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Tesn ilpHHuI4nH BKJrroqBar: Ha rnrrHo-MoAH0L{r{HpaHr4 flpatso Ha BceKu Ha 3IpaBocnoBeH 14 ripor43BoAHTeJreH xHBoT xapMoHr4r c npupoAara; 3aurrlla HarpaBara Ha no KoJr e H Hfl ; !I HTe rpa ryHfr Ha e KoJi oI- l{rr H HTe, co dtAerlure ur,r€Lir H r,rTe 14 l.{KoHoMHqecKHTe acneKTH FIa BCHLTKH HHBa; MeX(iIyHa- poAHo Koonepr4paBe v naprHbopcrBo; npHnaraHe Ha frpeBaHTUBeH IIOAXOA nO OTHOrrreHr4e Ha OKOJTHaTa CpeAa; 3aAtnXeHlIe 3a KoMneHcaliHfl OT CTpaHa Ha 3alsbpcHTeirt; or{e}rKa Ha nrsAeilcrBr{ero rbpxy oKoirHara cpeAa; npu3HaBaHe Ha pontTa H HHTepecHTe Ha xeHr4Te, MnaAexHTe !t HaCereHHe; 3aUIHTa Ha MUpa H Ap. Br:guxnaHero Ha ra3li "HoBa HAeonof r4fr" ce cbnpo- MeOHOTO BoxAa H cbc 3HaqHTeJrHa npoMtHa Ha "TpaAHuHoHHoro pa:6r'rpaHe" 3a pa3eurfiero Karo reopr4fl rl noJrprrr,rrar . Tona o6uro pa:6upaHe :a ycrofiq14Bocrra o6a.{e e seo6xoAnno 4a npra4o6r4e KoHKpereH l43pil3 u Aa ce "[peBeAe" Ha e3aKa Ha npaK'rHKaTa BbB Br4A Ha 3aKOHH, HOpMH, yKa3aHHt, noAXoAH 3a orreHKa r,r r.H. Heuo noBeqe ro rpr6oa Aa ce npeBbpHe B cboTBerHo [oBeAeHHe Ha pa3JrHqHHTe afeHTH 14 cbcrorHrae (na ycrofivneocr) Ha rexHr,rre crpyKrypn $epl,tu, opraHn3aunn, o6urnocrr4 u r.H. OcseH roBa npHHuHrrHo (aexnaparueHo) pa:6upaHe Haycrofi.tuBocrra ce notBHXa u no "oneparuBuu" AeSnHLrLIrrvr. Taxa HanpHMep, ycrofiunnocna Ha Qeprvrara qecTo ce onpeAenr Karo "ue6op om cmpamezuu" (M i r o v i t s k a y a and A s c h e r, 2001). VnpanneHqecxure noAXoAH, Kor4To safi-o6uto ce cBbp3Bar c Het ca: caMo3aAOBOntBaHe qpe3 I43nOn3BaHe Ha npOH3BeAeHI,I BbB Sepruara HJrr,r JroKarHH "BbrpeurHu" pecypcn t4 Hoy xay; c "T]truqnfl're" (naacoBo pa3- rrpocrpaHe H rn) Seprr,r ra. Pa:6rapaHero Ha ycrofiqusocrra Karo "noJf,'(og Ha 6ep' MepcrBo", o6aqe He BI4Hafn e none3Ho 3aaAeKBarHaoueHKa Ha ycrofiuueocrra H 3a "HacoqBaHe Ha rIpoMeHHTe B 3eM eAen He r o" . II t peo, crparer TI4KH", Kor4To Bb3HHKBar Karo vpff e v' ]crofru nwlTe rIpaKorroBop Ha npo6leunre n pa3BuTure crpaHu He BHHaTH ca aKryilnHlt 3a cneura$r,ruHHTe ycnoBr4fl Ha Bctxa crpaHa. Hanpnrrlep, 3Har{HTeJIeH npo6renr n 6urrapcxnre Seplau e HeAocrarbLlHoro Bb3cra- ropoee) HoBtBaHe (xorr,rneucalrl4f, c xr4MHqecKu qeHHfi c peKonrara pa3 npocltpaHeHl4 KcTe e Ha H3BJIe- a3o! xarufi, n Qoc$op; nIHpoKo ca H 3 I,I B H I4Te 14 npl4 M HTH B H ,11o fpH)r(hre 26 14 I Jrofrrri (ueAou:noJI3BaHe Ha xuMI4KILJIH, npl4JlafaHe Ha MHoro pbqeH TpyA H xuBorprHcxa rtra lr r.H.); orpoMna Llacr l or \ xHBorHoBbAHHTe SepuH 3a MHHuarlopHtI u eKcreHcronaHcrBa LI T.H. O.{eeHAHo e, qe re3I,I npo6lerrar't ca AOcTa pa3nHr{HH or HefarI{BHH're fiocileAlrq]r B pe3ynrar Ha npeKaJre Hara ra Hreu:uSI4 Kaunt Ha 3eMeAen nero B Enponeficxu-f, cblo3 H ocraHil[I4Tepa3BHTt4 crpaHu. Heuo rloBeve, ftepapxnflTaHa IreJlHTe B AaA,eHa crpaHa cbulo ce npoMeHr BbB BpeMero2, Koero npaBn To3H noAxoA HenoAXo3I4BHI4 Aru 3a cpaBHtBaHe ycrofivuHocrra Ha Seprvrure B parrl4r{- HfiTe CTpaHVHJwI B A[HaMI4Ka. Ha e m op o Mtcro, no,uo6uo pas6upaHe Mo)Ke Aa orpeqe HflKOr4 nOAXOAI4, KOpITO Ca CBbp3aHH C MOAepHOT0 $epl.repcrBo H BbnpeKll ToBa noBulllaBaulu ycrofiuuBocrra. Hanpnruep, o6ulou3BecrHo e, qe 6nopa:noo6pa3rero u [or{BeHoro nnoAopoAlde ce rloAAbpxar I4 noBH[raBar upe: eSexrI,IBHr4 o6pa6orrn, a He 'tpe: "eylenu o6pa6orrt4" v 6egcronaHcKo orHoureHae KbM 3eMtra. Tpemo,roea pa:6plpaHe rlpaBn HeBb3MoxHa oqenxara Ha EpuHoca Ha AaAeHa crparerufl xtu ycroftuneoctra, r :a Olaroct,croflHHero t HTe TeX HO- tlfi I H:ueHeHufr'ra Ha noJrHTHKara sa EC, Ha pa3nurrHnTe r4HTepHaunoHilJrHH op[aHH3aqHH (CeeronHara EaHra H Ap.), Ha nporpaMHTe 3a pa3BHTHe Ha 3eMeaennero H ceJIcKHTe paEoHu y Hac ca norBlpxAeHue 3a roBa. 2 90-re roArlH]t EC npoaoBoJrcrBeHara clrrypHocr H MarcuMturu3auurra Ha Ao6Hea 6eule npuopt'ITer. Cera rorl e 3aMeHeH c KaqecrBoro, parHoo6pa:Hero i HaMaJrrBane 6por Ha xHBorHHTe B crarara H nacuurara; rrbJrHo ueHooo6pa3yBaHe Ha BJIo)KeHvfl'rail 3a[naqaHe 3a creflenTa ua ycrofiuuBocr Ha Aa.(eHa Qepua ce ycra- B t BaHe Ha noBeqe MecTHI4 pacreHufl H TexHoJIoflIH, noA- pa3BHTHe Ha (cencxrare) o6utHocrr4Te; paBHonpaBl4e Ha 3arra3BaHero Ha arpapHara KyJrrypa u Hacne.&crao; f r,rM 6eronacHocra Ha xpaHure; o[a3BaHero Ha xuBorHtlre. u no,no6prnauero Ha rlpupoAHara cpera u 6uoparuoo6pa:nero: ( tz 'H J. t4 ulr.rcud.rc 'erzwdeQ eu ..r:raSa uillfigo., esehf,[ou o,tHox ('Hr n eJadox eH Gra*HKOJtaSOJeL:-q ac i.r (n.1,(uc{ u r,rr:r,(rodu sycdalrda$ nHnHrced)..nrxaQa aJHHrrarHxorlou-, c JadHW,{c ec .etsedr ersHtroxo eH aHzarcdrnrec) ..r30H40v grancffeYar{ee ro Hrxe$e arHHBHas-laH,. odaa I 3t lssrHotro r H orasedtre fxdc.a Hf,'eds .HHrcosf,u odgoV ec orsHglr{ olo}t€Htfg ro ceH ,{ ..r,Ixroged9o HHIIuti{HHHn I'l OrHseu,(u,, ou grrHHahsffs,( c HHuedqsc arnnarrgodg . :or3!It 3 HAH 3' AI Hq^t' ,,€rrtosghHortf ro oHhl'Ilff,€d Ornau ec ulfolr H€er €seJor 'etencr(uodu a orameds s'Ls oreHegexuc.trodu ?[ €rrevl4 ox?,. 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H I4Uen erl'IHhl411'tud€t{ ..r3exor,, €r€HuerHHBedc SH OloHrlfStreduO'gusOderusH OHHlItre s orl{rerege)Iou 3H OreH?I[q.daodu J -BOli3/( 0JOHI I eH JeA?8OHf,O HXhr4Cg OC HH€SdC'SC Hr30H lltrOXtrOU ,.l1Hgovf,, HESJ' .Hhr,rHHve .dr n uHnuduu 'uHrruterdeH3 'HHdel i -[09 s oJl4lroJ?t€xou eH .,oH3dHfuerHl',t" ef, nroxtrou HH -tedgooHffi d rerertredll e J 6oroH?8 da l {tl4q,c,, 3t e hl e llgodu eH oHesemedsed 3€ 'etred3 ereHlro)o fxdc's rxeoe tsHHSHTeJSH 14 (vr(fu TI',IHI{OeH 3H eH?rn?uu?f, 'osrcehex . tc ou raruxrrvodu) Y KdJ- pn€JsI.I8o tf 3{ € H OIOHefl KdgOvOr u .eHedrc eHve ro etroxotr tr ellraugotr 3H OleH€Sgmnsou duxeni dewraduus - !{ron eJHHht4u[ed oHe8ltehux Ktrxer,r .orxltu$uox,, SSfgrJorns.c'errego orJeh-HBH .H'J rxeQa es tcoH4eY ur'r4Jd.(ced fiHesrlfou€lf uf, - ulfolssexor godg eH o)rrruw eH 14 }tHtrOdOneed lestlfou[I4 e3 sXHanO amnwdaQt DH outunosnhnowc{ ou oxuaho CI€ ee erl4rJoHxontq,8 n ef,nlruHe uH erHroII r0 rf,olr{Hcn8Et g'(??002''ror 14 e s en xVe X :S002''lela srsel3 d :ZOaZ1 s r 1 s V pue ? r e s e N'er n e p ! 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Oqenxara Ha ycroftuuBocrra na $epruraLaBa npeAcraBa za 6'udettlemo, a He Aa KoHcrarupa Mr4Harrr u Hacrorupi cbcroqHHr (Aocrrtrauero cpaBHeHue Ha lora3arenr{Te na $eprtaara He BbB BpeMero, a cbc cpeAHHTe paBHr4r[a Ha flpeAnplrflTvflTa B noAoTpa- Ha KoHKperHH qer14 B onpeAeneHH Mot\4eHTr4 cbJra, ra rpx6na na Apyr or epevero). rroAXoA uHreprperupa ycroriuunocrra Karo "cnoco1Hocm (nomeu4ual) Ha cucme.rtqma da nodduprca u nodo6pa6a cGoume $yurctptu" (H a n s e n, 1996:Lopez-R i d aura, M aseraand A s ti er, 20AD. B ra:u Bpb3r(a Hafi-uanpeA ce onpeAenrr pa3nHqHH 3a ce us6erHe roBa, ce flpeAnara u3noJr3BaHero Ha pafioua 14 T.H. flosnrlrnHoro orrroHeHue or cpeAHure o6aqe, AaBa MaJrKa [peAcraBa 3a yc'rofiqr4Bocrra Ha $epn,tnre, rufi xaro ca r43BecrHH MHoro cilyqau, B Kor4To BcHtrKr4 crpyKrypr4 B AaAeHr.r (noa) orpacnrr npafiouu ca ueycrofi.rLtBn - orMHpaun orpacnu, HeKoHKypeHTHu rrpoH3BollcTBa, nycTeerqr4 pa[oHr4 14 T.H. cMtTar 3aeAso c roBa, cbulecrBen npo6.neru npn To3r4 noAXoA e,[erepM HH Hpar uefi Hara ycroft .r neocr Karo : cra6ul Hocr, noreH urran 3a cb nporra aa (res i I ience) ; HaAe)r(AHocr, c ttoco6Hocr 3a ouenrBaHe, npoAyKTr4BHocr; Kar{ecrBo Ha rroq- e, qe Hafi-qecro e HeBb3Mo)r(Ho Aa ce [pe,[noxr4 eAr4H eAnHcrBeH H3MepHTer 3a BceKw atpu6yr. Toea or ceoq crpaHa H3HcKBa HrKaKBo cy6exrnnHo "cbr43Mepeaue" u ocHoBH14 xapaKTepHcTt4Kr4 Ha clrcTeMaTa, KoHTo ce q Bt,3AyXa, HeKyJrTypHH BttAOBe, eHeprUfiHa npHopr4Tr,r3npaHe Ha MHoxecTBoTo rroKa3aTeJr14, KoeTo e eSercrraeHocr, caMo3aAoBonrBaHe, couuarHa cnpaBeAnHBocr, counanHa npr4eMnr4Bocr H r.H. CleA ToBa ce r4AeHru$r.t rlnpar floKa3areru 3a r43MepBaHe lra re3n arpulyrv u cBbp3aHo c Ber{e onncaHure rpyAHocru Ha LpyfHTe noAxoAH 3a orreHKa. Tosr{ noAXoA r{rHopnpa I4HcrI{TyuHo- ce orleHqBa TrxHaTa AHHaMHKa BbB BpeMero. Hanpnuep, 3a npoAyKTr4BHocrra uafi-qecro ce H3nor3Bar noKa3arenu rcaro Ao6uB, KaqecrBo Ha npoAyKTa, ne'{ar6a, AoxoAHocr HHT9JTHHTe npeAr.rMCTBa BaTa, BOAaTa 14 H3MepeHHt, CpaBHa an',repHaTHBHHTe ynpaB- HaJTHHTe 14 Mar(poHKOHOMHqeCKI4Te neHqecKu crpyrypH H HeeIHaKBHTe qeJu, Ha pa3nHqHHTe n ap. B aFpapHara HKoHoMr4Ka ruHpor(o pa3fipocrpaHeHue TunoBe dreprr,lu. A r.rueHHo re:n Saxropu ca or nbpBocreneHo 3HaqeHlre, Kofaro craBa AyMa 3a (oueHKa Ha) yc- HMar H MoAenure 3a o6rqa npoH3BoAHTeJrHocr na Sax- rofiqneocrra TOpHre. ueft uu seprran, Qnprrau, KooIIeparHBH. I-lpeguucrBo Ha ro3r4 rroAXoA e, qe cBbp3Ba ycroririHBocrra cbc caMara cucreMa n c uefiuara cnoco6Hocr ga SyHxur4oHupa n 6tAerqe. Toft naBa u oneparluoneH *lhconoM rrrrcKrrnrtt npo6.lrena ga crpyKrypfi - ce- Ha Mr4Kpor4xoHoMr4qecKr4Te ycrofiquBocrra rpurepuil sa ycrofivr{Bocrra, Koero rro3BoJrrBa La ce raleHru0uunpar orpaHuqe HVflTa r4 oueHrr pa3JrHqHure Haqr4HH sa HefiHoro rroBuruaBaHe. OcseH ToBa He e cJIo)KHo KOIHqeCTBeHOTO I43MepBaHe Ha nOKa3aTeJIUTe, TTXHOTO IIPCACTAB'HE KATO HHACKC BbB BPCMETO fl CbOTBETHATA HHTepnperar"{Hr Ha paBHUUIero Ha ycrofiuHnocr (nounxaBaua ce, IloBt{[raBarua ce, Heu3rvreHHa). Trfi Karo rpeHAa orpa3rBa arperarHoro er:AeficrBue Ha HrKoJrKo AerepMHHaHTa, ToBa enHMHHHpa u ueo6xoAl4Mocrra or Koncrpy- HpaHero Ha cJroxHr4 (r,r vranxo eSercrunHu) uoAenH 3a arpef HpaHe Ha r4HApiKaTopHTe. flpelnaraHHTe noAXoAa o6aqe, uMar H cr,ulecrBeHu HeAOCTaTbUr,r, KOHTO Ca CBbp3aHH IIbpBO C HenpaBHnHOTO Aonycr(aHe, ue 6r4euloro cbcrorHue Ha cr4creMara Moxe Aa ce [peABHAu qpe3 eKcTpanoJ]aur4r Ha Mur{aJrH TpeHAoBe" Heuto rroBeqe, 3a HoBou3rpaAeHr4 crpyr(rypn rE Qeprtau (arrra) ncropns e u:o6ruo HeBb3MoxHo .qa ce H3noJr3Ba ro3u noAXoA 3a oueHKa Ha ycrofivunocrraT . OceeH ToBa, "Herarr.rBHure" rpoMeHI{ Ha HrIKor4 or nora3areJlure (lo6rae, AoxoA, KaqecrBo Ha Bb3Ayxa H BoAara, 6uopa:Hoo6pa:ue ra r.n.) Morar ra ca pe3ynrar Ha "HopMarHI4" npoqec H Ha SyHruaoHupaHe Ha QepMar a v Hacr{creM ure, tracr or Kor4To e rr (Sryrcryauur Ha na3apHuTe ueHH, ecrecTBeHH unKnu B ruIuMara, o6ulo 3aMbpcrBaHe B pe3ynrar 6es Ha HHAycrpuanHoro pa3Br{THe H Ap.) 6ez naca cBbp3aHrr c AHHaMuKara Ha ycrofiunnocrra Ha orreHrBaHara $eprtaa. flpo6nerr,tlr :a ycrofiquBocrra BHHaTH e 6un BaxHa qacr or rrKoHoMnqecKara reoplm. Hafi-qecro rofi MecrHo npon3BoAcrBo" (ioint production character) (OECD,2001). Koraro e HaJIHue o6ura co6creeHocr H "cBo6oAeH Aoc- run (open access) Ao ecrecrBeHo orpaHHqeHH ilpHpoAHH pecypcn, ToraBa cbulecrByBa reHAeH wn 3a ueeSexrueuo (npexorraepuo) u:nor3BaHe Ha re3u pecypct4. Tarca HanpHMep, cbu-{ecrByBar onpeAeJleHu ecTecTBeHH fpaHHqH :a "yctofi.{I4Boro" I43noJI3BaHe Ha nacr4ue (:a xunoruoBbAHa Seprt,ta) rrnr4 e3epo (sa pra6no crofiaHcrBo Hn]r HpHraqrar). ,,{rnrocpoqHara e$exrunHocr (ao6ran) ue HaMaJtree, aKo 6poar Ha nacflrrr4Te xuBorHL4 LrlrvrynoBa na pu6a HapacrHe r43BbH HopMHTe:a e$exruBHo ecrecrBeHo Bb3npou3BoAcrBo. flpH uugraBuAyzlnHa tfeprr,ta (eAr.rn non:naren) rurr4 qacrHa co6creeHocr HtMa Aa Bb3HI{Kna rcon$Jrr4KT Melr(Ay e$erruenocrra u ycrofiuuBocrra - Iqe ce .4OCTHfa AO MaKCHMAJIT'3AIII1.fr Ha npOAyI(Ta BbB BpeMero. s Bct,usocr Haii-qecro o6rqoro paBHHrrle ua ycroftuHBocr Ha AaAeHa cHcreMa ce onpeAeJrrl or paBHHulero Ha ycroftvneocr (rpu'r'uvecxur) e,reveHr c safi-sHcra ycrofivuBocr. 6 "/{r.rcrperHo" cbcrorHue Ha Heycrofiunnocr (t}anur) e ue caMo Bb3Mo)KHo, Ho H qecro cpe[raHa crTya\wfl. 7 B Haurero ce,tcKo cronaHcrBo 28 AoMHHHpar HMeHo noAo6Hu ce Ar,rcrryrnpa no orHoueHHe Ha (ue)eSeKrr4BHocrra or H3rron3Basesa o6ulu npupoAHr{ pecypcu ("ffagedy of commons") (H ard in, 1968), 14 Ha"Herarr4BHhre BbHruHu e$exru" ("negative externalities") cerp3aHn c HrKoH or Aefisocrure (P i g o u, 1920). B nocreAHure roAnHl4, ro3u npo6leu HapacrBarrlo ce acouuvpa c "uymu$yHKunoHarHocrra" Ha 3eMe4eJruero pr HefoBHfl xaparffep Ha "cbB- crpyKrypu, BI3HHKHaTH B IIocneAHHre l5 roAuHlt. 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S HH JEJON or)ruv €reHF e3 €E s edl.ir ' ora JO OIA '(rufi>i -0res HHEIfE H EJX LISY EI HHhqI i(urar EH EH !(eceH 3T^IBH atunwdaQt DH nutuooannryowcr( rttt oxuaho oF. QoxQoll I4rcouo.vuxa u ynpasneHue Ha ce-rycnomo cmonaHcmeo, 50, 6/2A05 Ha AbpxaBara" B To3H npouec. Aualnglr Ha rpaH3ax{HoHHUre pa3xoAl,r u4eHrra$uuupa unpox crreKrbp or "npoBall4 Ha rla3apa", cBtp3aHu c HeonpeAenel-tH louo THBHa I4nH AelepMr4Hr4paHn rpaBa ua codcrneHocr; nee$exo6uecreeHa cucreMa 3a caHKuuoHrlpaHe Ha KoHT- paKTr4Te; BHCOKa HeOnpeAeneHOCT 14 3aBUCHMOCT, H HnCKa npucBoreMocr Ha rpaH3aKuHHTe r4 r.s. HxosoMlrqecKuTe areHTH peuaBaT npoorrerura 3a npoBara Ha na3apa, pa3hpHeafrxu pa3nlrr{HH (n nHcoxo ycrofiuunr,r).racrHu $opnur:a e$e r<rra n ua rpaH3ar( q ns. r{acr Hr4flr ce Krop (ao ro eop uara 4.Earl e B, X. (20006): EQemunHra Qoprvru 3aynpaBneHue arpapHure rpaH3aKuHH. - HrcouovvKav ynpaBneHue Ha ceJlcKoro cronancrBo, No 4. 5. E a rr e B , X. 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OECD (2001): Multifunctionality; Towards an Analytical Framework, Paris. 20. P i g ou, A. (1920): Economics ofWelfare, Macmillan and Co. London. zl.Peeters, A.,M.Hermy, E. M athij s,B. Mu- s, M. V a n c I o o s t e r, C . B i e I d e r s (2005): Framework for Assessing Sustainability Levels in Belgiurn Agricul- y i,, It -lncFi >lJoA\e -nhl uuilI -euv sseJd eSueq '? S00e '0t't0 DH Dwwnhxnpad I otrnuq"ut)ou a DwanluoutJ -uoJL srolrp 'srsf leue IB uortnlqsut'rQr rgeulelsns uuu3 1 :s pJon fay 'suor8e.r pu€ sJolcas-qns 'sod,tl luoJeJJrp Jo suueJ uoetuoq de8 ecueuJogred pue euocur ueprl\ ss llet*r se Sutuueg eull-ued pu€ ocuelsls -qns pue san4uradooc pue surreJ e8rel Jo ,qlllq"uletsns ecuequo 11rm ('c1e 'setptsqns uodxa 'stuerSord lelueu - uorrluo-uEe puu lue udo l enep'slue utfed lcelp) uoddns crlqndgo la^al oql Eursee;cu! 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