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GERMANY AND THE SECOND WORLD WAR
IX / I
German Wartime Society 1939–1945: Politicization, Disintegration,
and the Struggle for Survival
This page intentionally left blank
Germany
and the
Second World War
Edited for the
Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt
(Research Institute for Military History),
Potsdam, Germany
by
JÖRG ECHTERNKAMP
VOLUME IX / I
German Wartime Society 1939–1945: Politicization,
Disintegration, and the Struggle for Survival
RALF BLANK
JÖRG ECHTERNKAMP
KAROLA FINGS
JÜRGEN FÖRSTER
WINFRIED HEINEMANN
TOBIAS JERSAK
ARMIN NOLZEN
CHRISTOPH RASS
Translated by
DERRY COOK-RADMORE
EWALD OSERS
BARRY SMERIN
BARBARA WILSON
Translation editor
DERRY COOK-RADMORE
CLARENDON PRESS • OXFORD
2008
3
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Typeset by Laserwords Private Ltd, Chennai, India
Printed in Great Britain
on acid-free paper by
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ISBN 978–0–19–928277–7
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Contents
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
xiv
NOTES ON THE AUTHORS
NOTE ON THE TRANSLATION
ABBREVIATIONS
xv
xvii
xviii
GLOSSARY OF FOREIGN TERMS
xxxiv
FOREWORD
xxxvi
A. At War, Abroad and at Home
The Essential Features of German Society in the Second World War
BY JÖRG
ECHTERNKAMP
I. ‘WAR ON TWO FRONTS’
II. A COHERENT WAR SOCIETY?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Utopia of a Volksgemeinschaft at Arms
Propaganda as a Weapon
Hitler’s Charismatic Rule, and the Führer Myth
Social Control, Self-Policing, and Resistance
III. VIOLENCE GIVEN FREE REIN
1.
2.
3.
4.
Women on the ‘Home Front’ and in Military Service
The Morale of the Troops
Genocidal Warfare, and Fighting the Enemy Within
Death on the Home and Foreign Fronts: War and the
Cult of the Hero
IV. PRINCIPLES FOR AND STRUCTURE OF THE VOLUMES
1. Guiding Principles
2. Structure
1
7
8
19
25
31
41
41
49
60
71
84
85
92
vi
Contents
PART I
Rule, Destroy, Survive
INTRODUCTION TO PART ONE
105
B. The NSDAP, the War, and German Society
BY
ARMIN NOLZEN
I. THE NSDAP’S STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
BEFORE THE WAR
II. MOBILIZING THE TROOPS, AND MOULDING MINDS AND
BEHAVIOUR AT HOME, SEPTEMBER 1939 TO APRIL 1941
1. Development of Personnel Resources of the NSDAP
and its Divisions and Affiliated Organizations
2. The Hitler Youth, ‘Youth Service’, and the ‘Protection of Youth’
3. The Struggle over the Unity of Homeland and Front: ‘Comforts for the
Troops’ and ‘Wehrmacht Welfare’
III. ‘PEOPLE MANAGEMENT’ ON THE HOME FRONT,
MAY 1941 TO JULY 1943
1. NSDAP Celebrations and ‘Activating the Party’
2. Racism and Repression: The Party, Foreign Workers, and the German
Population
3. NSDAP Assistance in the Air War
IV. ON THE ROAD TO TOTAL WAR, AUGUST 1943 TO MAY 1945
1. Strategies for Mobilization within the Party
2. The NSDAP’s Involvement in Armaments, and the Reich
Plenipotentiary for Total Mobilization
3. Home Guard Flak, Fortification-Building, and the Volkssturm
V. THE NSDAP AND THE VOLKSGEMEINSCHAFT
111
124
124
133
139
148
148
156
163
172
172
180
188
201
C. Slaves for the ‘Home Front’: War Society and Concentration
Camps
BY
KAROLA FINGS
I. PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS
II. THE INITIAL STAGES OF PRISONER DEPLOYMENT
1. The ‘Home Front’ and Forced Labour
2. Local Policy and the Concentration Camps
3. Consensus on the Deployment of Concentration-Camp Inmates
III. URBAN SATELLITE CONCENTRATION CAMPS
1. The Perpetrators: Engineers and Architects
2. The Establishment of Satellite Concentration Camps
207
209
209
217
221
228
228
233
Contents
3. ‘Labour Deployment’
4. Bomb-Disposal Squads
IV. THE CAMPS AND GERMAN SOCIETY
1. Concentration-Camp Inmates in Everyday War Society
2. Interaction between War Society and the World
of the Concentration Camps
3. Surrounding Societies Compared
V. CONCENTRATION CAMPS ANCHORED
IN GERMAN SOCIETY
vii
245
249
258
258
265
275
283
D. Decisions to Murder and to Lie: German War Society
and the Holocaust
BY
TOBIAS JERSAK
I. INTRODUCTION
II. HOLOCAUST AND WAR
1. Plans for the ‘Final Solution of the Jewish Question’ after the War
(a) The Polish Campaign
(b) The French Campaign
(c) The Russian Campaign
2. The Basis of the Decision-Making Process
(a) Prior Resolve and Order
(b) Decision-Making on What? The Content of Hitler’s Order
3. Shifting the ‘Final Solution of the Jewish Question’
to during the War
(a) Territorial Wars versus Race War in Hitler’s Strategy
(b) The 1941 Dam Burst: Decisions from Above,
Radicalization from Below
4. Through Extermination to ‘Final Victory’
(a) The Function of the Extermination
of Jews during the War
(b) Conduct of the War and Extermination
of the Jews in Parallel
III. SOCIETY AND HOLOCAUST IN THE WAR
1. Place and Time as Factors of Social Transformation
2. German War Society outside the Reich, and the Holocaust
(a) Wartime ‘Normality’
(b) Reconstitution of German War Society at the Places of Mass
Extermination
3. German War Society inside the Reich, and the Holocaust
(a) Removal of the Jews by Deportation
(b) Absence of the Jews as Absence of the Jewish
Question? Absence, Mourning, and Normality in Wartime
(c) The War Penetrates into the Reich, and the Jewish
Question Returns
287
289
290
291
294
298
301
302
305
306
308
312
325
325
328
333
333
335
336
344
359
359
362
364
viii
Contents
4. The Holocaust Becomes Known: War in the
Reich and Civil Society in the War
IV. NORMALITY OF THE UNIMAGINABLE:
WAR WITHIN THE WAR
367
369
E. Wartime Daily Life and the Air War on the Home Front
BY
RALF BLANK
I. THE BOMBING WAR SEEN AS A HISTORICAL EVENT
II. THE WAR, AS SEEN ON THE HOME FRONT
1. Build-up of the Strategic Air War
2. The First Air Raids, 1940 to 1942
3. The Bombing War Intensifies from 1943
4. Hamburg and Berlin: The Turning Point in the Air War
5. Everyday Life ‘under the Bombs’
III. ‘FULLY SERVING THE DEFENCE EFFORT ’:
THE ADMINISTRATION, POLICE, AND COURTS
1. Local Administration and the Air War, 1943–1945
2. The Air-Raid Protection Police and Gestapo
3. The Criminal Courts and the Bombing War
IV. COPING WITH THE BOMBING WAR
1. Centralization of Civilian Air War Measures from 1942/1943
2. Civil Defence Construction, and ‘Life down in the Bunker ’
(a) From Large-Scale Programme to Makeshift Measures
(b) Bunkers and Town Planners
(c) Survival in Cellars, Tunnels, and Bunkers
(d) Air-Raid Warnings, Air Situation Reports,
and Cable Broadcasting
V. ACCOMMODATION, PROVISIONING,
AND ‘REPLACEMENT HOMES’
1.
2.
3.
4.
Planning Emergency Housing and Accommodation
Providing for the Bombed-Out, 1943–1945
Replacement Goods for Air-Raid Victims
Reconstruction Plans
VI. ‘REVENGE’ AND MIRACLE WEAPONS PROPAGANDA
1. The Propaganda Offensive from Spring 1943
2. The Mirage of War-Winning ‘Retaliation’
3. Placing Blame
4. Maintaining ‘Fighting Morale’
371
375
375
376
379
385
390
396
396
400
402
406
406
409
409
418
422
428
433
433
437
441
446
449
449
451
453
454
Contents
VII. THE ‘SOCIETY IN DISINTEGRATION’, 1944/1945
1. The Final Phase of the War
(a) Air Raids, Every Day and Every Night
(b) Severe Damage to Industry and Transport
(c) Lynch Law against Allied Aircrew
2. The Bombing War Draws to its Close
(a) Unceasing Attacks and Air-Raid Warnings
(b) Heavy Raids on Berlin
(c) An Indiscriminate Bombing War
(d) The Disintegration of Everyday Life
VIII. THE BOMBING WAR IN FIGURES
ix
458
458
459
462
464
467
467
468
470
473
475
PART II
The Uniformed Society?
INTRODUCTION TO PART TWO
479
A. Ideological Warfare in Germany, 1919 to 1945
BY JÜRGEN
FÖRSTER
I. THE LEGACY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
II. THE POLITICIZATION OF THE
REICHSWEHR/WEHRMACHT
485
501
III. IDEOLOGICAL WARFARE IN THE EARLY,
VICTORIOUS PHASE
524
IV. THE WAR OF IDEOLOGY AND
ANNIHILATION IN THE EAST
537
V. BETWEEN OPTIMISM AND DEFIANCE: WAR
FOUGHT UNDER MILITARY-IDEOLOGICAL LEADERSHIP
VI. THE SHOCK OF STALINGRAD AND THE CRISIS
OF MILITARY-IDEOLOGICAL LEADERSHIP
VII. THE ‘FÜHRER ORDER’ OF 22 DECEMBER 1943
559
582
614
VIII. IDEOLOGICAL INDOCTRINATION
AND PERSONNEL SELECTION
627
IX. THE TOTALNESS OF NATIONAL
SOCIALISM AFTER 20 JULY 1944
648
x
Contents
B. The Social Profile of the German Army’s Combat Units, 1939–1945
BY
CHRISTOPH RASS
I. PRINCIPLES AND PROSPECTS FOR RESEARCHING
THE SOCIAL STRUCTURES OF WEHRMACHT UNITS
II. CHANGES IN THE ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE OF THE ARMY
III. ANALYSIS OF A SPECIMEN INFANTRY DIVISION
1.
2.
3.
4.
Operational and Structural History
Development in Personnel Strength
Military Casualties and Replacements
The Social Profile of NCOs and Other Ranks
(a) Age Structure
(b) Regional Origin
(c) Social Background
(d) National Socialism and Socialization
5. Features of the Troops’ Collective Biographies
(a) Mobilization and Training
(b) Time at Duty Station
(c) Number of Duty Stations
(d) Wounds and Illness
(e) Dying, and Death
(f) ‘Missing’ and ‘Taken Prisoner’
(g) Structural Features of the Various Branches
6. Social and Functional Groups
(a) Line Officers
(b) Non-Commissioned Officers
(c) Primary Groups
IV. RESULTS
671
678
689
689
694
699
705
706
710
712
716
721
721
724
725
727
733
738
740
742
742
748
752
767
C. Military Resistance Activities and the War
BY
WINFRIED HEINEMANN
I. RESISTANCE IN GERMAN WAR SOCIETY
1. Forms of Resistance
2. War as a Determining Factor for
National-Conservative Resistance
II. THE MILITARY CONSPIRACY: MILITARY MOTIVES FOR
RESISTANCE
1. The Command Structure
(a) 1933 to 1938
(b) 1939 to 1944
771
771
776
780
780
780
786
Contents
2. An Amateur at the Helm
3. A New Military Elite
4. The Depletion of the Reich’s Resources
in Men and Materiel
III. THE WAR AS CRIME
1. The Treatment of the ‘Liberated’ Peoples
2. The Realization that this was a War of Extermination
3. War Crimes and Resistance Activities
(a) Criminal Orders
(b) Cooperation with Einsatzgruppen
(c) Anti-Partisan Warfare
IV. COMMUNIST RESISTANCE DURING THE WAR
1. The Harnack–Schulze-Boysen group (the Rote Kapelle)
2. The National Committee for a ‘Free Germany’
V. THE BATTLE WITH THE PARTY AND THE SS
1. The Power Struggle between Himmler and Fromm
2. The Preference Accorded to the Waffen-SS,
and the Gestapo’s Influence on the Army
3. Saving the Army
VI. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COUP D’ÉTAT:
GENERAL STAFF PLANS AND THE MILITARY PUTSCH.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A ‘State of Siege’
VALKYRIE
Recruitment
Alternatives to Assassination
The Assassination Attempts
The Operational Plans for the Coup d’État
The Collapse of the Attempted Coup
Fundamental Flaws, and Failure
VII. RESISTANCE AND ENDING THE WAR
1. Ending the War as an Aim of Military Resistance Activity
2. The Secret Service Aspects of the Resistance
(a) Allen W. Dulles in Berne and Zurich
(b) Otto John in Madrid
(c) The Allied Assessment of the Resistance
3. East or West?
4. Rommel, Kluge, and the Resistance
xi
792
797
802
807
807
810
815
815
816
817
821
821
823
827
827
830
833
835
835
838
846
856
860
867
870
872
876
876
886
886
890
892
893
895
xii
Contents
VIII. RESISTANCE ACTIVITIES UNCONNECTED
WITH 20 JULY 1944
1. Rescuers in Uniform
(a) Wilm Hosenfeld
(b) Anton Schmid
2. Protection of Monuments and Works of Art
(a) Monte Cassino
(b) Paris
3. The ‘Final Struggle’ in Germany
(a) Ritter von Gadolla and Gotha
(b) ‘Freedom Action Bavaria’
IX. EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES
1. The Balance Tips in the Regime’s Favour
2. Increasing Manipulation of the Elite,
and the Introduction of the NSFO
X. MUTINY, OR MORAL REVULSION?
1. The Political Aims of the Resistance
2. Resistance as a Process
3. The Problems of Evaluation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX OF PERSONS
905
905
905
906
907
907
908
909
909
910
912
912
915
918
918
920
924
926
1029
List of Illustrations
DIAGRAMS
II.B.II.1. Social change in the field army
II.B.II.2. Durations of existence of field army infantry divisions, 1939-1945
II.B.II.3. Infantry and reserve divisions, 1939–1945
II.B.III.1. Ration Strength of 253rd Infantry Division, 1939–1945
II.B.III.2. Indices of personnel strength (May 1941 = 100)
II.B.III.3. Losses in 253rd Infantry Division, 1939–1945
II.B.III.4. Overall balance of casualties and replacements, 1941–1945
II.B.III.5. Age structure of sample in per cent (n = 2,291)
II.B.III.6. Lengths of stay in 1/IR 464 (Sept. 1939–Sept. 1944; n = 1,339)
II.B.III.7. Lengths of stay of personnel from 2nd quarter of 1941 (n = 203)
II.B.III.8. Lengths of stay of personnel from 2nd quarter of 1942 (n = 140)
II.B.III.9. Lengths of stay in divisional community (n = 2,291)
680
682
684
695
696
698
705
707
756
758
760
762
List of Tables
I.B.I.1. Members of the NSDAP and its organizations—as at
1 September 1939
I.B.I.2. Employment of NSDAP political leaders, as at 1 January 1940
116
121
I.B.II.1. Full-time NSDAP political leaders conscripted into the
Wehrmacht, by post and year group (as at 1 January 1940)
127
I.B.II.2. Honorary NSDAP political leaders conscripted into the
Wehrmacht, by post and year group (as at 1 January 1940)
I.D.II.1. The extermination camps
I.D.II.2. Interaction between the course of the war and the
‘final solution’, 22 June to 21 December 1941
II.B.II.1. Days in action and action points gained
II.B.II.2. Average intensity of action in various army groups
II.B.III.1. Killed, wounded, and missing
II.B.III.2. Age structure of NCOs and other ranks, 1939-1945
(as per cent)
II.B.III.3. Age structure of infantry formations, 1939-1945 (as per cent)
II.B.III.4. Age Structure of supply troops, 1939-1945
II.B.III.5. Occupation of soldiers and their fathers
II.B.III.6. Membership of NS organizations
II.B.III.7. Death sentences on soldiers of the 253rd ID
II.B.III.8. Suicidal Actions
II.B.III.9. Casualties (per cent) and lengths of time (days)
in various branches
II.B.III.10. Breakdown of personnel by generation and class (per cent)
II.B.III.11. Distribution of officers, by generation
II.B.III.12. Age groups within the NCO corps (as per cent)
II.B.III.13. Social origin of non-commissioned ranks
II.B.III.14. Promotion prospects of junior NCOs (per cent)
II.B.III.15. Time spent with units by various ranks (in days)
128
312
314
686
687
700
708
709
710
715
717
736
736
739
740
743
748
750
751
751
Notes on the Authors
RALF BLANK, MA (b. 1962). Studied history and classical and prehistoric
archaeology at Cologne and Bochum, as well as applied and theoretical museology at Graz; curator and head of collections and documentation department
at the Historisches Centrum Hagen; lecturer in modern and recent history at
the Ruhr University at Bochum; preparing a doctoral thesis on the home front
and the post-war period in Southern Westphalia (Prof. Norbert Frei); e-mail:
[email protected].
DR JÖRG ECHTERNKAMP (b. 1963). Studied science of history and Romance
studies at the University of Bielefeld, University of Poitiers, and the Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore (USA); on the scientific staff of the Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History), Potsdam; e-mail: [email protected].
DR KAROLA FINGS (b. 1962). Studied history and German language and
literature at the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf; deputy director of the
city of Cologne’s Documentation Centre on National Socialism; lecturer at
University of Cologne; e-mail: [email protected].
DR JÜRGEN FÖRSTER (b. 1940). Studied English language and literature,
philosophy, and history at Nottingham and Cologne (Ph.D. 1974); several
visiting professorships, most recently as Miegunyah Distinguished Fellow
at the University of Melbourne; Independent scholar in Freiburg; e-mail:
[email protected].
COL. WINFRIED HEINEMANN, PH.D. (b. 1956). Studied history and English
language and literature at the Ruhr University, Bochum, and at the Department of War Studies, King’s College, London; on the scientific staff of the
Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History), Potsdam; e-mail: [email protected].
TOBIAS JERSAK, Ph.D. (b. 1972). Studied history, philosophy, information
science, and Protestant theology at Stuttgart, Tübingen, Mainz, Münster,
and Cambridge; currently editing, as secretary, the Kritische Spalding-Ausgabe
(KSpA) at the University of Münster, and developing educational software for
modern history in the ‘medialesson’ series; e-mail: [email protected].
ARMIN NOLZEN, MA (b. 1968). Studied science of history, German language and literature (modern German literature), social science ( political
science), and philosophy at the Ruhr University, Bochum; member of the
editorial board of Beiträge zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus; member of
working group on historical peace research; preparing a doctoral thesis on the
history of the NSDAP (Prof. Hans Mommsen); e-mail: [email protected].
DR CHRISTOPH A. RASS (b. 1969). Studied economic and social history,
modern history, and information science at the University of the Saarland,
xvi
Notes on the Authors
Saarbrücken; assistant lecturer in the teaching and research department for
economic and social history at the RWTH (Rhineland-Westphalia Institute of
Technology) Aachen University; e-mail: [email protected].
de.
Note on the Translation
The Foreword and Section A, Part 1 Sections B and E, and Part 2 Section B
were translated by Derry Cook-Radmore, Part 2 Section A by Ewald Osers,
Part 1 Sections C and D by Barry Smerin, and Part 2 Section C by Barbara Wilson. The translation as a whole was revised and edited by Derry
Cook-Radmore.
In the Bibliography information has been added concerning English translations/originals of German and other foreign-language publications. These
translations and their titles are whenever possible cited in the footnotes and
used for quotations occurring in the text; in a few cases where the published
English translation is from an early edition but author’s references are to a later
revised and enlarged German edition, the later edition’s German title and page
numbers are cited.
Personal and geographical names in the text—except those for which established English names exist (e.g. Warsaw, Moscow, Cologne)—have been
given in the form laid down by the British Standard and by Official Standard
Names Approved by the US Board of Geographic Names (US Department of the
Interior, Office of Geography).
Abbreviations
A.
AA
AA
ABO
Abt.
a.D.
ADAP
ADB
ADC
Adj., Adju.
AdR
AEG
AEL
AFHQ
AFSoc
AG
AGN
AGS
AHA
AHM
AK
AMA
Ang.
Anh.
Anl.
Anm.
AO, A.O.
Ao
AOK
Amt: office
Arbeitsamt, -ämter: labour office(s)
Auswärtiges Amt: foreign affairs ministry
Armeebetreuungsoffizier(e): army welfare officer
Abteilung: department, section, unit
außer Dienst: retired
Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik: Documents
on German Foreign Policy (cf. DGFP)
Alldeutsche Blätter (journal of the Alldeutscher
Verband)
aide-de-camp
Adjutant(ur): adjutant, Adjutant’s Office
(of the OKW)
Archiv der Republik (Österreich): Austrian
Republic Archive
Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft: General
Electric Company
Arbeitserziehungslager: ‘educational work camps’
Allied Forces Headquarters
Armed Forces and Society
Aktiengesellschaft: joint stock company
Archiv der Gedenkstätte Neuengamme:
Neuengamme Memorial Archives
Archiv der Gedenkstätte Sachsenhausen:
Sachsenhausen Memorial Archives
Allgemeines Heeresamt: General Army Office
Allgemeine Heeres-Mitteilungen: general army
news bulletins
Armeekorps: army corps
Allgemeines Marinehauptamt: General
Naval Directorate
Angelegenheit(en): item(s) (in document,
e.g. memo or minutes)
Anhang: appendix
Anlage(n): enclosure(s)
Anmerkung(en): note(s)
Abwehroffizier: Abwehr (foreign intelligence) officer
Anordnung(en): directives(s), order(s)
Armeeoberkommando: army headquarters
Abbreviations
APO
App.
AR
ArbSt
ArbSt LS
ARG
Art.
Art.
ASG
Ass.
Att.
Ausb.Abt.
Ausl./Abw.
a.v.
AWA
AWA
Az., Az
BA
BA-MA
BannF
BA-ZNS
BBC
BDC
BdE
BDF
BDM
BdO
xix
Archiwum Państwowe w Opolu: State
Archives, Opole (Poland)
appendix
Artillerieregiment: artillery regiment
Arbeitsstab: working group
Arbeitsstab ziviler Luftschutz: civil defence
working group
Arbeitseinsatz-, Reichstreuhänder- und
Gewerbeaufsichtsverwaltung: labour, Reich trustee,
and health and safety and working conditions
administration
article
artillery
Archiv für Sozialgeschichte
Assistent: assistant
attachment
Ausbildungsabteilung (des Generalstabes des
Heeres): training department (of army general staff)
Amt Ausland/Abwehr: OKW Abwehr foreign
intelligence office
arbeitsverwendungsfähig; fit for labour duties
Akademisch-Wissenschaftliches Arbeitsamt:
academic/scientific employment centre
Allgemeines Wehrmachtamt: General Wehrmacht
Office (of OKW)
Aktenzeichen: file number
Bundesarchiv: Federal Archives, Koblenz
and/or Berlin
Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv: Federal Military
Archives, Freiburg
Bannführer: Hitler Youth rank, commanding
c.3,000 members
Bundesarchiv-Zentralnachweisstelle, Kornelimünster:
Federal Archives Central Reference Office
British Broadcasting Corporation
Berlin Document Centre
Befehlshaber des Ersatzheeres: commander
of replacement army
Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine: Federation
of German Women’s Organizations
Bund Deutscher Mädel: League of German Girls
Befehlshaber der Ordnungspolizei: commander
of the Orpo (q.v.)
xx
BDO
BdS
Befh.
Befh. rückw.
H.Geb.
Bespr.Prot.
BfdVjPl
Bg
BGH
BgldLA
BL
BSSR
BwA
BZHS
CA
CA
CChIDK
CDJC
CdS
CdZ
CEH
ChefdGenStdH
ChefdGenStdLw
Chef HRüst
Chefs.
C-in-C
CO
CO
CSDIC
CT
ChdDtPol
DAF
Abbreviations
Bund Deutscher Offiziere: Association
of German Officers
Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD:
commander of security police and SD (q.v.)
Befehlshaber: commander
Befehlshaber des rückwärtigen Heeresgebietes:
commander of army rear area troops
Besprechungsprotokoll: minutes of meeting
Beauftragter für den Vierjahresplan: Plenipotentiary
for the Four-Year Plan
Bekanntgabe(n): announcement(s)
Bundesgerichtshof: Federal Supreme Court
Burgenländisches Landesarchiv: Burgenland
Regional Archives
Blockleiter: block leader
Belorusskaja Soveckaja Socialističeskaja Respublika
(= Bélorussian Socialist Soviet Republic)
Buchenwald-Archiv: Buchenwald Archives
Beiträge zur historischen Sozialkunde
California
Churchill Archives, Cambridge
Central’nye Chranenie i Izucenie Dokumental’nych
Kollekčii (Centre for Document Storage and
Research, Moscow)
Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine,
Paris
Head of security police and SD (q.v.)
Chef(s) der Zivilverwaltung: head(s) of civil
administration
Central European History
Chef des Generalstabes des Heeres: head of army
general staff
Chef des Generalstabes der Luftwaffe: head of
Luftwaffe general staff
Chef der Heeresrüstung: head of army armaments
Chefsache: to be seen by senior officer only
Commander-in-Chief
Colorado
carbon monoxide
Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre
Connecticut
Chef der Deutschen Polizei: head of German police
Deutsche Arbeitsfront: German Labour Front
Abbreviations
DAW
DBO
DC
DDR
DDSt
DESt
DFW
Diss.
Div.
DIZ
DJ
doc(s).
DÖW
DVL
DWH
ed., edn.
EHQ
et al.
e.V.
FAZ
FHQ
Fig.
FIR
FK
FO, F.O.
fo(s)
FPP
Fr.
Frhr
Fü.Abt., FüAbt
FüSt, Füst
FZH
g., g,
xxi
Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke: German
Armaments Works
Divisionsbetreuungsoffizier: divisional welfare officer
District of Columbia
Deutsche Demokratische Republik: German
Democratic Republic
Deutsche Dienststelle, Berlin: WW2 military
service records office
Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke GmbH
Deutsches Frauenwerk: German Organization
of Women
dissertation
division
Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum
Emslandlager
Deutsches Jungvolk (junior division of the Hitler
Youth)
document(s)
Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen
Widerstandes: Document Archive of the Austrian
Resistance
Deutsche Volksliste: German Ethnic List
Deutsches Wohnungshilfswerk: German housing
assistance organization
edited by, edition
European History Quarterly
et alii (= and others)
eingetragener Verein: registered association
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Führer headquarters
figure
Fédération Internationale des Résistants
(= International Association of Resistance Fighters)
Feldkommandantur: military administration HQ
Foreign Office
folio(s)
Feldpostprüfungsbericht: field post censor’s report
France, French
Freiherr: baron
Führungsabteilung: operations department
Führungsstab: operations staff
Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte (contemporary
history research centre), Hamburg
geheim: secret
xxii
GB
GBA
GB-Bau
GBI
Geb.Div.
Geb.Jäg.Rgt.
geh.
Gen.
Gen.Adm.
GendPiuFest
Gen.Kdo(s).
GenQu
GenSt.
GenStdH
Genst.d.Luftw.
GenSt.Offz.
Ges.
Gestapa
Gestapo
GFP
GG
GH
g.Kdos.
GL
GmbH
GPL
GPU
Gr.
g.Rs., gRs
GS
GSR
GStA
GULag
GWB
Abbreviations
Great Britain
Generalbevollmächtigter, -beauftragter für den
Arbeitseinsatz: general plenipotentiary for manpower
Generalbevollmächtigter für die Regelung der
Bauwirtschaft: general plenipotentiary for control
of construction
Generalbauinspektor für die Reichshauptstadt:
general building inspector for the Reich capital
Gebirgsdivision: mountain division
Gebirgsjäger-Regiment
geheim: secret
General
Generaladmiral: admiral (commanding a fleet)
General der Pioniere und Festungen: general of
engineers and fortifications
Generalkommando(s): corps HQ(s)
Generalquartiermeister: quartermaster general
Generalstab: general staff
Generalstab des Heeres: army general staff
Generalstab der Luftwaffe: Luftwaffe general staff
Generalstabsoffizier: officer serving on the
general staff
Gesandter: envoy
Geheimes Staatspolizeiamt: Gestapo office
Geheime Staatspolizei: secret police
Geheime Feldpolizei: secret field police
Geschichte und Gesellschaft
German History
geheime Kommandosache: top secret (military)
Gauleiter
Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung: (approx.)
limited company
Gaupropagandaleiter: head of Gau propaganda
Gosudarstvennoe Političeskoe Upravlenie (USSR
political directorate, c.1923)
Gruppe: group
geheime Reichssache: top secret (political)
(serving on the) general staff
German Studies Review
Geheimes Preußisches Staatsarchiv (secret
Prussian state archives), Berlin
Glavnoe upravlenie lagerej (USSR penal
camps administration)
Gauwirtschaftsberater: Gau economic adviser
Abbreviations
GWU
GZ
H
HAStK
HdAkten
H.Dv., HDv
HE
H.Geb.
H.Gr.
HGS
HIS
Hiwi
HJ
HJ
HOKW
HPA
H.Q., HQ, Hq.
HQu
HR
Hrüst
HSSPF
HStA
HWesAbt
HZ
ICRC
IfZ
ILA
IMT
Inf.
Inf.Div., ID
Ing.
IR
ISD
IT
IWK
IWM
xxiii
Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht
Zentralabteilung: central office (of army general staff)
Heer: army
Historisches Archiv der Stadt Köln: Cologne city
historical archives
Handakten: files
Heeresdruckvorschrift: army manual
high-explosive (bomb)
Heeresgebiet: army area
Heeresgruppe: army group
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung: Hamburg
Institute for Social Research
Hilfswillige(r): (foreign) volunteer auxiliary
Historical Journal
Hitlerjugend: Hitler Youth
OKW headquarters
Heerespersonalamt: army personnel office
headquarters
headquarters
Heeresrechtsabteilung: army legal department
Heeresrüstung(s-): army armament(s)
Höhere(r) SS- und Polizeiführer: senior SS
and police leader
Hauptstaatsarchiv: main state archives
Heerwesenabteilung: army affairs department in the
army general staff
Historische Zeitschrift
International Committee of the Red Cross
Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Munich
Interministerieller Luftkriegsschädenausschuß:
interministerial committee on bomb damage
International Military Tribunal
infantry
infantry division
Ingenieur: holder of an engineering degree
infantry regiment
Internationaler Suchdienst des Roten Kreuzes
(International Red Cross Tracing Service), Bad
Arolsen
Irving Trial
Internationale Wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz
Imperial War Museum