef
o
cu
s
edonth
ec
a
s
c
ad
e
l
ik
ech
ann
e
l[163
]o
rth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
iono
fn
eu
t
r
ino
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
ion
sa
tth
el
ow
e
r
en
e
r
gyth
r
e
sho
ldo
fth
eD
e
epCo
r
ep
a
r
to
fth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
r[164
]
.
Thu
s
,an
ews
e
l
e
c
t
i
on h
adt
ob
ed
e
s
ign
edto a
l
so a
l
lowfo
rh
igh
en
e
rgy(Eν >
30TeV)s
t
a
r
t
in
gev
en
t
s
,bo
tht
r
a
ck
l
ik
eandc
a
s
c
ad
e
l
ik
e
. Abo
thv
e
rys
imp
l
eandeﬃ
c
i
en
t
w
aytosupp
r
e
s
sa
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
cb
a
ck
g
roundi
sacu
tonth
ech
a
rg
ed
e
t
e
c
t
edbyth
e DOM
s
.
Inth
i
san
a
ly
s
i
se
a
chev
en
tw
a
sr
equ
i
r
edtod
epo
s
i
ten
e
rgyequ
iv
a
l
en
tto6000PEo
r mo
r
e
w
i
th
inth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
. T
os
e
l
e
c
ton
lys
t
a
r
t
ing
ev
en
t
si
ti
sr
equ
i
r
edth
a
tw
i
th
inth
et
im
e
o
fth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
i
ono
fth
eﬁ
r
s
t2
50PEl
e
s
sth
an3PEa
r
ed
e
t
e
c
t
edin
s
id
eth
ev
e
tor
eg
ion
.
Th
ev
e
tor
e
g
i
oni
sc
ompo
s
edbyth
eou
t
e
rl
ay
e
ro
fs
t
r
ing
sandth
eh
igh
e
s
tﬁv
e DOM
son
e
a
chI
c
eCub
e(n
o
tD
e
epC
o
r
e
)s
t
r
in
ga
sw
e
l
la
sth
elow
e
s
tDOMone
a
chs
t
r
ing
,s
e
eF
ig4
.6
.
F
igu
re 4
.6
:V
e
t
o
r
e
g
i
on
,t
ak
enf
r
om[89
]
. Th
ed
a
rkg
r
eys
t
r
ing
sw
e
r
eadd
edinth
es
e
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e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
tth
es
t
a
r
t
ingv
e
r
t
exandth
es
topp
ingv
e
r
t
exth
i
sa
s
sump
t
ion
h
a
stob
ech
an
g
ed
. Th
ea
l
g
o
r
i
thmu
s
edh
e
r
ei
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edin mo
r
ed
e
t
a
i
lin[176
]
.Ina
ﬁ
r
s
ts
t
ep
,a
l
lop
t
i
c
a
lm
odu
l
e
sinar
ad
iu
so
f200ma
roundth
et
r
a
cka
r
es
e
l
e
c
t
ed
.O
fth
e
s
e
modu
l
e
s
,f
o
ra
l
lth
a
td
e
t
e
c
t
edch
a
r
g
ei
ti
sa
s
sum
edth
a
tth
epho
ton
sa
r
r
iv
ef
romth
et
r
a
ck
inth
eC
e
r
enk
ovan
g
l
ew
i
th
ou
ts
c
a
t
t
e
r
inginth
ei
c
e
. Th
ee
a
r
l
i
e
s
tandl
a
t
e
s
tpo
in
tonth
e
inﬁn
i
t
et
r
a
ckf
r
omwh
i
chth
e
s
eth
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
lpho
ton
scou
ldh
av
ea
r
r
iv
eda
r
eth
enu
s
eda
sﬁ
r
s
t
gu
e
s
sfo
rth
es
t
a
r
tv
e
r
t
exandth
es
topv
e
r
t
ex
,a
sshowninF
ig
.5
.5
.Inas
e
conds
t
ep
,th
e
op
t
i
c
a
lm
odu
l
e
sup
s
t
r
e
amo
fth
ec
on
esh
ap
edbyth
eﬁ
r
s
top
t
i
c
a
l modu
l
etod
e
t
e
c
tch
a
rg
e
2
I
ti
sno
t ma
th
ema
t
i
ca
l
ly mo
t
iv
a
t
ed
,bu
tav
a
r
iab
l
etha
tha
sshowntob
eco
r
r
e
la
t
edw
i
thr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
qua
l
i
tyinp
r
ev
iou
sana
ly
s
e
s
.
56
5
.2
. Ev
en
tr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ionandv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
s
F
igu
re5
.5
:F
i
r
s
ts
t
epo
fl
en
g
thr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
;
: Th
es
t
a
r
t
ingands
toppo
in
to
fat
r
a
ck
a
r
ee
s
t
im
a
t
ed
.T
ak
enf
rom[176
]
th
eC
e
r
enk
ovan
g
l
eandth
e mu
ont
r
a
cka
sro
t
a
t
ion
a
lax
i
sa
r
es
e
l
e
c
t
ed
,s
e
eF
ig
.5
.6
. Tw
o
hypo
th
e
s
e
sa
r
ec
omp
a
r
ed
. Th
eﬁ
r
s
thypo
th
e
s
i
si
sa muont
r
a
ckw
i
thou
tad
e
t
e
c
t
edch
a
rg
e
(no
-h
i
t
)wh
i
l
eth
es
e
c
ondhypo
th
e
s
i
si
snot
r
a
ckandnod
e
t
e
c
t
edch
a
rg
e
.M
ax
im
i
z
ingth
e
r
a
t
ioo
fth
en
o
-h
i
tL
ik
e
l
ih
ood
so
fth
e
s
ehypo
th
e
s
e
sr
e
tu
rn
sanimp
rov
ede
s
t
im
a
to
rfo
rth
e
s
t
a
r
t
ingv
e
r
t
ex
. Th
es
am
ep
r
o
c
edu
r
er
ep
e
a
t
eddown
s
t
r
e
amg
iv
e
sth
es
topp
ingv
e
r
t
ex
.
F
igu
re5
.6
:S
e
c
onds
t
epo
fl
en
g
thr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
: Tw
ohypo
th
e
s
e
sa
r
ecomp
a
r
ed(not
r
a
ck
andn
ol
i
gh
td
e
t
e
c
t
edv
e
r
su
sat
r
a
ckandnol
igh
td
e
t
e
c
t
edu
s
ingaL
ik
e
l
ihood
r
a
t
i
ot
e
s
t
.T
ak
enf
r
om[176
]
5
.2
.4
.F
i
r
s
tgue
s
sene
rgyrecon
s
t
ruc
t
ion
Th
i
ss
e
c
t
i
oni
sasumm
a
ryf
r
omanI
c
eCub
ep
ap
e
r[126
]
. Th
een
e
rgyo
fanev
en
ti
s
r
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
edbyc
omp
a
r
in
gth
el
i
gh
ty
i
e
ldo
fahypo
th
e
t
i
c
a
len
e
rgyd
epo
s
i
t
ionEw
i
th
th
em
e
a
su
r
ednumb
e
ro
fph
o
t
on
sk,wh
i
cha
r
eexp
e
c
t
edtofo
l
lowaP
o
i
s
sond
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ion
.
At
emp
l
a
t
e
, Λ,i
su
s
edt
om
od
e
lth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
randi
c
ep
rop
e
r
t
i
e
s
. Th
em
e
annumb
e
ro
f
exp
e
c
t
edph
o
t
on
sλ= EΛf
o
ranop
t
i
c
a
l modu
l
ec
anth
enb
ecomp
a
r
ed w
i
thku
s
inga
57
5
. Ev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
i
onandr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
on
LLHapp
r
o
a
ch
,
k
(
EΛ)
−EΛ
·❡
✱
k✦
❧♥
(
L) = k❧♥
(
EΛ)−EΛ−❧♥
(
k✦
)
✳
L =
(5
.2
)
(5
.3
)
Equ
a
t
ion5
.
3c
anb
eg
en
e
r
a
l
i
z
edt
oa
l
lowfo
ranadd
i
t
ion
a
lno
i
s
et
e
rmρ:
❧♥
(
L)=k❧♥
(
EΛ+ρ)−(
EΛ+ρ)−❧♥
(
k✦
)
✳
(5
.4
)
A
sfo
rth
ean
gu
l
a
rLLHr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
onth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
ri
sev
a
lu
a
t
edbybu
i
ld
ingth
ep
rodu
c
t
o
fa
l
lth
es
in
g
l
e OM LLHexp
r
e
s
s
ion
s
. M
ax
im
i
z
ingth
i
sL
ik
e
l
ihoodandadd
ingth
e
con
t
r
ibu
t
i
on
sf
r
oma
l
lop
t
i
c
a
lm
odu
l
e
sp
rov
id
e
sth
eb
e
s
tﬁ
ten
e
rgye
s
t
im
a
to
r
. Th
e
qu
a
l
i
tyo
fth
i
se
s
t
im
a
t
o
ri
sd
i
r
e
c
t
lyconn
e
c
t
edtoth
equ
a
l
i
tyo
fΛ. Du
etoth
enon
t
r
iv
i
a
li
c
ep
r
op
e
r
t
i
e
s
,int
e
rmo
fw
av
e
l
eng
thd
ep
end
ings
c
a
t
t
e
r
ingandab
so
rp
t
ion
sa
s
s no
tf
e
a
s
ib
l
e
. A
sa
w
e
l
la
sinh
om
o
g
en
e
i
t
i
e
s
,a p
r
e
c
i
s
ean
a
ly
t
i
c
a
ld
e
s
c
r
ip
t
iono
fΛi
ﬁ
r
s
tgu
e
s
sapp
r
ox
im
a
t
i
onaninﬁn
i
t
e muont
r
a
ck w
i
thev
enem
i
s
s
iono
fpho
ton
sa
tth
e
C
e
r
enk
ovan
g
l
ei
sa
s
sum
edf
o
rΛ. Th
ei
c
ep
rop
e
r
t
i
e
sa
r
emod
e
l
l
edbyanan
a
ly
t
i
c
a
lfo
rmu
l
a
.
Th
i
sr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
i
on m
e
th
odi
su
s
edinIC86
I
.F
o
rIC86
I
I+animp
rov
edv
e
r
s
ioni
s
u
s
ed
,add
in
gap
r
ob
ab
i
l
i
tyd
en
s
i
tyfun
c
t
ionth
a
ti
sconv
o
lv
edonth
em
e
anl
igh
ty
i
e
ldλ,
a
l
low
ingf
o
rl
a
r
g
e
rﬂu
c
tu
a
t
i
on
s
,l
ik
eal
a
rg
eB
r
em
s
s
t
r
ah
lung
’
slo
s
sa
longth
et
r
a
ck
.I
ti
s
shownin[
1
0
7
]th
a
tth
i
simp
r
ov
e
sth
eov
e
r
a
l
len
e
rgye
s
t
im
a
t
ion
. How
ev
e
r
,th
eund
e
r
ly
ing
a
s
sump
t
iono
fanev
enem
i
s
s
i
ona
longaninﬁn
i
t
e muont
r
a
ckdo
e
sno
tr
ep
r
e
s
en
tth
e
r
e
a
l
i
tyo
faTeVt
r
a
cks
t
a
r
t
in
gin
s
id
eth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
rv
e
ryw
e
l
l
.
5
.2
.5
.T
opo
logyandene
rgyrecon
s
t
ruc
t
ion
Ins
e
c
t
ion5
.
2
.
4th
et
emp
l
a
t
eΛ i
saninﬁn
i
t
e muont
r
a
ck
. Th
i
sc
anb
eimp
rov
edby
ch
ang
ingth
et
emp
l
a
t
et
oas
e
r
i
e
so
fc
a
s
c
ad
e
l
ik
een
e
rgylo
s
s
e
sa
longat
r
a
ck
. Th
esum
o
fth
emi
sﬁ
t
t
edt
om
a
t
chth
eob
s
e
rv
edpho
ton
s
.T
e
chn
i
c
a
l
ly
,th
i
si
sr
e
a
l
i
z
edbyp
l
a
c
ing
1GeVs
imu
l
a
t
edc
a
s
c
ad
e
sa
l
on
gth
et
r
a
ck
,inth
i
san
a
ly
s
i
sw
i
thasp
a
c
ingo
f15m
. Th
el
igh
t
y
i
e
ldo
fac
a
s
c
ad
es
c
a
l
e
sl
in
e
a
rw
i
then
e
rgy[129
]andth
esh
ap
eo
fth
eem
i
s
s
ionr
em
a
in
s
th
es
am
e–th
i
sa
s
sump
t
i
on
sh
o
ld
suptoPeVc
a
s
c
ad
een
e
rg
i
e
s[177
] wh
e
r
eth
eL
and
au
P
om
e
r
an
chuk
-M
i
gd
a
leﬀ
e
c
t[
1
7
8
–
1
8
0
]supp
r
e
s
s
e
sen
e
rgylo
s
s
e
so
fs
e
cond
a
ryp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
sin
th
ec
a
s
c
ad
eov
e
rB
r
em
s
s
t
r
ah
lun
gandp
a
i
r
-p
rodu
c
t
ion
. Th
i
si
sw
e
l
labov
eth
eexp
e
c
t
ed
en
e
rgylo
s
s
e
sa
l
on
ga mu
ont
r
a
ckf
r
omaTeVn
eu
t
r
ino
. Th
el
igh
ty
i
e
ldfo
re
a
ch1GeVin
e
a
chop
t
i
c
a
lm
odu
l
ei
sth
ens
t
o
r
edina m
a
t
r
ixΛ. A
l
ls
imu
l
a
t
edc
a
s
c
ad
e
sEc
anb
es
c
a
l
ed
upanddown
. Th
esumo
fa
l
ll
i
gh
tem
i
s
s
ion
sh
a
sto m
a
t
chth
eob
s
e
rv
edl
igh
ty
i
e
ldine
a
ch
op
t
i
c
a
lm
odu
l
eN:
ΛE=N✳
(5
.5
)
Equ
a
t
ion5
.
5c
an b
es
o
lv
ed w
i
tha non
-n
eg
a
t
iv
el
e
a
s
tsqu
a
r
ea
lgo
r
i
thm
. U
s
ingth
i
s
m
e
thodc
a
s
c
ad
e
sc
anb
eﬁ
t
t
ed w
i
thz
e
roen
e
rgy
,bu
tnon
-phy
s
i
c
a
ln
eg
a
t
iv
een
e
rg
i
e
sa
r
e
58
5
.2
. Ev
en
tr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ionandv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
s
no
ta
l
low
ed
. Th
esumo
fa
l
lth
ec
a
l
cu
l
a
t
eden
e
rgylo
s
s
e
sa
longth
et
r
a
ckc
anb
eu
s
edto
e
s
t
im
a
t
eth
een
e
r
gyd
epo
s
i
t
edbyth
et
r
a
ck
. Th
elo
c
a
t
iono
fth
eﬁ
r
s
tandl
a
s
tc
a
s
c
ad
eno
t
ﬁ
t
t
edtoz
e
r
oc
anb
eu
s
eda
sane
s
t
im
a
to
rfo
rth
es
t
a
r
tands
topv
e
r
t
exo
fth
et
r
a
ck
,a
l
so
p
rov
id
ingal
en
g
the
s
t
im
a
t
o
r
. Add
i
t
ion
a
l
ly
,e
s
t
im
a
to
r
sfo
rth
een
e
rgya
tth
es
t
a
r
t
,th
e
m
ax
im
a
len
e
r
gyl
o
s
sa
l
on
gth
et
r
a
ckandi
t
spo
s
i
t
ionc
anb
eu
s
edbyp
i
ck
ingth
ea
c
co
rd
ing
c
a
s
c
ad
ea
l
on
gth
et
r
a
ck
.
Th
ea
lgo
r
i
thmc
an b
eex
t
end
edto b
eu
s
edfo
r angu
l
a
rr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
. How
ev
e
r
,
fo
re
a
chhypo
th
e
s
i
st
e
s
t
edth
epo
s
i
t
ion
so
fth
es
imu
l
a
t
edc
a
s
c
ad
e
sa
longth
et
r
a
ckv
a
ry
andh
av
et
ob
er
ep
e
a
t
ed
. Th
i
sm
ak
e
sth
i
sr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ioncompu
t
a
t
ion
a
lexp
en
s
iv
e
.In
add
i
t
ion
,anan
gu
l
a
re
r
r
o
re
s
t
im
a
t
o
rfu
r
th
e
rin
c
r
e
a
s
e
sth
enumb
e
ro
fi
t
e
r
a
t
ion
sr
equ
i
r
ed
.
Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,i
ti
sn
o
tu
s
eda
san
gu
l
a
rr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ionfo
rth
i
sev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
ion
.
5
.2
.6
. Exc
lud
ingco
inc
iden
teven
t
s
Du
etoth
el
en
g
tho
fth
et
r
i
g
g
e
rw
ind
ow(
r
e
adou
tcon
t
inu
e
sa
slonga
sth
et
r
igg
e
rcond
i
t
ion
)
, mu
l
t
ip
l
eev
en
tc
anb
er
e
co
rd
edinas
ing
l
er
e
adou
t
. Th
e
s
e
w
a
sfu
lﬁ
l
l
edinth
el
a
s
t 5µs
ev
en
t
sa
r
el
ab
e
l
ed"
c
o
in
c
id
en
t
"
. Th
e mo
s
tcommonc
a
s
ea
r
etw
oa
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c muon
s
,
bu
tth
es
am
ep
r
ob
ab
i
l
i
tya
l
s
oapp
l
i
e
sfo
rn
eu
t
r
inoev
en
t
s
.S
imu
l
a
t
ion
sshowth
a
tabou
t
ev
e
ryt
en
thev
en
tt
r
i
g
g
e
r
edinI
c
eCub
ei
saco
in
c
id
en
tev
en
t
. Th
e
s
eco
in
c
id
en
tev
en
t
s
c
anb
ep
r
ob
l
em
a
t
i
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en
e
r
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ras
e
a
r
chu
s
ings
t
a
r
t
ingev
en
t
sinp
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
. A
l
l
th
er
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
i
on
sd
e
s
c
r
ib
edabov
eu
s
eon
e muont
r
a
cka
shypo
th
e
s
i
s
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fth
e
r
ei
s mo
r
e
th
anon
et
r
a
ck
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i
shypo
th
e
s
i
sw
i
l
lb
ew
rongand m
ayr
e
su
l
tinb
adr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
. Tw
oa
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
c muon
sa
r
r
iv
inginth
e"
r
igh
t"o
rd
e
rc
anl
e
adtoa
r
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
i
ona
sanup
g
o
in
gt
r
a
ck
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ign
a
tu
r
eth
a
tw
ou
ldon
lyb
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e
c
t
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roma
n
eu
t
r
inoindu
c
edt
r
a
ck
,i
fth
et
r
a
ckr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ionw
e
r
et
ru
e
.
F
o
rs
t
a
r
t
in
gev
en
ts
e
a
r
ch
e
san
o
th
e
rp
rob
l
emc
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r
i
s
e
.I
fth
eﬁ
r
s
tev
en
ti
slowen
e
rg
e
t
i
cen
ou
ght
op
a
s
sv
e
t
oc
ond
i
t
ion
s
,a
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion4
.4
.3
, ano
th
e
r mo
r
e
en
e
rg
e
t
i
c mu
onc
anen
t
e
rth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
rw
i
thou
tb
e
ingv
e
to
ed
. Th
i
s muon
,how
ev
e
r
,w
ou
ld
b
eo
fh
igh
e
ren
e
r
gy-an
o
th
e
rd
i
s
c
r
im
in
a
to
rv
a
r
i
ab
l
eu
s
edtosp
l
i
ta
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
ino
s
anda
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c mu
on
s
.
An a
lgo
r
i
thm u
s
in
gt
im
e andsp
a
c
ein
fo
rm
a
t
ion o
fth
eﬁ
r
s
t pu
l
s
ed
e
t
e
c
t
edinth
e
OM
si
su
s
edt
od
e
t
e
c
tc
o
in
c
id
en
tev
en
t
s[181
]
.I
fth
ea
lgo
r
i
thmind
i
c
a
t
e
sco
in
c
id
en
c
e
,th
e
ev
en
tw
i
l
lb
ed
i
s
c
a
rd
ed
. F
o
rth
eﬁn
a
ll
ev
e
lev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
ion(
s
e
eb
e
low
)o
fas
imu
l
a
t
ion
d
a
t
a
s
e
tbo
thth
er
a
t
i
oo
fc
o
in
c
id
en
tev
en
t
sandth
ep
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
eo
fth
ea
lgo
r
i
thma
r
e
showninF
i
g
.5
.
7
. Ap
a
r
to
fth
ec
o
in
c
id
en
tev
en
t
si
sb
ad
lyr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
edanddo
e
sno
t
p
a
s
sth
es
e
l
e
c
t
i
onc
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
. Ou
to
fth
eev
en
t
sp
a
s
s
ingabou
th
a
l
fo
fth
eco
in
c
id
en
tev
en
t
s
a
r
eid
en
t
iﬁ
edc
o
r
r
e
c
t
ly
. Th
eov
e
r
a
l
l"
con
t
am
in
a
t
ion"o
fco
in
c
id
en
tev
en
t
sonﬁn
a
ll
ev
e
lin
s
ign
a
ls
imu
l
a
t
i
oni
s3
✳
5✪.
59
ra
t
ioo
f we
igh
tedsamp
le
5
. Ev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
i
onandr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
on
1
.0
rea
l mu
l
t
ip
l
ic
i
ty
recons
t
ruc
ted mu
l
t
ip
l
ic
i
ty
0
.8
0
.6
0
.4
0
.2
0
.0
0
1
2
3
mu
l
t
ip
l
ic
i
ty
4
5
6
7
F
igu
re5
.7
: Mu
l
t
ip
l
i
c
i
ty(numb
e
ro
fco
in
c
id
en
tev
en
t
s
)f
o
rth
eﬁn
a
ll
ev
e
ls
e
l
e
c
t
iono
f
ST
eVE.
5
.3
. Even
tse
lec
t
ion
Th
eev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
i
onu
s
edinth
epo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
es
e
a
r
chi
sth
er
e
su
l
to
fs
ev
e
r
a
ls
t
ep
so
f
s
e
l
e
c
t
ion
,h
e
r
ec
a
l
l
edl
ev
e
l
s
. Th
eﬁ
r
s
tl
ev
e
l
,L1
,i
sth
et
r
igg
e
r
ingo
fev
en
t
sd
e
s
c
r
ib
edin
s
e
c
t
ion3
.
3
.
4
. Onth
ef
o
l
l
ow
in
gl
ev
e
l
sth
enumb
e
ro
fb
a
ckg
roundev
en
t
si
sr
edu
c
edand
th
ep
a
s
s
in
gev
en
t
sa
r
er
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
ed w
i
th mo
r
esoph
i
s
t
i
c
a
t
ed
,bu
ta
l
so mo
r
eexp
en
s
iv
e
a
lgo
r
i
thm
scompu
t
a
t
i
on
a
l
-w
i
s
e
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tth
es
am
et
im
eth
es
e
l
e
c
t
ioni
sop
t
im
i
z
edtok
e
eps
ign
a
l
ev
en
t
su
s
in
gs
i
gn
a
ls
imu
l
a
t
i
on
s
.
5
.3
.1
. Leve
l2
Th
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
rt
r
i
g
g
e
r
sev
en
t
sw
i
thar
a
t
eo
fabou
t2800p
e
rs
e
cond
. Th
ego
a
lo
fth
e
L
ev
e
l2p
r
o
c
e
s
in
gi
st
op
r
e
s
e
l
e
c
tpo
t
en
t
i
a
ls
t
a
r
t
ing muont
r
a
ck
sou
to
fth
i
sl
a
rg
enumb
e
r
(
a
lmo
s
t1
0
0b
i
l
l
i
onev
en
t
say
e
a
r
)
. Th
eﬁ
r
s
ts
e
l
e
c
t
ion
,c
a
l
l
edaﬁ
l
t
e
r
,i
sapp
l
i
eda
tth
e
Sou
th P
o
l
ea
f
t
e
rev
en
t
sa
r
et
r
i
g
g
e
r
ed
. Th
i
sg
en
e
r
a
t
e
stw
ol
im
i
t
a
t
ion
s
: Compu
t
a
t
ion
a
l
pow
e
r(n
o
ta
l
lev
en
t
sc
anb
er
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
ed w
i
thsoph
i
s
t
i
c
a
t
ed m
e
thod
s"on
th
e
-ﬂy"
)
andt
r
an
sm
i
s
s
i
onb
andw
id
tht
oth
e No
r
th(no
ta
l
lev
en
t
sc
anb
es
en
ttoth
e No
r
thv
i
a
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
)
.S
ev
e
r
a
lﬁ
l
t
e
r
sa
r
eapp
l
i
edonth
et
r
igg
e
r
edd
a
t
a
.F
o
rth
epu
rpo
s
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fs
e
l
e
c
t
ing
s
t
a
r
t
ingev
en
t
sasp
e
c
iﬁ
cﬁ
l
t
e
r(
"F
u
l
l
skys
t
a
r
t
ing"ﬁ
l
t
e
r/FSS
)h
a
sb
e
end
ev
e
lop
edfo
r
anan
a
ly
s
i
sop
t
im
i
z
edt
os
e
a
r
chf
o
rev
en
t
sw
i
then
e
rg
i
e
sb
e
lowaf
ewTeV(LESE
)[166
]
(
s
e
es
e
c
t
i
on4
.
4
.
3
)
. Th
es
e
l
e
c
t
i
oni
sop
t
im
i
z
edfo
rs
t
a
r
t
ingt
r
a
ck
sandandc
ana
l
sob
e
u
s
edh
e
r
e
. On
ed
iﬀ
e
r
en
c
et
oth
es
e
l
e
c
t
ionc
r
i
t
e
r
i
ao
fth
e HESEand MESEs
e
a
r
ch
e
si
s
th
el
a
cko
fach
a
r
g
ecu
tinth
i
sﬁ
l
t
e
rr
end
e
r
ingi
tsu
i
t
ab
l
efo
rs
t
a
r
t
ingev
en
t
so
fa
l
len
e
rg
i
e
s
.
Th
e FSS ﬁ
l
t
e
rop
e
r
a
t
e
sintw
os
t
ep
s
. Inth
eﬁ
r
s
ts
t
ep
,th
ein
fo
rm
a
t
iono
f pu
l
s
e
s
fu
lﬁ
l
l
ingth
e"
l
o
c
a
lc
o
in
c
id
en
c
e
"c
ond
i
t
ion(LC
,s
e
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c
t
ion3
.3
.4
)i
su
s
ed
. Th
epo
s
i
t
ion
o
fth
eﬁ
r
s
to
fth
e
s
epu
l
s
e
sint
im
ei
su
s
edtod
i
s
c
a
rdev
en
t
sth
a
ta
r
een
t
e
r
ingth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
r
byd
em
and
in
gth
a
tth
i
spu
l
s
ei
sno
td
e
t
e
c
t
edonth
eou
t
e
rl
ay
e
ro
fs
t
r
ing
s(
s
e
eF
ig
.
5
.8
)
. Add
i
t
i
on
a
l
ly
,n
on
eo
fth
eﬁv
etop
-mo
s
top
t
i
c
a
l modu
l
e
sinr
egu
l
a
r
,non D
e
epCo
r
e
,
s
t
r
ing
si
sa
l
l
ow
edt
oh
av
ed
e
t
e
c
t
edch
a
rg
einLC
. Th
i
sr
equ
i
r
em
en
tr
e
j
e
c
t
sdown
-go
ing
a
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c mu
on
s
,bu
tc
ana
l
s
or
e
j
e
c
tup
-go
ingn
eu
t
r
inoev
en
t
s
. R
e
j
e
c
t
ingn
eu
t
r
ino
60
5
.3
. Ev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
ion
ev
en
t
sth
a
tapp
e
a
rt
oc
om
ef
r
omth
eno
r
th
e
rnskyi
sa
c
c
ep
t
ab
l
e
,a
sth
efo
cu
so
fth
i
s
an
a
ly
s
i
sl
i
e
sonth
es
ou
th
e
rnsky-a
ssu
ch
,on
lydown
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ingev
en
t
sa
r
eo
fin
t
e
r
e
s
t
.
IC86s
t
r
ings
ve
to
600
400
y[m
]
200
0
200
400
600
600
400
200
0
x[m
]
200
400
600
F
igu
re5
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:V
e
t
or
e
g
i
ono
fou
t
e
rl
ay
e
rs
t
r
ing
sth
a
ti
su
s
edinbo
ths
t
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so
fth
eFSSﬁ
l
t
e
r
.
Inth
es
e
c
onds
t
ep
,th
el
en
g
thr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion d
e
s
c
r
ib
edins
e
c
t
ion5
.2
.3i
su
s
edto
r
e
con
s
t
ru
c
tth
es
t
a
r
t
in
gv
e
r
t
exo
fth
eev
en
t
.I
fth
es
t
a
r
t
ingv
e
r
t
exi
sr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
edou
t
s
id
e
o
fth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
ro
rinth
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e
t
or
e
g
i
on
,th
enth
eev
en
tw
i
l
lb
er
e
j
e
c
t
ed
.
Abou
t19
0ev
en
t
sp
e
rs
e
c
ond p
a
s
sth
es
e
l
e
c
t
ion d
e
s
c
r
ib
edsof
a
r
. Th
e
s
eev
en
t
sa
r
e
r
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
edu
s
in
gth
eSPELLHangu
l
a
rr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ionw
i
thtw
oi
t
e
r
a
t
ion
sd
e
s
c
r
ib
edin
s
e
c
t
ion5
.
2
.
2andth
een
e
r
gyr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
iond
e
s
c
r
ib
edins
e
c
t
ion5
.2
.4
. Mo
r
esoph
i
s
t
i
c
a
t
ed
r
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
i
on
sa
r
en
o
tf
e
a
s
ib
l
ea
tth
i
sl
ev
e
ldu
etoth
e
i
rcompu
t
a
t
ion
a
lco
s
t
.
5
.3
.2
. Leve
l3
T
ofu
r
th
e
rr
edu
c
eth
enumb
e
ro
fb
a
ckg
roundev
en
t
sth
een
e
rgyandtopo
logyo
fth
e
ev
en
t
si
su
s
edt
od
i
s
c
r
im
in
a
t
eb
a
ckg
roundf
romd
a
t
a
. A
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion2
.2
.1th
e
sp
e
c
t
rumo
fa
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
c mu
on
si
sv
e
rys
t
e
ep(
γ ∼✸
✳✼
)comp
a
r
edtoana
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
l
s
ign
a
l(
γ∼✷
✳
✵
)
. Thu
s
,r
e
j
e
c
t
in
gth
e
s
elow
en
e
r
gyev
en
t
sp
rov
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c
t
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a
tlo
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a
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eu
t
r
in
oev
en
t
sw
i
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e
rg
i
e
sl
a
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eu
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r
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r
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ig
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t
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e
r
eth
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y
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r HESEs
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1
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,con
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s
t
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en
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omth
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th
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5
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en
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l
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ion
in
t
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r
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c
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rr
e
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on
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t
ru
c
t
eden
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gyinth
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ly
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i
si
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eVEr
e
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s
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ru
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t
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ing68TeVand
Th
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omp
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romth
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ooden
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ck
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ado
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s
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ad
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e
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Th
e qu
e
s
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on a
r
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s
e
s why n
ot
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a
ck
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ik
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en
td
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t
e
c
t
edin HESE b
e
tw
e
en 2011 and
2013app
e
a
rinth
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eVE s
amp
l
e
. O
fa
l
l45ev
en
t
sinth
e
s
eth
r
e
ey
e
a
r
se
l
ev
ena
r
e
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l
a
s
s
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ck
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ik
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s
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t
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r
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e
s
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en
t
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ra
r
e
c
l
a
s
s
iﬁ
eda
st
r
a
ck
l
ik
e
. On
eo
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e
s
efou
rev
en
t
si
sdown
-go
ing
. Th
i
si
sth
eon
lyev
en
t
th
a
tcou
ldp
a
s
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eBDTs
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
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a
lu
a
t
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eBDTs
co
r
efo
rth
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sev
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v
a
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gh
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e
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owth
ech
o
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ck
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ond
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ts
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r
er
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ru
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t
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down
-go
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g
. H
en
c
e
,i
ts
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em
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a
l
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rdown
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r
a
ck
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e
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s
ts
e
l
e
c
t
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ons
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ly
s
i
s
.
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e MESEev
en
ts
amp
l
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on
s
i
s
t
so
f546 Ev
en
t
s
. 167 Ev
en
t
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e
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et
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e
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r
eth
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imp
l
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t
a
t
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a
s
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l
t
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r
.In
to
t
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a
s
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el
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e
lth
r
e
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o
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es
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ed w
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robyth
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r
r
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en
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e
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eev
en
t
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. Th
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s
t
r
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e
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t
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a
l
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z
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igu
r
e5
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# MESEEven
ts
5
IC86
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t(0
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IC86
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t(0
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4
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MESEIC86
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igu
re5
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: BDTs
c
o
r
e
so
f MESEev
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t
sands
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IC
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z
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fth
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r
l
ap m
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gh
td
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ign
a
ls
imu
l
a
t
ion
. I
fi
tw
a
scomp
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r
ab
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eto
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5
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en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
i
onandr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
on
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eb
a
ckg
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e
r
l
ap
,th
es
amp
l
e
sw
ou
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ea
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s
td
i
s
jo
in
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c
r
e
a
s
ingth
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a
ino
fa
jo
in
tan
a
ly
s
i
s
.
A
sfo
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r
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in
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ts
e
a
r
ch
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l
ap b
e
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en LESEand ST
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s
sm
a
l
l
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t
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ad
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a
l
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en
t
so
fth
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en
ts
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ep
a
s
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re
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igu
re5
.24
: BDTs
c
o
r
e
so
fLESEev
en
t
sands
e
l
e
c
t
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t
sfo
rﬁn
a
lev
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ts
e
l
e
c
t
iono
f
IC
8
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I
.
In g
en
e
r
a
lth
e
s
er
e
su
l
t
sw
e
r
eexp
e
c
t
ed
. MESE
, LESE andST
eVE a
r
ea
l
l dom
i
n
a
t
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tm
o
sph
e
r
i
c muon
s
. Du
etoth
e
i
rv
a
s
tnumb
e
r(
abou
t100b
i
l
l
iond
e
t
e
c
t
ede
a
ch
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e
a
r
)andth
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o
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sond
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e
r
en
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e
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ang
e
si
ts
e
em
sr
e
a
son
ab
l
etoa
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eth
a
tal
a
rg
e
numb
e
ro
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emsh
owat
opo
l
o
gys
im
i
l
a
rtos
t
a
r
t
ingev
en
t
s
. Th
es
e
a
r
ch
e
sth
end
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aw
ev
en
t
sf
romth
i
sv
a
s
tpoo
l
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a
chh
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r
en
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s
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i
sl
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ad
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l
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e
r
l
ap
.
F
o
ra
l
lth
r
e
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th
e
rs
t
a
r
t
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gs
amp
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e
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, MESEandLESE
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t
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r
ec
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im
a
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o
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ecu
ts
e
l
e
c
t
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i
sc
anb
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e
ena
sc
ro
s
s
-v
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l
id
a
t
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th
efou
rs
amp
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e
su
s
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oid
en
t
i
fyev
en
t
sw
i
thas
t
a
r
t
ing
l
ik
etopo
logy
.
5
.3
.5
. Da
taqua
l
i
t
y
Th
eI
c
eCub
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
rc
anb
eop
e
r
a
t
edind
iﬀ
e
r
en
t mod
e
so
fd
a
t
at
ak
ing
. Th
e mo
s
tt
r
iv
i
a
l
mod
ei
soﬀ
. Th
i
sc
anh
app
eninc
a
s
eo
fm
a
in
t
en
an
c
etoso
lv
et
e
chn
i
c
a
lp
rob
l
em
s
. Th
e
d
e
t
e
c
to
rc
anb
ec
a
l
ib
r
a
t
edu
s
in
gem
i
s
s
iono
fLED
sonth
e OM
s
. Du
etoth
i
sadd
i
t
ion
a
l
l
igh
tsou
r
c
eth
e
s
ep
e
r
i
od
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fd
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t
at
ak
inga
r
eno
tu
s
ed
. D
a
t
at
ak
enov
e
rs
ev
e
r
a
lhou
r
s
(
typ
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c
a
le
i
gh
th
ou
r
s
)i
sc
omb
in
edinarun
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e
t
im
e
sp
a
r
t
so
fth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
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topd
a
t
a
t
ak
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r
ep
r
ob
l
em
s
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l
eth
e
s
ep
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l
em
sp
e
r
s
i
s
t
,th
ed
e
t
e
c
to
ri
sop
e
r
a
t
ed
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c
lud
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o
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in
gop
t
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c
a
l modu
l
e
sandd
a
t
ai
ss
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edinn
ewrun
s
.
Th
e
s
ec
a
s
e
sa
r
epo
t
en
t
i
a
l
lyh
a
rm
fu
lfo
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ean
a
ly
s
i
sp
r
e
s
en
t
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e
r
es
in
c
ei
td
ep
end
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e
ou
t
e
rl
ay
e
ro
fth
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
rb
e
in
gc
ap
ab
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etod
e
t
e
c
tt
r
a
ck
sen
t
e
r
ingth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
rv
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lum
e
.
76
5
.3
. Ev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
ion
On
es
imp
l
eex
amp
l
e
: Th
ed
e
t
e
c
t
o
ri
ssp
l
i
tinh
a
l
f
. On
eh
a
l
fi
sop
e
r
a
t
ion
a
l wh
i
l
eth
eo
th
e
r
on
ei
soﬀ
. F
o
rth
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l
t
e
randth
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e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ionev
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t
sa
r
r
iv
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romth
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i
r
e
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t
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app
e
a
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t
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r
tin
s
id
eth
ev
o
lum
e
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e
eF
ig5
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.




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igu
re5
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: Imp
a
c
to
fa p
a
r
t
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a
ld
e
t
e
c
to
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t
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r
t
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t
e
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e
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F
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280
260
240
220
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160
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ig
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: Sy
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re6
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: Sy
s
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t
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c
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r
en
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e
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s
o
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em
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l
. Sh
owni
sth
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in
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a
t
a
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t
.
Ing
en
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r
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rqu
an
tumeﬃ
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ty
. Th
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t
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th
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in
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s
. Th
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87
6
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o
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em
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. Sh
owni
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c
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i
t
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a
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g
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s
ten
e
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.
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ig
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)
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th
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s
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t
a
t
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sins
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a
t
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to
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r
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l
in
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.
C
l
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r
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a
t
i
on o
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er
equ
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r
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th
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r mo
r
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t
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F
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s
H
en
c
e
,th
e
r
ei
sn
oind
i
c
a
t
i
onf
o
r a po
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
eo
fn
eu
t
r
inoem
i
s
s
ion
. Th
ep
v
a
lu
em
ap o
fth
es
ou
th
e
rnskyi
sshownin F
ig
. 6
.16
. Th
r
e
e add
i
t
ion
a
l po
in
t
so
f
comp
a
r
ab
l
es
i
gn
iﬁ
c
an
c
ea
r
ea
l
sov
i
s
ib
l
ebyey
e
. W
i
thth
e mo
s
ts
ign
iﬁ
c
an
tpo
in
td
e
s
c
r
ib
ed
w
e
l
lbyth
eb
a
ck
g
r
oundon
lyhypo
th
e
s
i
sth
i
si
sa
l
sot
ru
efo
rth
em
. Add
i
t
ion
a
l
ly
,th
r
e
eo
f
fou
rpo
in
t
sa
r
ec
l
o
s
et
oth
eh
o
r
i
z
on
.Inth
i
sr
eg
ion
,th
es
e
a
r
ch w
i
thth
rough
-go
ingev
en
t
s
andth
es
e
a
r
chc
omb
in
in
g MESEandth
rough
-go
ingev
en
t
sp
rov
id
eab
e
t
t
e
rs
en
s
i
t
iv
i
ty
th
anST
eVE.
24h
0h
−1
5◦
−4
5◦
E qua
to
r
ia
l
◦
−7
5
0
.
0
0
.
6
1
.
2
1
.
8
2
.
4
3
.
0
3
.
6
4
.
2
-log
ret
r
ia
lpva
lu)
e
10(p
4
.
8
5
.
4
6
.
0
F
igu
re6
.16
:F
ou
ry
e
a
rskym
apo
fth
eSou
th
e
rnsky w
i
thST
eVE. Th
epo
in
tw
i
thth
e
l
ow
e
s
tb
a
ck
g
r
oundp
r
ob
ab
i
l
i
tyi
sind
i
c
a
t
edbyth
eb
l
a
ckbox
.
6
.5
.1
.D
i
scu
s
s
iono
fthere
su
l
t
s
Compa
r
i
son w
i
tho
the
rI
ceCubesea
r
che
s
Th
i
ss
e
a
r
chimp
r
ov
e
sth
es
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyo
fI
c
eCub
efo
rsou
r
c
e
so
fpo
in
t
l
ik
en
eu
t
r
inoem
i
s
s
ion
b
e
low100TeVinth
es
ou
th
e
rnskybyabou
t50 to100 . F
o
rv
e
ryho
r
i
zon
t
a
lpo
in
t
s
,
c
lo
s
e
rth
an1
0°t
oth
eh
o
r
i
z
on
,th
ecomb
in
edth
rough
-go
ingand MESEs
e
a
r
chi
s mo
r
e
s
en
s
i
t
iv
e
.B
e
l
ow1
0TeVST
eVEp
e
r
fo
rm
sw
o
r
s
eth
anth
e LESEs
e
a
r
ch-op
t
im
i
z
edfo
r
th
i
sen
e
r
gyr
an
g
e
. Th
er
e
su
l
t
so
fa
l
lI
c
eCub
ean
a
ly
s
e
sp
r
e
s
en
t
edh
e
r
e(
th
rough
-go
ing
,
MESE
, ST
eVEandLESE
)a
r
eina
g
r
e
em
en
tw
i
thth
eb
a
ckg
round
-on
lyhypo
th
e
s
i
s
.
Compa
r
i
son w
i
tho
the
r ANTARESsea
r
che
s
Th
es
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyo
f ANTARESf
o
ra100TeVcu
toﬀs
c
en
a
r
ioi
saf
a
c
to
rtw
otofou
rb
e
t
t
e
r
eVE.S
im
i
l
a
rtoth
eo
th
e
rI
c
eCub
es
e
a
r
ch
e
s
,th
eANTARESd
a
t
a
th
anth
es
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyo
fST
96
6
.5
.R
e
su
l
t
sfo
rth
ea
l
l
skys
c
an
i
sinag
r
e
em
en
tw
i
thth
eb
a
ck
g
r
ound
-on
lyhypo
th
e
s
i
s
.D
i
r
e
c
tcomp
a
r
i
sono
fth
eANTARES
andth
eST
eVEs
amp
l
ep
r
ov
id
e
sexp
l
an
a
t
iono
fth
ed
iﬀ
e
r
en
c
eins
en
s
i
t
iv
i
ty
. Wh
i
l
ebo
th
h
av
eacomp
a
r
ab
l
eeﬀ
e
c
t
iv
ea
r
e
aabov
e3TeV,th
eANTARESs
e
l
e
c
t
ionp
roﬁ
t
sf
rombo
th
alow
e
rnumb
e
ro
fb
a
ck
g
r
oundev
en
t
s–4136in1338d
ay
sfo
rANTARES[195
]comp
a
r
ed
to15043ev
en
t
sin3
3
7d
ay
sf
o
rth
eIC86
Is
e
l
e
c
t
iono
r7005ev
en
t
sin1030d
ay
sfo
rth
e
IC86
I
I+o
fST
eVEandab
e
t
t
e
rm
ed
i
anangu
l
a
rr
e
so
lu
t
iono
f∼0
✳
4
°[195
]
. Th
ed
iﬀ
e
r
en
c
e
ins
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyb
e
c
om
e
sm
o
r
es
i
gn
iﬁ
c
an
tfo
ren
e
rg
i
e
sb
e
low10TeV. H
e
r
e
,th
eeﬀ
e
c
t
iv
ea
r
e
a
o
fST
eVEi
ssm
a
l
l
e
randth
em
ed
i
anangu
l
a
rr
e
so
lu
t
ionw
o
r
s
en
s(
l
a
rg
e
rth
an2
°
)
.
Rev
i
s
i
t
ingthegamma
-neu
t
r
inoconne
c
t
ion
Th
eg
amm
a
-n
eu
t
r
in
om
od
e
l
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion2
.5
.1c
anb
eu
s
edandandr
e
l
a
t
edto
th
ec
a
l
cu
l
a
t
ed TS
. As
im
i
l
a
rapp
r
o
a
chh
a
sb
e
encho
s
enfo
rth
eE−✷
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
w
i
t
hand
ν
w
i
thou
ten
e
r
gycu
t
oﬀg
iv
enins
e
c
t
ion6
.4
. U
s
ingth
ep
a
r
am
e
t
r
i
z
a
t
iong
iv
enin[97
]a
mod
e
lr
e
j
e
c
t
i
onf
a
c
t
o
r(MRF
)c
anb
ec
a
l
cu
l
a
t
ed
. Th
e MRFi
sd
eﬁn
eda
sth
eupp
e
rl
im
i
t
ov
e
rth
eﬂuxp
r
ed
i
c
t
i
on
.V
a
lu
e
ssm
a
l
l
e
rth
anon
er
e
s
t
r
i
c
tth
e mod
e
l
,l
a
rg
e
ron
e
sdono
t
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
tth
em
od
e
l
.F
o
rs
om
eo
fth
esou
r
c
e
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edinth
ep
ap
e
r(PWNV
e
l
aXandSNR
RXJ1713
.
7
3
9
4
6
)th
e ANTARESc
o
l
l
abo
r
a
t
iong
iv
e
supp
e
rl
im
i
t
s
,e
.g
.in[162
]
. Th
e
s
e
andth
eupp
e
rl
im
i
t
sp
r
ov
id
edbyST
eVEfo
rbo
thth
e mo
s
tp
rom
i
s
ingSNRandPWN
c
and
id
a
t
e
sa
r
esh
ownandc
omp
a
r
edtoth
emod
e
lp
r
ed
i
c
t
ion
sinF
ig
.6
.17andinF
ig
.6
.18
.
N
e
i
th
e
rth
e an
a
ly
s
i
s byth
e ANTARESco
l
l
abo
r
a
t
ion no
rth
i
s an
a
ly
s
i
sc
anr
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
th
e mod
e
l
s
. G
iv
enth
esm
a
l
ls
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyo
fST
eVE fo
rn
eu
t
r
ino
sb
e
low10TeV and
rb
e
lowfo
rth
esou
r
c
e
s
th
es
t
e
epsp
e
c
t
r
aand/o
rcu
t
oﬀinen
e
rgya
taf
ewTeV o
i
ts
e
em
sv
e
rych
a
l
l
en
g
in
gt
or
e
s
t
r
i
c
tth
e
s
e mod
e
l
sw
i
thST
eVE ev
en w
i
thadd
i
t
ion
a
l
ew
y
e
a
r
s
. H
e
r
e
,a
g
a
inth
ef
o
cu
so
fth
ean
a
ly
s
i
sonen
e
rg
i
e
sb
e
tw
e
en10TeV andaf
100TeV b
e
c
om
e
sv
i
s
ib
l
e
. B
o
th PWNh
av
eah
igh
e
rexp
e
c
t
edn
eu
t
r
inoﬂuxb
e
tw
e
en
50TeVto5
00TeVy
i
e
ld
in
gb
e
t
t
e
rr
e
j
e
c
t
ion
sf
a
c
to
r
swh
i
l
eth
el
a
rg
econ
t
r
ibu
t
iono
fn
eu
t
r
i
0G
eVt
o1
00
0G
eVf
o
rth
eSNRi
sa
lmo
s
tin
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
l
efo
rth
eST
eVEan
a
ly
s
i
s
.
no
sinth
e1
Th
ed
iﬀ
e
r
en
t
i
a
ls
en
s
i
t
iv
i
ty a
tth
esou
r
c
ed
e
c
l
in
a
t
ionfo
rth
efou
rsou
r
c
e
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
h
e
r
ec
anb
eu
s
edt
oe
s
t
im
a
t
et
o wh
i
chp
a
r
to
fth
ep
r
ed
i
c
t
edﬂuxth
eST
eVEan
a
ly
s
i
s
i
s mo
s
ts
en
s
i
t
iv
e
.F
o
rth
i
sth
ed
iﬀ
e
r
en
t
i
a
ls
en
s
i
t
iv
i
ty w
a
sc
a
l
cu
l
a
t
ed w
i
thaﬁn
eb
inn
ing
o
ftw
en
tyb
in
sp
e
ren
e
r
gyd
e
c
ad
e
,ﬁv
et
im
e
sa
sﬁn
ea
sfo
rth
ed
i
s
cu
s
s
ionins
e
c
t
ion6
.2
.
Inv
e
r
t
edand mu
l
t
ip
l
i
ed w
i
thth
eﬂuxp
r
ed
i
c
t
ionth
i
sy
i
e
ld
saun
i
t
l
e
s
squ
an
t
i
ty
,h
e
r
e
c
a
l
l
edd
iﬀ
e
r
en
t
i
a
lm
od
e
lr
e
j
e
c
t
i
onf
a
c
to
r(DMRF
)
,s
e
eF
ig
.6
.19
.
Wh
i
l
eth
e ab
s
o
lu
t
ev
a
lu
eo
fth
i
s qu
an
t
i
tyi
sa
rb
i
t
r
a
ry du
ei
t
sd
ep
end
en
c
e onth
e
w
id
tho
fb
in
sf
o
rth
ed
iﬀ
e
r
en
t
i
a
ls
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyon
ec
anr
ankth
eb
in
sa
c
co
rd
ingtoi
t
.In
sp
i
r
ed
by[196
]th
e DMRF
so
fth
e
s
er
ank
edb
in
sa
r
eadd
edupun
t
i
lth
esumi
sl
a
rg
e
rth
an90✪
o
fth
eto
t
a
lDMRF
.Th
een
e
r
gyr
an
g
ep
rov
id
edbyth
i
sm
e
thodc
anb
es
e
ena
sane
s
t
im
a
t
e
o
fth
es
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyr
an
g
eo
fST
eVEtoac
e
r
t
a
inﬂux mod
e
landi
sind
i
c
a
t
edbyar
edl
in
e
inF
ig
.6
.
1
7andF
i
g
.6
.
1
8
. Th
i
squ
an
t
i
tyc
anh
e
lptov
i
su
a
l
i
z
eth
e"p
e
ak
s
en
s
i
t
iv
i
ty"o
f
97
2 −1
E2
f
luxl
im
i
t[GeVcm
s ]
ν·
6
.P
o
in
t
l
ik
es
ou
r
c
ean
a
ly
s
i
sandr
e
su
l
t
s
5
10
6
STeVE(
MRF =128,TS=0
)
7
ANTARES(
MRF =8.
8
)
10
10
9
10
10
10
11
-
10
2 −1
E2
f
luxl
im
i
t[GeVcm
s ]
ν·
f
luxp
red
ic
t
ion
8
10
RXJ1713
.7
-3946
2
3
4
5
og10 (E
eV
)
l
ν/ G
6
7
5
10
6
STeVE(
MRF =144,TS=0
)
7
f
luxp
red
ic
t
ion
10
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
11
-
10
RXJ0852
.0
-4622
2
3
4
5
og10 (E
eV
)
l
ν/ G
6
7
F
igu
re 6
.17
:Upp
e
rl
im
i
t
sand MRF
sonn
eu
t
r
inoem
i
s
s
ionp
r
ed
i
c
t
edf
romth
eh
ad
ron
i
c
p
r
odu
c
t
i
onm
od
e
ld
i
s
cu
s
s
edin[97
]fo
rtw
osup
e
rnov
ar
emn
an
t
s
. Th
er
e
su
l
t
s
f
o
rANTARESa
r
et
ak
enf
rom[162
]
.
th
ean
a
ly
s
i
s
.
S
im
i
l
a
rt
oth
e SNR
sand PWN
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edabov
eth
eob
s
e
rv
edg
amm
ar
ayem
i
s
s
ion
f
romth
eG
a
l
a
c
t
i
cC
en
t
r
ec
ana
l
sob
eu
s
edtop
r
ed
i
c
tan
eu
t
r
inoﬂux[81
]
. How
ev
e
r
,
s
im
i
l
a
rtoo
th
e
rg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cc
and
id
a
t
e
sth
eST
eVEan
a
ly
s
i
sc
anno
tconﬁ
rmo
rr
e
s
t
r
i
c
tth
e
s
e
mod
e
l
sw
i
thth
eg
iv
ens
en
s
i
t
iv
i
ty
,s
e
eF
ig
.6
.20
. A
sexp
e
c
t
ed
,th
el
im
i
t
sfo
rs
c
en
a
r
io
s
w
i
thah
igh
e
rcu
t
oﬀy
i
e
ldb
e
t
t
e
r MRFa
sbo
th mo
r
eandh
igh
e
ren
e
rg
e
t
i
cn
eu
t
r
ino
sa
r
e
p
r
ed
i
c
t
ed
.
Howdothere
su
l
t
so
fST
eVEre
la
tetotheob
se
rvedd
iﬀu
seneu
t
r
inoﬂux?
I
c
eCub
eh
a
sm
e
a
su
r
edaﬂuxo
fa
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
ino
s
. T
oinv
e
s
t
ig
a
t
eth
er
e
l
a
t
ion
b
e
tw
e
enth
i
sﬂuxandth
er
e
su
l
t
sf
romST
eVEsom
ea
s
sump
t
ion
sabou
ti
t
sp
rop
e
r
t
i
e
s
h
av
etob
em
ad
e
. F
i
r
s
t
,th
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romap
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ays
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t
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i
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e
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t
ion3
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1
.
1
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i
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om
e
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ag
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a
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th
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e
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e
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o
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oun
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i
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t
r
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t[GeVcm
s ]
ν·
6
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e
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l
t
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skys
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5
10
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9
10
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-
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E2
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luxl
im
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t[GeVcm
s ]
ν·
STeVE(
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4
)
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1)
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6
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2
3
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eV
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10
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RXJ1825
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3
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eV
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6
7
F
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re 6
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t
sand MRF
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r
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s
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c
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ad
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t
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i
s
cu
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rtw
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l
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a
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indn
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l
a
e
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e
su
l
t
s
f
o
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r
et
ak
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rom[162
]
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luxp
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/ GeV
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ν
5
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F
igu
re 6
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r
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ty
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6
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3
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igu
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t
r
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ad
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p
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t
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on m
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i
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cu
s
s
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rth
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a
l
a
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. Th
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r
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e mod
e
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r
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opy
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e
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t
r
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e ST
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a
ck
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ound
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ei
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e mom
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t
s
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10
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: ν
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τ
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6
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ave
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isc
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t
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i
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7
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]
10
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igu
re6
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e
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ea
r
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e
a
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en
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c
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ln
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t
r
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r
om[
9
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]
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to
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t
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e
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e
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s s
r
]
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l
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l
so b
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s
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Eν<100TeV
: ν
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sumb
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6
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e+ν
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τ
7
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6
Eν[GeV
]
10
7
10
F
igu
re6
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i
g
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.
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e
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en
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r
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r
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4
9
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2
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9
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]
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tu
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Th
ean
a
ly
s
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sp
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e
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en
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r
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s
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t
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t
r
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(
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t
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own(
a
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an
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t
e
ady po
in
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e
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e
e po
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l
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r
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i
r
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t
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en
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e
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e
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t
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an b
eu
s
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e
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r
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e
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i
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. A
s
b
r
i
eﬂy d
i
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s
s
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t
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on2
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3
, m
anysou
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c
e
sh
av
e ph
a
s
e
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aem
i
s
s
ion
.
T
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e
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en
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e
a
r
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e
s[
1
9
8
–
2
0
0
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ak
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t
ag
eo
fth
i
stor
edu
c
eth
e numb
e
ro
f
b
a
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en
t
s
.
S
e
cond
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t
end
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i
on
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t
r
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i
s
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l
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e
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eandb
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c
en
t
e
ro
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rG
a
l
axy[
5
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]c
anb
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e
s
t
ig
a
t
ed
. Th
es
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z
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fth
e
s
er
eg
ion
sin
c
r
e
a
s
e
sth
e
101
6
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o
in
t
l
ik
es
ou
r
c
ean
a
ly
s
i
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su
l
t
s
numb
e
ro
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g
r
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en
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oo
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l
a
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e
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t
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e
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e
a
r
ch
e
sf
rom
ANTARESo
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c
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em
i
gh
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e
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.
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gth
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l
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t
i
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ras
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r
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sinth
eTeVr
h
ad
ron
i
cp
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
sw
i
th
inth
em
,a
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion2
.4
.
On
ed
i
s
adv
an
t
a
g
ec
omp
a
r
edt
oth
e ANTARESan
a
ly
s
i
si
sth
ew
o
r
s
eangu
l
a
rr
e
so
lu
t
ion
. Th
i
sh
a
s(
a
tl
e
a
s
t
)th
r
e
er
e
a
son
s
. F
i
r
s
t
,th
eop
t
i
c
a
lp
rop
e
r
t
i
e
so
fs
e
aw
a
t
e
r
andth
ed
e
epg
l
a
c
i
a
li
c
ea
tth
eS
ou
th P
o
l
ea
r
ed
iﬀ
e
r
en
t
. Wh
i
l
eth
ei
c
eh
a
salong
e
r
ab
so
rp
t
ionl
en
g
th
,i
t
ss
c
a
t
t
e
r
in
gl
eng
thi
ssho
r
t
e
r
. H
en
c
e
, mo
r
ed
i
r
e
c
t
ion
a
lin
fo
rm
a
t
ion
i
slo
s
tini
c
e
.S
e
c
ond
,th
e
r
ei
sad
e
c
r
e
a
s
edl
ev
e
ra
rmo
fas
t
a
r
t
ingt
r
a
ckcomp
a
r
edtoa
th
rough
-g
o
in
gt
r
a
ck
. Th
i
sc
ann
o
tb
ech
ang
edi
fs
t
a
r
t
ingt
r
a
ck
sa
r
eu
s
eda
ss
ep
a
r
a
t
ion
b
e
tw
e
ena
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
c mu
on
sanda
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
ino
s
.
Th
el
a
s
t po
in
ti
sth
ep
e
r
f
o
rm
an
c
eo
fth
ea
lgo
r
i
thm
. Th
e hypo
th
e
s
i
su
s
ed a
tth
e
mom
en
ti
sath
r
ou
gh
g
o
in
g mu
ont
r
a
ck w
i
thou
ts
to
ch
a
s
t
i
cen
e
rgylo
s
s
e
s
. Th
i
sdo
e
sno
t
r
ep
r
e
s
en
tth
et
ru
thr
e
a
l
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
ly
. On
eo
th
e
ra
lgo
r
i
thmth
a
tm
igh
tb
esu
i
t
edtoimp
rov
e
th
eangu
l
a
rr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
oni
sth
etopo
logyen
e
rgyr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
iond
e
s
c
r
ib
edins
e
c
t
ion
5
.2
.5
. Th
er
e
su
l
t
so
fth
een
e
r
gyl
o
s
sﬁ
tc
anb
eu
s
edtoc
a
l
cu
l
a
t
eal
ik
e
l
ihood
. Th
i
s
l
ik
e
l
ihoodc
anth
enb
eu
s
eda
sp
a
r
am
e
t
e
rfo
ra m
in
im
i
z
e
rtoﬁndth
eb
e
s
tﬁ
t
t
ingp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
t
r
a
ck
. Th
i
sa
l
g
o
r
i
thmp
r
ov
id
e
sab
e
t
t
e
rm
ed
i
anangu
l
a
rr
e
so
lu
t
ionth
anth
e MPELLH
a
lgo
r
i
thmu
s
in
gsp
l
in
e
s(
abou
t0
✳
4
°b
e
low10TeVandabou
t0
✳
1
°abov
e1PeV)
,s
e
eF
ig
.
6
.23
. Ad
i
s
adv
an
t
a
g
ei
sth
a
ti
ti
sc
ompu
t
a
t
ion
a
l
lyexp
en
s
iv
e
. Th
i
sw
ou
ldb
e
com
e mo
r
e
p
rob
l
em
a
t
i
c
,i
fadd
i
t
i
on
a
lﬁ
t
st
oe
s
t
im
a
t
ei
t
se
r
ro
ra
r
en
e
ed
ed
. Non
e
th
e
l
e
s
s
,inc
a
s
eo
f
av
e
rylowb
a
ck
g
r
oundp
r
ob
ab
i
l
i
tyfo
rasou
r
c
ei
tm
igh
tb
eo
fw
o
r
thtoinv
e
s
tth
e
s
e
compu
t
a
t
i
on
a
lr
e
sou
r
c
e
s
.
3
.0
MPELLHreco
.(sp
l
ine
)
Ψ
[°
]
2
.5
ene
rgy &topo
logyreco
.
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
3
.0
3
.5
4
.0
4
.5
5
.0
l
og10 (E
/ GeV)
ν
5
.5
6
.0
6
.5
7
.0
F
igu
re6
.23
:M
ed
i
anan
gu
l
a
rr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
ionfo
rth
e MPELLHa
lgo
r
i
thmu
s
ingsp
l
in
e
s
th
a
ti
su
s
edf
o
rth
eST
eVEan
a
ly
s
i
sandfo
rth
een
e
r
gyandtopo
logyr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
i
ond
i
s
cu
s
s
edins
e
c
t
ion5
.2
.5u
s
eda
sangu
l
a
rr
e
con
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
.
102
6
.6
.F
u
tu
r
eapp
l
i
c
a
t
iono
fth
eST
eVEev
en
ts
amp
l
e
6
.6
.1
. Pa
thtoacomb
inedsou
the
rnskyIceCubesamp
le
F
ou
rg
en
e
r
a
lpu
rpo
s
eev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
sinth
esou
th
e
rnskyex
i
s
tfo
rI
c
eCub
einth
e86s
t
r
ing
conﬁgu
r
a
t
i
on
.A
l
lo
fth
emp
r
ov
id
ep
e
aks
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tya
td
iﬀ
e
r
en
ten
e
rgyr
ang
e
sa
sd
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
ins
e
c
t
ion6
.
2andv
i
s
ib
l
einF
i
g
.6
.6
.F
o
rth
e MESEandth
rough
-go
ingev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
ion
ajo
in
ts
amp
l
ew
a
sc
r
e
a
t
edbyex
c
lud
ingev
e
ryev
en
tp
a
s
s
ingth
e MESEev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
ion
f
romth
eth
r
ou
gh
g
o
in
gs
amp
l
ef
o
rbo
ths
ign
a
landd
a
t
a
.S
in
c
eth
eth
rough
-go
ingev
en
t
s
amp
l
er
e
l
i
e
sonen
e
r
gyt
od
i
s
c
r
im
in
a
t
eb
a
ckg
roundands
ign
a
l
,th
eav
e
r
ag
e MESEs
ign
a
l
ev
en
th
a
son
lyal
owc
on
t
r
ibu
t
i
ont
oth
es
en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyinth
eth
rough
-go
ings
amp
l
e
.
On
et
r
iv
i
a
lw
ayt
oadd ST
eVE t
oth
i
scomb
in
edev
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
ioni
sth
eex
c
lu
s
iono
f
ev
en
t
sw
i
th m
o
r
eth
an1
50
0PEo
fd
epo
s
i
t
edch
a
rg
einth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
r
. Du
etoth
ech
a
rg
e
th
r
e
sho
ldo
f MESEa
tth
i
sv
a
lu
eth
es
amp
l
e
sw
ou
ldb
ed
i
s
jun
c
t
. F
o
rth
em
e
rg
ingo
f
eVE an
a
ly
s
e
s
,i
th
a
sto b
einv
e
s
t
ig
a
t
ed how d
i
s
jo
in
t
th
eth
rou
gh
g
o
in
gandth
eST
th
etw
os
amp
l
e
sa
r
e
.I
fth
es
ep
a
r
a
t
iono
f MESEandST
eVE s
e
a
r
chi
sa
ch
i
ev
edby
eVE s
amp
l
ew
i
l
lb
e
ach
a
rg
ecu
t
,th
eov
e
r
l
apb
e
tw
e
enth
eth
rough
-go
ingandth
eST
exp
e
c
t
edt
ob
esm
a
l
lf
o
ra
l
lbu
th
o
r
i
zon
t
a
lev
en
t
sdu
etoth
een
e
rgy
-d
ep
end
en
ts
e
l
e
c
t
ion
o
fth
eth
r
ou
gh
g
o
in
gs
amp
l
e[
1
4
9
]
. A
tth
e ho
r
i
zonth
eb
a
ckg
roundo
fa
tmo
sph
e
r
i
c
muon
si
sv
e
rysm
a
l
l
,m
ak
in
gth
eth
rough
-go
ings
amp
l
ev
i
ab
l
eev
enfo
rlow
e
ren
e
rg
i
e
s
.
H
e
r
e
,th
ech
a
r
g
ecu
ta
l
on
em
i
gh
tno
tb
easuﬃ
c
i
en
ts
ep
a
r
a
to
ra
si
tw
ou
lda
l
sor
e
j
e
c
t
th
rough
-g
o
in
gt
r
a
ck
sw
i
thd
epo
s
i
t
eden
e
rgyinth
eTeVr
ang
e
. D
i
s
c
a
rd
inga
l
lev
en
t
s
th
a
tp
a
s
sth
eFSSﬁ
l
t
e
rf
r
omth
eth
r
ough
-go
ingt
r
a
cks
e
a
r
chc
anb
eanadd
i
t
ion
a
lc
r
i
t
e
r
ion
.
Comb
in
in
g LESEand ST
eVE c
an b
ea
ch
i
ev
ed byex
c
lud
ingev
en
t
sf
romth
e LESE
eVE. Th
ep
ropo
s
edd
e
c
i
s
iont
r
e
eonhow
ev
en
ts
amp
l
eth
a
tp
a
s
sth
eL
ev
e
l3cu
t
so
fST
tos
ep
a
r
a
t
eth
eev
en
ts
amp
l
e
sc
anb
efoundinF
ig
.6
.24
. Th
i
ss
ch
em
eh
a
sth
eadv
an
t
ag
e
th
a
ti
ti
ss
imp
l
eandr
e
l
i
e
sonv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sa
l
r
e
adyav
a
i
l
ab
l
eonL
ev
e
l2– m
ak
ingi
tinth
eo
ry
a
l
sov
i
ab
l
ef
o
rf
a
s
ts
e
a
r
ch
e
sl
ik
eanop
t
i
c
a
lfo
l
low
-upp
rog
r
am
. Ad
i
s
adv
an
t
ag
ei
sth
a
ti
t
i
sv
e
ryl
ik
e
lyt
on
o
ts
ep
a
r
a
t
eop
t
im
a
l
lyint
e
rm
so
fov
e
r
a
l
ls
en
s
i
t
iv
i
ty
.
103
6
.P
o
in
t
l
ik
es
ou
r
c
ean
a
ly
s
i
sandr
e
su
l
t
s










































 























































F
igu
re6
.24
: Sk
e
t
cho
fth
ep
r
opo
s
eds
ch
em
eto m
e
rg
eth
efou
rI
c
eCub
epo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
e
s
e
a
r
chev
en
ts
amp
l
e
s
.
104
7
. Conc
lu
s
ion
sand Ou
t
look
7
.1
. Summa
ryandimp
l
ica
t
ion
s
Th
ean
a
ly
s
i
sp
r
e
s
en
t
ed h
e
r
e
, ST
eVE,a
im
eda
td
e
t
e
c
t
ing n
eu
t
r
inoem
i
s
s
ionf
r
oma
po
in
t
l
ik
es
ou
r
c
einth
es
ou
th
e
rnsky
. Th
i
sr
eg
iono
fth
eskyho
s
t
sth
eG
a
l
a
c
t
i
cC
en
t
e
r
and m
anyo
th
e
rg
a
l
a
c
t
i
cs
ou
r
c
e
so
fTeVg
amm
ar
ayem
i
s
s
ionwh
i
ch m
igh
tb
econn
e
c
t
edto
a
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
in
o
sanda
r
ec
and
id
a
t
es
i
t
e
sfo
rco
sm
i
cr
aya
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ion
. Th
ed
e
t
e
c
t
ion
o
fn
eu
t
r
in
o
sf
r
omth
e
s
es
i
t
e
sw
ou
ldb
ea"
smok
inggun"fo
rh
ad
ron
i
ca
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
ion
. Wh
i
l
e
th
ea
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
in
oﬂuxh
a
sb
e
en m
e
a
su
r
edbyth
eI
c
eCub
ed
e
t
e
c
to
r
,th
e
r
eh
a
sno
t
b
e
enanyind
i
c
a
t
i
ono
fano
r
i
g
inf
r
omon
eo
r mo
r
epo
in
t
l
ik
esou
r
c
e
s
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en
c
e
,th
esou
r
c
e
s
o
fa
s
t
rophy
s
i
c
a
ln
eu
t
r
in
o
sa
r
es
t
i
l
lunknown
.
F
o
rth
i
ss
e
a
r
ch
,d
a
t
at
ak
en byth
eI
c
eCub
en
eu
t
r
inot
e
l
e
s
cop
eb
e
tw
e
en M
ay 2011
and M
ay2
0
1
5h
a
sb
e
en u
s
ed
. Th
em
a
inch
a
l
l
eng
eo
fth
i
sw
o
rki
ssupp
r
e
s
s
ingth
e
b
a
ckg
roundo
fa
tm
o
sph
e
r
i
c mu
on
s
, wh
i
chou
tm
a
t
ch
e
sth
es
e
condl
a
rg
e
s
tb
a
ckg
round
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ndamoun
t
stoa
lmo
s
ta100b
i
l
l
ion
o
fa
tmo
sph
e
r
i
cn
eu
t
r
in
o
sbyabou
taf
a
c
to
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ev
en
t
st
r
i
g
g
e
r
edandr
e
c
on
s
t
ru
c
t
ed w
i
thf
a
s
ta
lgo
r
i
thm
sbyth
ed
e
t
e
c
to
re
a
chy
e
a
r
. Th
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c
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t
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s ANTARESb
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in
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Th
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en
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fn
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t
r
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ot
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sshown
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ig
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1
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ts
e
em
st
ob
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rych
a
l
l
eng
ingtoev
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a
chth
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r
en
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s
i
t
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tyo
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ANTARESs
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r
ch
. H
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r
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o
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ro
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at
ak
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e
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r
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sdu
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t
t
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rupt
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.
106
−2 −1
E2 dN/dE[TeVcm
s ]
7
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. Ou
t
look
ca
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tedsens
i
t
iv
i
ty
sens
i
t
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i
ty∼ 1
ANTARESsens
i
t
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i
ty ∼ 1
t
t
−2
E
100TeVha
rdcu
to
f
f
10
10
11
10
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
l
ive
t
ime[days
]
6000
7000
8000
F
igu
re7
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: Th
eg
a
inins
en
s
i
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tybyadd
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ld
ay
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r
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en
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l
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im
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s
sum
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in
✶
√
p
r
opo
r
t
i
on
a
lt
o ta
r
eshown
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o
r ANTARES[159
]on
lyth
eg
a
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r
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ssh
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tdo
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ly
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a
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−✷
Th
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1
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Anewgene
ra
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n
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t
r
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t
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t
r
inoﬂuxandth
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e
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chfo
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an
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th
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em
i
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e
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en
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anu
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e
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a
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t
sinth
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e
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em
i
sph
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e
.
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a
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a
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t
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e
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e
rg
e
t
i
cn
eu
t
r
in
oev
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t
sinas
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r
chfo
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in
t
l
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c
e
s
.
Th
es
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r
en
g
tho
fth
i
seﬀ
e
c
ti
sa
l
r
e
adyv
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s
ib
l
e wh
encomp
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ingth
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en
s
i
t
iv
i
tyo
fth
e
ANTARESd
e
t
e
c
t
o
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c
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es
e
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rn
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t
r
inoen
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rg
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low 100TeV. Th
e
ANTARESd
e
t
e
c
t
o
ri
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a
c
t
o
r100sm
a
l
l
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anI
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t
i
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lou
tp
e
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fo
rm
si
t
byaf
a
c
to
ro
fﬁv
e
. An
o
th
e
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t
en
t
i
a
ladv
an
t
ag
ei
sth
eu
s
eo
fc
a
s
c
ad
e
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ik
es
ign
a
tu
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po
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t
l
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e
s
. Wh
i
l
eth
er
e
s
o
lu
t
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spoo
rinI
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e
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e
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ea
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eind
i
c
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t
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a
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2
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e
so
lu
t
i
on m
i
gh
tb
ef
e
a
s
ib
l
einw
a
t
e
r[137
]du
etoi
t
sb
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e
rsu
i
t
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t
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a
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t
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Inth
e
i
rL
e
t
t
e
ro
fIn
t
en
t[
1
3
7
]th
e KM3N
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l
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abo
r
a
t
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r
e
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en
t
sth
ep
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1
7
1
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e
l
a Xu
s
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e mod
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sa
sd
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s
s
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s
i
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c
t
i
on2
.
5
.
1ands
e
c
t
i
on6
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o
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e
l
s
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eyexp
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r
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t
r
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e
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Inth
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eanex
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s
so
ro
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c
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e
c
to
ri
sp
l
ann
ed
107
7
. Con
c
lu
s
i
on
sand Ou
t
l
ook
[201
]
.P
a
r
to
fth
e
s
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an
sa
r
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t
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fs
t
r
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to
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t
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109
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9
2
.ISBN05
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.
[2
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r
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s
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ina, 8
:748–758
, 2013
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10.1007/s11467-013-0319-7,a
rX
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:1303.3565.
[3
]V
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s
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s
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e
v
. D, 74
:043005
, Aug 2006
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:
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[4
]D
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.,424
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:10.1086/173906.
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rX
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.,111
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.,108
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an2012
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[11
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:
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rX
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.2014
,a
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127
A
. Ove
r
t
ra
in
ingp
lo
t
sfo
rIC86
Ise
lec
t
ion
6
10
5
Even
ts
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
.0
da
ta
tes
tda
ta
0
.8
s
igna
l
tes
ts
igna
l
0
.6
0
.4
0
.2
0
.0
BDTsco
re
0
.2
0
.4
0
.6
0
.8
F
igu
re A
.1
:C
omp
a
r
i
s
onb
e
tw
e
ent
r
a
in
ingandt
e
s
ts
amp
l
efo
rs
ign
a
landd
a
t
afo
rIC86
I
.
Th
eh
i
s
t
o
g
r
am
sf
o
rs
i
gn
a
landt
e
s
ts
ign
a
la
r
es
c
a
l
eduptoﬁ
tth
enumb
e
ro
f
ev
en
t
sind
a
t
a
.
129
A
. Ov
e
r
t
r
a
in
in
gp
l
o
t
sf
o
rIC
8
6
Is
e
l
e
c
t
ion
1
.
0
sepa
ra
t
ion
leng
th
d
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ionsmoo
thne
ss
0
.
8
s
ta
r
tene
rg
y
sp
l
inend
i
rdom
s
0
.
6
sp
l
ined
i
rt
ra
c
kleng
th
sp
l
ineco
szen
i
th
0
.
4
p
re
leng
th
p
reene
rg
y
0
.
2
l
fspeed
leng
thtos
ta
r
tcon
t
0
.
0
leng
thto
lea
ve
leng
th
−0
.
2
h
l
cd
i
s
ha
l
f
leng
th
−0
.
4
ene
rg
yinde
te
c
to
r
cogz
−0
.
6
cogy
cogx
−0
.
8
sepa
ra
t
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leng
th
s
ta
r
tene
rg
y
d
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ionsmoo
thne
s
s
sp
l
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s
sp
l
ined
i
rt
ra
c
k
leng
th
p
re
leng
th
sp
l
ineco
szen
i
th
l
fspeed
p
reene
rg
y
leng
thtos
ta
r
tcon
t
leng
th
h
l
cd
i
s
ha
l
f
leng
th
cogz
ene
rg
y
inde
te
c
to
r
cogy
cogx
ang
led
i
f
f
a
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s
tqto
tdom
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led
i
f
f
leng
thto
lea
ve
a
vgdomd
i
s
tqto
tdom
−1
.
0
F
igu
re A
.2
: BDTv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sc
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
ion M
a
t
r
ix(S
ign
a
l
)fo
rth
eIC86
Is
e
l
e
c
t
ion
.
130
1
.
0
sepa
ra
t
ion
leng
th
d
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ionsmoo
thne
ss
0
.
8
s
ta
r
tene
rg
y
sp
l
inend
i
rdom
s
0
.
6
sp
l
ined
i
rt
ra
c
kleng
th
sp
l
ineco
szen
i
th
0
.
4
p
re
leng
th
p
reene
rg
y
0
.
2
l
fspeed
leng
thtos
ta
r
tcon
t
0
.
0
leng
thto
lea
ve
leng
th
−0
.
2
h
l
cd
i
s
ha
l
f
leng
th
−0
.
4
ene
rg
yinde
te
c
to
r
cogz
−0
.
6
cogy
cogx
−0
.
8
sepa
ra
t
ion
leng
th
s
ta
r
tene
rg
y
d
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ionsmoo
thne
s
s
sp
l
inend
i
rdom
s
sp
l
ined
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rt
ra
c
k
leng
th
p
re
leng
th
sp
l
ineco
szen
i
th
l
fspeed
p
reene
rg
y
leng
thtos
ta
r
tcon
t
leng
th
h
l
cd
i
s
ha
l
f
leng
th
cogz
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rg
y
inde
te
c
to
r
cogy
cogx
ang
led
i
f
f
a
vgdomd
i
s
tqto
tdom
ang
led
i
f
f
leng
thto
lea
ve
a
vgdomd
i
s
tqto
tdom
−1
.
0
F
igu
re A
.3
: BDTv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sc
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
ion M
a
t
r
ix(B
a
ckg
round
)fo
rth
eIC86
Is
e
l
e
c
t
ion
.
.
131
B
. BDTva
r
iab
le
sfo
rIC86
Ise
lec
t
ion
2
10
da
ta6
.781
/s
a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
1
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
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0
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
500
1000
sp
l
ined
i
rt
rackleng
th
1500
2000
F
igu
re B
.1
: sp
l
in
ed
i
rt
r
a
ckl
eng
th
3
10
da
ta6
.781
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a
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.211
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2
10
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ν
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1
Ra
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/s
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10
0
10
-1
10
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10
-3
10
-4
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ta/ MC
10
0
.0
2
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1
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1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
.0
0
.5
1
.0
1
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2
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2
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3
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0
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1
.0
1
.5
ang
led
i
f
f
2
.0
2
.5
3
.0
F
igu
re B
.2
: ang
l
ed
iﬀ
133
B
. BDTv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sf
o
rIC
8
6
Is
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
da
ta6
.781
/s
a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
2
10
1
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
da
ta/ MC
10
4
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
6
8
10
12
r
log
l
14
16
18
20
F
igu
re B
.3
:r
log
l
2
10
da
ta6
.781
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a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
1
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
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0
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
ene
rgyinde
tec
to
r
4
5
6
F
igu
re B
.4
: en
e
rgyind
e
t
e
c
to
r
134
2
10
da
ta6
.781
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a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
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1
10
−2
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t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
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ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
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0
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
1000
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
1000
500
0
500
1000
500
0
leng
thtos
ta
r
tcon
t
500
1000
F
igu
re B
.5
:l
eng
thtos
t
a
r
tcon
t
2
10
da
ta6
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a
tmo
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1
10
−2
As
t
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(a
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.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
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t
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.u
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µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
20
40
20
40
sp
l
inend
i
rdoms
60
80
100
60
80
100
F
igu
re B
.6
: sp
l
in
end
i
rdom
s
135
B
. BDTv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sf
o
rIC
8
6
Is
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
2
10
da
ta6
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10
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ν
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in
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Ra
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/s
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0
10
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10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
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10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
4
2
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1
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1
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0
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0
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4
2
0
2
0
p
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2
4
6
2
4
6
F
igu
re B
.7
:p
r
een
e
rgy
2
10
da
ta6
.781
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a
tmo
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1
10
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0
10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
600
2
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1
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1
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0
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0
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600
400
200
0
200
400
600
400
200
0
cogz
200
400
600
F
igu
re B
.8
: cogz
136
2
10
da
ta6
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a
tmo
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.211
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1
10
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(a
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ν
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in
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0
10
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10
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10
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10
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10
600
2
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1
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1
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0
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0
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600
400
200
0
200
400
600
400
200
0
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200
400
600
F
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re B
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: cogy
2
10
da
ta6
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a
tmo
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.211
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1
10
0
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ν
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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2
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1
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0
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200
400
200
400
ha
l
fleng
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600
800
1000
600
800
1000
F
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re B
.10
:h
a
l
fl
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th
137
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. BDTv
a
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sf
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8
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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10
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ta/ MC
10
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2
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1
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1
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0
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0
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
200
400
600
800
h
lcd
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1000
1200
1400
F
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ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
2000
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
2000
1500
1000
500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
500
t
rackh
i
tssepa
ra
t
ionleng
th
1000
1500
2000
F
igu
re B
.12
:t
r
a
ckh
i
t
ss
ep
a
r
a
t
ionl
eng
th
138
2
10
da
ta6
.781
/s
a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
1
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
500
1000
p
releng
th
1500
2000
F
igu
re B
.13
:p
r
el
eng
th
2
10
da
ta6
.781
/s
a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
1
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
0
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
1
.0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
t
rackh
i
tsd
is
t
r
ibu
t
ionsmoo
thness
0
.5
1
.0
F
igu
re B
.14
:t
r
a
ckh
i
t
sd
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ionsmoo
thn
e
s
s
139
B
. BDTv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sf
o
rIC
8
6
Is
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
2
10
1
10
Ra
te[1
/s
]
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
da
ta6
.781
/s
a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
da
ta/ MC
10
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
4
2
0
2
4
4
2
0
s
ta
r
tene
rgy
2
4
F
igu
re B
.15
:s
t
a
r
ten
e
rgy
2
10
da
ta6
.781
/s
a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
1
10
0
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
500
1000
leng
th
1500
2000
F
igu
re B
.16
:l
eng
th
140
da
ta6
.781
/s
a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
2
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
1
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
da
ta/ MC
10
1
.0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
sp
l
inecoszen
i
th
0
.5
1
.0
F
igu
re B
.17
: sp
l
in
eco
sz
en
i
th
2
10
da
ta6
.781
/s
a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
1
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
da
ta/ MC
10
0
.0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
.0
0
.2
0
.4
0
.2
0
.4
l
fspeed
0
.6
0
.8
1
.0
0
.6
0
.8
1
.0
F
igu
re B
.18
:l
fsp
e
ed
141
B
. BDTv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sf
o
rIC
8
6
Is
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
2
10
da
ta6
.781
/s
a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
1
10
0
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
500
1000
leng
thtoleave
1500
2000
F
igu
re B
.19
:l
eng
thtol
e
av
e
2
10
da
ta6
.781
/s
a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
1
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
0
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
da
ta/ MC
10
600
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
600
400
200
0
200
400
600
400
200
0
cogx
200
400
600
F
igu
re B
.20
: cogx
142
2
10
da
ta6
.781
/s
a
tmo
.µ 6
.211
/s
1
10
0
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
50
100
150
200
50
100
avgdomd
is
tqto
tdom
150
200
F
igu
re B
.21
: avgdomd
i
s
tqto
tdom
143
C
. BDTva
r
iab
le
sfo
rIC86
I
I+se
lec
t
ion
3
10
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
2
10
1
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
500
1000
d
i
rec
tl
igh
tt
rackleng
th[m
]
1500
2000
F
igu
re C
.1
: sp
l
in
ed
i
rt
r
a
ckl
eng
th
3
10
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
2
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
1
10
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
da
ta/ MC
10
0
.0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
.0
0
.5
1
.0
0
.5
1
.0
1
.5
1
.5
ang
led
i
f
f[s
r
]
2
.0
2
.5
3
.0
2
.0
2
.5
3
.0
F
igu
re C
.2
: ang
l
ed
iﬀ
145
C
. BDTv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sf
o
rIC
8
6
I
I+s
e
l
e
c
t
ion
3
10
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
2
10
1
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
4
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
6
8
10
12
r
log
l
14
16
18
20
F
igu
re C
.3
:r
log
l
2
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
10
1
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
4
log
10(ene
rgyinde
tec
to
r/ GeV)
5
6
F
igu
re C
.4
: en
e
rgyind
e
t
e
c
to
r
146
3
10
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
2
10
1
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
1500
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
1500
1000
500
0
500
1000
1500
1000
500
0
leng
thtos
ta
r
t(con
t
.
)[m
]
500
1000
1500
F
igu
re C
.5
:l
eng
thtos
t
a
r
tcon
t
3
10
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
2
10
1
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
20
40
20
40
#d
i
rec
tdoms
60
80
100
60
80
100
F
igu
re C
.6
: sp
l
in
end
i
rdom
s
147
C
. BDTv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sf
o
rIC
8
6
I
I+s
e
l
e
c
t
ion
3
10
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
2
10
1
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
da
ta/ MC
10
4
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
4
2
0
2
2
0
2
log
10(p
reene
rgy
/ GeV)
4
6
4
6
F
igu
re C
.7
:p
r
een
e
rgy
2
10
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
1
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
600
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
600
400
200
0
200
400
600
400
200
0
COGZ[m
]
200
400
600
F
igu
re C
.8
: cogz
148
2
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
10
1
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
da
ta/ MC
10
600
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
600
400
200
0
200
400
600
400
200
0
COGY[m
]
200
400
600
F
igu
re C
.9
: cogy
3
10
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
2
10
1
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
200
400
200
400
ha
l
fleng
th[m
]
600
800
1000
600
800
1000
F
igu
re C
.10
:h
a
l
fl
eng
th
149
C
. BDTv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sf
o
rIC
8
6
I
I+s
e
l
e
c
t
ion
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
2
10
1
10
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
200
400
600
800
200
400
600
800
maxLCd
is
tance[m
]
1000
1200
1400
1000
1200
1400
F
igu
re C
.11
:h
l
cd
i
s
3
10
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
2
10
1
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
2000
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
2000
1500
1000
500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
500
sepa
ra
t
ionleng
th[m
]
1000
1500
2000
F
igu
re C
.12
:t
r
a
ckh
i
t
ss
ep
a
r
a
t
ionl
eng
th
150
3
10
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
2
10
1
Ra
te[1
/s
]
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
500
1000
p
releng
th[m
]
1500
2000
F
igu
re C
.13
:p
r
el
eng
th
2
da
ta19
.011
/s
a
tmo
.µ 17
.11
/s
10
1
10
−2
As
t
roν
(a
.u
.
)
µ E
ν
ra
in
ingse
lec
t
ion(a
.u
.
)
µ t
Ra
te[1
/s
]
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
da
ta/ MC
10
1
.0
2
.0
1
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
0
.5
1
.0
0
.5
0
.0
smoo
thness[m
]
0
.5
1
.0
F
igu
re C
.14
:t
r
a
ckh
i
t
sd
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
ionsmoo
thn
e
s
s
151
C
. BDTv
a
r
i
ab
l
e
sf
o
rIC
8
6
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