Herrmann, Ulrich Das Gymnasium zwischen Bildung und Beschleunigung. Zur Aktualität von "Schulzeitverkürzung und Studiendauer" von Wilhelm Flitner (1937) Pädagogische Korrespondenz (2014) 50, S. 19-29 Empfohlene Zitierung/ Suggested Citation: Herrmann, Ulrich: Das Gymnasium zwischen Bildung und Beschleunigung. Zur Aktualität von "Schulzeitverkürzung und Studiendauer" von Wilhelm Flitner (1937) - In: Pädagogische Korrespondenz (2014) 50, S. 19-29 - URN: urn:nbn:de:0111-pedocs-122832 in Kooperation mit / in cooperation with: http://www.budrich-unipress.de Nutzungsbedingungen Terms of use Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. 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Kontakt / Contact: peDOCS Deutsches Institut für Internationale Pädagogische Forschung (DIPF) Informationszentrum (IZ) Bildung E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.pedocs.de I NST ITUT FÜR P ÄDAGOG IK UND G ESELLSCHAFT PÄDAGOG ISCHE KORRESPONDENZ HEFT 5 0 HERBST 2014 Z e i t s ch r i f tfü r K r i t i s ch eZ e i td i agn o s t i k inP äd ag og i kund G e s e l l s ch a f t BUDR ICH U N IPRESS O PLADEN &T ORONTO 2·P äd a go g i s c h eK o r r e s po n d e n z ·50 / 14 D i eZ e i t s ch r i f tw i r dh e r a u s g eg e b env om I n s t i t u tf ü rP ä d a go g i ku n dG e s e l l s c h a f te .V .M ün s t e r , imV e r l agB ud r i c hU n iP r e s s ,L ev e r k u s e n R e d a k t i on s a d r e s s ei s t : I n s t i t u tf ü rP ä d a go g i ku n dG e s e l l s c h a f te .V . W i n dm üh l s t r a ß e5 ,6 03 2 9F r a nk f u r tam M a i n ,T e l .0 6 9 / 5 9 73 5 96 R e d a k t i on : K a r l -H e in zD amm e r(H e id e l b e rg ) P e t e rE u l e r(D a rm s t ad t ) I l anG u rZ e ’ e v(H a i f a )( † ) An d r e a sG r u s c hk a(F r a nk f u r tam M a i n ) B e rn dH a ck l(G r a z ) S i eg l ind eJ o r n i t z(F r a n k f u r tam M a in ) An d r e aL i e s n e r(H am bu r g ) An d r e a sW e r n e t(H a n no v e r ) An t on i oZ u i n(S aõC a r l o s ) M a nu s k r i p t ew e rd e na l s wo rd -D a t e i ena nd e ng e s ch ä f t s f üh r en d e nH e r au s g e b e re r b e t e n( a . g r u s c hk a@ em .un i f r an k f u r t .d e )un dd u r c h l a u f e ne i nB e gu t a ch t un g s v e r f a h r e n . Ab on n em en t su ndE i n z e l b e s t e l l un g en : I n s t i t u tf ü rP ä d a go g i ku n dG e s e l l s c h a f te .V . W i n dm üh l s t r a ß e5 ,6 03 2 9F r a nk f u r tam M a i n ,T e l .0 6 9 / 5 9 73 5 96 D e rJ a h r e s b e z u g s p r e i sd e rP ä da g og i s c h e nK o r r e s po n d e n z b e t r ä g timI n l a ndf ü rzw e iA u s g a b e n2 3 , –EUROz z g l .4 , –EUROV e r s a n d . D a sE i n z e l h e f tk o s t e timIn l a nd1 2 , 5 0EUROz z g l .2 , 50EUROV e r s an d . B e zug s p r e i s eAu s l a n dj ew e i l sz zg l .g ewün s ch t emV e r s andw eg . K ü n d i g un g s f r i s t :s c h r i f t l i c h ,d r e iM on a t ez umJ a h r e s e n d e . C op y r i gh t : ©2 0 14f ü ra l l eB e i t r ä g es ow e i tn i c h ta nd e r sv e rm e r k ts ow i ef ü r d e nT i t e lb e imI n s t i t u tf ü rP ä d a go g i ku n dG e s e l l s c h a f t ,M ü n s t e r . O r i g i n a l a u s g a b e .A l l eR e c h t evo r b e h a l t e n . ISSN09 3 3 6 3 89 B u c hh a n d e l s v e r t r i e b : I n s t i t u tf ü rP ä d a go g i ku n dG e s e l l s c h a f te .V . Sa t z &La yo u t :Su s a n n eA l b r e c h t ,L e v e r k u s e n A n z e i g e nu ndG e s am t h e r s t e l l un g : V e r l a gB u d r i c hUn iP r e s sL t d . ,S t a u f f e n b e rg s t r .7 ,D 5 1 37 9L e v e rk u s e n ph+ 4 9( 0 ) 21 7 134 4 69 4•f x+ 49( 0 ) 2 17 13 44 6 93 www . b ud r i c h un i p r e s s . d e INHALT Pädagog ischeKo r re spondenz·He f t50 ·W in te r2014 5 IN MEMOR IAM M i c h a e lT i s c h e r 7 M i cha e lT i s ch e r P r awd a 12 H ISTOR ISCHESLEHRSTÜCK W i l h e lmF l i t n e r S ch u l z e i t v e r kü r zu n gun dS t u d i end a u e r 19 U l r i chH e r rma nn D a sGym n a s i umzw i s c h e nB i l du ngu n dB e s c h l e u n i g un g .Z u r A k t u a l i t ä tvo n„S c h u l z e i t v e r k ü r z u ngu n dS t u d i e n d a u e r “ vo nW i l h e lmF l i t n e r( 19 3 7 ) 30 KÄLTESTUD IE Ann eK i r s chn e r H a t t i e sT r a n s p a r e n z t r a um :F r e i eS i c h ta u fd a sL e h r e nun dL e r n e n 49 DASAKTUELLETHEMA An d r ea sG ru s c h ka W e rg ew i n n td e n D eu t s c h e nS ch u l p r e i s? VomP r e i s e n ,vo nW e t t b ew e r b e nu n dd e rS e l b s t e rh ö hu n g 67 UNTERR ICHTSFORSCHUNG F ra n kOh l ha v e r „W a r umd a r fd i em i tL ap t ops p i e l e nun dw i rn i ch t ? “–E i n e F a l l a n a l y s ez u rb e r u f l i c h e nI n i t i a t i onu ndK o op e r a t i o nvo n L eh r am t s s t ud i e r en d e nimS chu l p r a k t i k um 86 D IDAKT IKUM M a r i o nP o l lm a nn s Vom W i d e r sp r u chd e sUn t e r r i ch t e n su ndd e sA n e i g n e n s 10 1 AUS W ISSENSCHAFTUNDLEHRE M a r v i nB au d i s c h /F r e d e r i cH a i n In t e r e s s i e r te u c h !V e r su c hü b e re i nE t h o sd e rL e h r am t s s t ud i e r e n d e n Z u rA k t u a l i t ä tv on W i l h e lmF l i t n e r·19 U l r i chH e r rmann D a sGym n a s iumzw i s ch enB i ldungund B e s ch l eun igung . Zu rAk tu a l i t ä tvon„S chu l z e i tve rkü r zungundS tud i end au e r “ 1 von W i lh e lmF l i tn e r(1 937 ) „Au sw i ch t ig enb e vö l k e rung spo l i t i s ch enG ründ enhab ei ch d i en eun jäh r ig eHöh e r eS chu l ea u fa ch tJah r ev e r kü r z t .“ B e r n h a r dR u s t ,R e i c h s -u n dP r e u ß i s c h e rM i n i s t e rf ü r W i s s e n s c h a f t ,E r z i e h u n gu n dV o l k s b i l d u n g ,E r l a s sv o n1 9 3 72 „da si s td i ekon s equ en t eFo r t s e t zungd e rEn tw i c k lung d e sd eu t s ch enG ymna s ium s“ An n e t t eS c h a v a n ,Ku l t u sm i n i s t e r i nB ad e n -W ü r t t em b e r g , 3 imS t u t t g a r t e rL a n d t a gam2 5 .J u n i2 0 0 3 „ ,H yd rau l i s ch ePädagog i k ‘z e r s tö r tB i ldun g sb e r e i t s cha f t , s i ep rodu z i e r tk e in eG en i e s ,sond e rnk ran k eK ind e r .“ J o a c h imB a u e r :L o bd e rS c h u l e ,H am b u r g2 0 0 7 ,S .3 8 „E sg ib tüb e rhaup tk e in eninha l t l i ch enG rund , d i eS chu l z e i tz uv e r kü r z en .“ H a n s -P e t e rM e i d i n g e r ,B u n d e s v o r s i t z e n d e rd e s Ph i lo log en -V e rb a nd e s ,ind e rt a zam29 .1 0 .2 014 I N a c hd e n„w i c h t i g e nb e vö l k e r u n g s p o l i t i sc h e nG r ü n d e n “ ,a u fd i es i c hM i n i s t e rR u s tb e z o g ,m u s s t en i c h tl a ng eg e s u c h tw e r d e n .W i l h e lmF l i t n e re rw ä hn t s i ee i ng a ng s :W en nd i eA b s o l v e n t e nv onGym n a s i e nun dU n i v e r s i t ä t e nn i ch t 1 2 3 J e t z tin :D e r s . :G e s amm e l t eS ch r i f t en ,B and10 ,P ad e r bo r n1 997 ,S .69 76 .– D i en a ch f o l g end enAu s füh r u n g enb e s ch r änk ens i chau fd a sP r ob l emd e rB eg r en zungd e sGym n a s ium s au f8S chu l j ah r e .D i eS tud i en z e i tv e rkü r zungdu r chd a sB a ch e lo r /M a s t e r -S y s t emb edü r f t e e in e re ig en enK r i t ik ,d i ed enR ahm end i e s e sKomm en t a r ssp r eng t e ;d i ew i ch t ig s t enG eg en a rgum e n t e( im p l i z i tau chg eg end a s BA -S t ud ium )h a tF l i tn e rs chonfo rm u l i e r t .– Zum S t andd e rK r i t ikh eu t e :L i e s sm ann2006sow i eN id a -Rüm e l in2006 . E r l a s svom20 . 3 . 1937 ,imAm t sb l a t t :D eu t s c h eW i s s en s ch a f t ,E r z i ehungu ndVo lk sb i l dun g . Am t sb l a t td e sR e i ch sm i n i s t e r ium sfü rW i s s e n s ch a f t ,E r z i ehungund Vo lk sb i ldu ngd e r Un t e r r i ch t sv e rw a l tung end e rL ä nd e r3(1937 ) ,N r .179 ,S .155 f . S ch av an2003 ,S .3163 . 20 ·P ä d ag o g i s c h eK o r r e s po n d e n z·5 0 / 1 4 au fA r b e i t s l o s i gk e i tt r e f f en ,son d e rna u fe i n e no f f e n enAu sb i l d un g s -u ndA r b e i t sm a rk t ,d anns o l l e ns i em ög l i c h s tr a s chi h r e nB e i t r agz u rvo l k sw i r t s ch a f t l i c h e nG e s am t l e i s t un ge r b r i n g e n .D e rH i n t e r g r u nd :„D e u t s c h l a n di s ta rma n R a umundanS ch ä t z end e sB od e n s ,s e i nw a h r e rN a t i o n a l r e i ch t uml i e g tind e r K r a f t ,i nd e rG l ä ub i g k e i tu n di nd e rT ü c h t i g k e i ts e i n e rM ä nn e run dF r a u e n . “ (Am t s b l a t t193 8 ,S .5 0 )W a sR u s tn a t ü r l i c hn i c h te rw ä h n t e ,w a rd e rUm s t a nd , d a s sd i ee xp a n d i e r e nd eW e h rm a ch td r i ng e n da u f(R e s e r v e )O f f i z i e r sb ew e r b e ran g ew i e s enw a r ,f ü rd eng ep l a n t e nK r i e gz um a l . W i es i c hd i eB i l d e rg l e i c h e n :Zw a rn i ch tm eh r„Vo lkohn eR aum “ ,ab e r oh n eB od e n s c h ä t z e ,w e sw e g en ,s od i eB u nd e sk a n z l e r i n ,d i ek l ug e nK öp f e d e rj u ng e nG e n e r a t i o n e nd e rw e r t vo l l s t e„R oh s t o f f “d e rN a t i ons e i e n .D i e s e r „R oh s t o f f “m u s sj e do c ha l s b a l de i n g e s e t z tw e rd e n .A ng e s i c h t sd e sd em og r a ph i s c h e nW a n d e l sm ü s s t en Ab i t u r i en t e nf r üh e ri n Au sb i l du n gu n d( v e r kü r z t e s )S t u d i umg eb r a c h tw e r d e n ,umr a s ch e rau fd em A r b e i t sm a rk tzu rV e r f ü 4 S i e wü r d end an nau c hb e s s e rm i ten t sp r e c h en dj u ng e nB e gu n gz us t e h e n . w e r b e r nau sd em Au s l an dk on k u r r i e r e nk ö nn e n( e b d . ,S .88 )–e i nS a c h v e r h a l t ,d e ri nW i r k l i c h k e i tn o c hk a ume i ng e t r e t e ni s t ,w e i ld i e s ea l sn i c h th i n r e i c h e ndq u a l i f i z i e r tg e l t e n .E g a l :M i td e rG ym n a s i a l z e i tv e r k ü r z un gume i n J ah r„ e n t s p r e c h en w i ri n t e rn a t i on a l e nV e r g l e i c h sm a ß s t ä b en “(S c h a v a n2 00 3 , S .3 16 3 ) .W e rw o l l t ed an o c hn a t i on a ld e n k e n ,imd e u t s c h e nB i l du ng s f ö d e r a l i sm u s wom ög l i c hg a rp r ov i n z i e l lg e s ch o l t e nw e rd e n ?A u fw e l c h e„V e r g l e i ch sm aß s t äb e “d i eM in i s t e r inS ch a v a ns i chb e zo g ,s ag t es i en i c h t .A u fd i e Po t e n t i a l eu n s e r e rf r i s chg e b a ck en e nD i p l om Ing en i e u r e ,au fd i eL e i s t u ng s f äh i gk e i tun s e r e rE xp o r t i nd u s t r i eu ndau fun s e r eE r f o l g s b i l a n zb e imEu ro p ä i s ch e nP a t e n t am tj ed en f a l l sn i ch t .H i n g eg e nw e ch s e l t es i ei n sS ch a u s p i e l f a ch „F ü r s o r g l i c hk e i t “ :D a sA b i t u rm ü s s em i t17o d e r1 8m ög l i c hs e i nu n dn i c h t e r s tm i t19od e r2 0J ah r en ,d en n :„W i rs i n de sd e nj un g e nL eu t e ns ch u l d i g , 5 Vo r d a s sw i rv e r a n two r t u ng s b ew u s s tm i ti h r e rL eb e n s z e i tum g eh e n . “( e bd . ) a l l emh ä t t e ns i esp ä t e rm e h rR e n t en b e i t r ag s j ah r evo r z uw e i s en(S to i b e r ) .D i e Gym n a s i a s t enh ab e na b e rg a n za nd e r eSo r g en .D i e s e r Um g ang m i tL eb en s z e i tfüh r t en äm l i c h ,w i en i ch tan d e r sz ue rw a r t eng ew e s e n ,z um e h rS t o f f un dL e i s t un g s d r u c k( „ hy d r au l i s ch eP äd a g og i k “ ) ,u ndd i ev onJo a c h imB au e r vo r a u sg e s ag t e nk r a nk e nK i n d e rfü h r t e nz ue i n emN e t zw e rkv o nK i nd e r -un d Jug e n d ä r z t e nimR a umS t u t t g a r tun t e rd emL ab e l„G 8i s ti nd e rS p r e c h s t un d e ang e k omm e n “(u n s p e z i f i s c h ep sy c h o s om a t i s ch eB e s chw e rd e nw i eK o p f 6 Un t e rd e rH a nd w u r d ea u chd e rG a n z s chm e r z en ,S c h l a f s t ö r un g e nu . a .m . ) . 4 5 6 Vg l .d a zud i eR e g i e r ung s e r k l ä r ungd e sb a y e r i s ch en M i n i s t e r p r ä s id en t enE dm undS to ib e r vom6 . 11 . 2003 ,au s zug sw e i s eabg ed r .in :K l emm2014 ,S .87 f . D i e s e sL e b en s z e i t -A r gum e n ts t amm t evonJü r g en B a um e r tau se in emg an zand e r e nZ u s amm enh ang ,n äm l i chd emf eh l e nd enL e r n zuw a ch sine in ig enF ä ch e r nine in ig enK l a s s en s tu f en :d a ss e iunv e r an two r t l i chv e r s chw end e t eL eb en s z e i t . D a zud i eE r g ebn i s s ee in e rM ün chn e rS tud i evon200 8( vg l .K l emm2014 ,S .96 ) : Kop f s chm e r z en ,R e i zb a rk e i t ,S ch l a f lo s igk e i t ,Üb e r fo r d e r ungind e rS chu l e ,Z e i tm ang e lfü rE r ho lung .– D i eB e l a s tungd e r G8 -S chü l e r / inn enm i tW o ch en a r b e i t s s tund en( b e s .am W o ch en end e ) wü r d eim„no rm a l en “A r b e i t s l eb enso fo r tzu rA r b e i t sn i ed e r l egungfüh r en !D e rv e r an two r t l i ch eUm g a ng m i td e rL eb en s z e i tjung e rM en s ch en ,d end i eM in i s t e r inS ch av anr e - Z u rA k t u a l i t ä tv on W i l h e lmF l i t n e r·21 t a g sb e t r i e be i n g e f ü h r t ,oh n ed a s sd i ed a f ü re r f o r d e r l i c h eIn f r a s t ru k t u rv o r h an d e ng ew e s e nw ä r e . W a sS c h a v a nn a t ü r l i c hn i c h te rw ä h n t e ,w a rd a sh a u s h a l t s p o l i t i s c h eS p a r z i e l : G ym n a s i a l l e h r e r / i n n e nf ü re i n e nk om p l e t t e nJ a h r g a n ge i n z u s p a r e n .U n dumk e i n eR e f e r e n d a r ea u s b i l d e nz um ü s s e n ,d i en a c h h e rn i c h tü b e r n omm e nw e r d e n k ö n n e n–uma l s oa u c hd i e s e nK o s t e n f a k t o r( „R o h s t o f f “a l sF e h l i n v e s t i t i o n ? ! )z u s e n k e n ,w u r d ea n s t e l l ed e rh e r k ömm l i c h e nL e h r am t s s t u d i e n g ä n g ed i eBA /MA S t u d i e n s t r u k t u ra u c hf ü rd a sL e h r am t s s tu d i ume i n g e f ü h r t ,b e id e r e nA b s c h l ü s s e n 7 k e i nA n s p r u c hm e h ra u fÜ b e r n a hm e i n sR e f e r e n d a r i a tb e s t e h t . I I B l e i b tim Gym n a s i umb e id e rB e s ch l e un i g un gd i eB i l du n gau fd e rS t r e c k e ? B i t t enu rj an i c h t !„D u r c hd i e s eM a ßn a hm ed a r fj e d o c hd i eB i l dun g s h öh ed e r Hö h e r enS ch u l en i ch th e r a b g em i nd e r tw e r d en .[… ]D i eg e s am t eA rb e i t[ i n d e rH ö h e r e nS c hu l e ]s o l ld a h e rvo nv o r n h e r e i na u fd a sZ i e ld e rR e i f ea u s g e r i c h t e ts e i n . “(R u s timAm t s b l a t t193 8 ,S .4 6 )O d e rv i e l l e i c h td o c h ?Z u rUm s t e l l unga u fG 8„g e h ö r e nn e u eB i l du n g s s t a nd a r d su n de i nK e rn c u r r i c u l um . [… ]W i rwo l l e n[… ]d i eK o n z en t r a t i o na u fd en‚G r u ndw o r t s ch a t z ‘e i n e sF a ch e s .W i r wo l l end i e Kon z e n t r a t ionau fFund am en t e ,au fG rund l ag e n ,au f d a s ,w a sd a n nno c hzuv e r t i e f t e rA l l g em e inb i l d u ngfü h r e nk a nn . “(S c h av an 20 0 3 ,S .3 1 64 )„K a n n “–u nd w e n nn i c h t ? Un dw a sm a ch te i n e rm i te in em „G rundwo r t s c h a t z “ ,w e nnihmd i eSy n t a xu n dd i eG r amm a t i kd e sF a c h e s f e h l e n ? 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B i l d u n g s k a t a s t r o p h e nk ö n n e na u fg a n zu n t e r s c h i e d l i c h eW e i s er e c h tw i r k s amh e r b e i g e f ü h r tw e r d e n .E sg e n ü g ts c h o n ,L e r n e nd u r c hr e l a t i vs i n n f r e i e „L e r n j o b s “a u fp u n k t u e l l eL e r n -L e i s t u n g s e r b r i n g u n gz ur e d u z i e r e n .S c h u l eu n d U n t e r r i c h tw e r d e nd a d u r c him K e r nd e r e g u l i e r t .D i e s e rB e f u n dw i r dd a d u r c h b e s t ä t i g t ,d a s si n zw i s c h e nd e rR u fn a c he i n e rp ä d a g o g i s c h e nR e -R e g u l i e r u n g u n ü b e r h ö r b a ri s t .D a b e is i n dd i ep ä d a g o g i s c h e nE i n s i c h t e nu n dG r u n d s ä t z e w a h r l i c hn i c h tn e u ;W i l h e lmF l i t n e rn e n n ts i eb e i l ä u f i g :d i eE n tw i c k l u n g sm ö g l i c h k e i t e nu n dd i eR e i f u n g s p r o z e s s ed e rS c h ü l e r / i n n e nv o l l z i e h e ns i c hm i tu n t e r s c h i e d l i c h e rG e s c hw i n d i g k e i ti nu n t e r s c h i e d l i c h eR i c h t u n g e n ;s i el e r n e nu n t e r s c h i e d l i c hr a s c hu n dg u t ;V e r s t e h e n s p r o z e s s el a s s e ns i c hn i c h tw i l l k ü r l i c h o d e rb e l i e b i gb e s c h l e u n i g e n( v g l .G r u s c h k a2 0 1 1 ;A e b l i1 9 8 0 / 8 1 ) ;g e i s t i g e S e l b s t ä n d i g k e i tl ä s s ts i c hn i c h tn a c hL e h r p l a na l sF a h r p l a nh e r b e i f ü h r e nu n d e r s tr e c h tn i c h td u r c hs t u p i d eG e d ä c h t n i s a b f r a g ef e s t s t e l l e n .A u sa l l ed em e r g i b ts i c h ,d a s sS c h u l eu n dU n t e r r i c h t ,L e h r e nu n dL e r n e n ,V e rm i t t e l nu n d A n e i g n e ni n d i v i d u e l le n tw i c k l u n g s g e r e c h te r f o l g e nm ü s s e n ,umd i eg ew ü n s c h t e nZ i e l ee r r e i c h b a rw e r d e nz ul a s s e n .U n s e rs t a r r e sJ a h r g a n g s s y s t em ,d a sv om M i l i t ä rü b e r n omm e nw u r d e ,i s te b e n s ozw e c kw i d r i gw i ed i ed u r c h g e t a k t e t e n S t o f f v e r t e i l u n g s p l ä n e ,d i ea u fd i eu n t e r s c h i e d l i c h e nL e r n -u n dA r b e i t s b e f ä h i g u n g e nimE n tw i c k l u n g s -u n dR e i f u n g s p r o z e s sv o nd e rK i n d h e i tü b e rP u b e r t ä t u n dJ u g e n d z e i tb i sa nd i eS c hw e l l ed e sE rw a c h s e n s e i n sk e i n eR ü c k s i c h tn e h m e n .D i es c h ä r f s t eS c h u l k r i t i kw i r dd a h e rz u rZ e i tv o n s e i t e nd e rE n tw i c k l u n g s n e u r o l o g i eu n dp ä d i a t r i es ow i ed e rN e u r o b i o l o g i ev o r g e t r a g e n( v g l .B a u e r 9 2 0 0 7 ;L a r g o2 0 1 0 ;R o t h2 0 1 1 ;S t r a u c h2 0 0 7 ) . I I I Ind e rS c h öp f u ng s g e s c h i ch t ed e rS c hu l e ns t eh tn i c h t süb e rd e r enA n f a n gun d E n d e( l e b e n s g e s c h i c h t l i c h )u ndd i eS c h u l b e s u c h sd a u e r . M a nk a nnb e i d e s w i l l kü r l i c hf e s t l e g e n :P f l i c h t s c h u l z e i tvo n6b i s16J a h r e n( f ü rF r ü h s t a r t e r a u c hm i t5 ) ,G ru n d s c h u l e4o d e r6J a h r e ,H öh e r eS c h u l e8o d e r9J a h r e( fü r sog .H o c hb e g a b t eau c hb e l i e b i gk ü r z e r ) ,V e r l äng e ru n g sm ög l i c hk e i t e nj en a ch V e r s e t z un g s o r dn u ngo d e ri nP r i v a t s c hu l e n .E b e n s ok ön n e nS c hu l l a u f b a h n e n un dP r o f i l b i l d un g e nn a c hd e rG r u nd s c h u l ew i l l kü r l i c he rö f f n e to d e rv e r s ch l o s s e nw e r d en :d u r c hG e s am t /G em e i n s ch a f t s s c h u l e nod e re i ng e g l i e d e r t e sS y s t emd e rs o g .w e i t e r f üh r e n d e nS c h u l e n ,m i tf a c h l i c h e nP r o f i l e n ,a l l g e 9 D e reh em .L e i t e rvonS a l em ,B e r nh a r dBu eb ,h a td en nau chzuR e ch td a r a u fh ing ew i e s en , d a s sL e i s tung s e r h ebung e nw i eb e iP ISAim15 .L e b en s j ah rzue in emZ e i tpunk tv o r g enom m enwü r d en ,and emd i eS chü l e rm i td e rPub er t ä te r s ts e i tku r z emd i eungü n s t ig s t eL e b en s ph a s efü rS chu l l e i s tung enh in t e rs i chh ä t t en . Z u rA k t u a l i t ä tv on W i l h e lmF l i t n e r·23 m e i nb i l d en do d e rb e r u f s o r i e n t i e r t ;d i eS a ckg a s s enun dd i eR e g e l un g enfü r Au f -u n d Ab s c hu l un g e ns i n de b en f a l l sw i l l kü r l i c h .E sk a nna l son i c h tv e r w u n d e r n ,d a s sd a sd e r z e i t i g eS y s t emb e id e nE l t e r nk e i n eh oh eA k z e p t a n z g e n i e ß t ,u ndi nd e rL e h r e r s c h a f tw e r d e nf a s tn u rd i eG ru n d s c h u l l e h r e r / i nn e n 1 0 a l sfü rd i eK i n d e rh i l f r e i c ha n e rk a n n tu n dw e r t g e s c h ä t z t . Fü rd i eH öh e r e nS ch u l e n wu rd ei nd e r NS -Z e i td i eTy p en v i e l f a l tb e s e i t i g tzugu n s t e ne i n e ra ch t j äh r i g en„Zw e i -S ä u l en -R eg e l un g “ :(1 )d i eOb e r s c hu l ea l s„N o rm a l f o rm “ ,g e t r e n n tf ü rJ u n g e n(m i t2 P r o f i l e n :m a t h em a t i s c h n a t u rw i s s e n s c h a f t l i c hun ds p r a c h l i c h )u nd M ä d c h e n( s p r a c h l i c hu ndh a u s w i r t s c h a f t l i c h ) ,g r u n d s t ä n d i go d e ra l sA u f b a u f o rma bK l a s s e7 ;( 2 )d a s g r u nd s t ä nd i g e Gym n a s i uma l s„So n d e r fo rm “( ! )(Am t sb l a t t193 8 ,S .5 3 f . ) . D e rU n t e r r i c h tw u r d es t r i k ta u fd e nV o rm i t t agb e g r e n z t(w ob e id e rS am s t ag vo rm i t t a gh i n z ug e r e c hn e tw e rd e nm u s s ) .D e rT ex t„E r z i e h un gun dUn t e r r i c h t i nd e rH ö h e r e nS c hu l e “( eb d . )i s tv ond e r NS I d eo l og i eg ep r ä g t ,w o z ud i e Ab s a g eand a s„T ru gb i l dd e rg eb i l d e t enP e r sö n l i c h k e i t “undd en„ f a l s c h e n e b d . ,S .4 9 )s ow i ed i eB e t o B i l dun g s a n s p r u ch “d e r„A l l g em e i n enB i l du ng “( nu n gvo nL e i s t un gu ndA u s l e s ef ü rd i eH e r a nb i l d u nge i n e rF u nk t i o n s e l i t eim NS „Füh r e r -S t a a t “g ehö r t . Ab e ra u ch d i e NS -P äd a g o g enh a t t e nd i eL eh r e n d e rm od e r n e nP sy c ho l o g i eu nd M e t h o d i kd e ss ch u l i s ch enL eh r e n sun dL e r n en sau sd e rR e fo rm p äd ag og i ksow i ed i eP r ax i sd e r„ Ju g e nd f üh ru n g “i nd e r Jug e n d b ew e g u ngv e r s t a nd e nun dw u s s t e ns i efü ri h r eZw e c k ezun u t z en(v g l . S ch o l t z19 89 ;H e r rm a nn19 9 4 ) .D ah e rl e s ens i chau chi nd i e s emNS -T ex td i e d am a l sm od e rn enL e h r e nzuS ch u l eun dU n t e r r i ch tw i ee i nG eg e nb i l dz ud e r h eu t i g e np ro p a g i e r t ent e ch no k r a t i s ch e nD e r e gu l i e r u ngd e sL e rn e n s . D e rB in n en r a umd e rS ch u lp r a x i sl i eß s i chau ch1938im Am t sb l a t tau f g r u nd p äd a g o g i s ch -p sy ch o l o g i s ch e ru nd m e t hod i s c h f a ch l i c h e rE r f a h ru n g un dE x p e r t i s efo l g en d e rm aß e na r t i k u l i e r e n :D i eB i l du ng s a rb e i td e r Hö h e r en S ch u l eb e r u h tau fd e rs e l b s t änd i g en An e i g n un gd e sW i s s e n su n dK ön n e n s ; d e rS c h ü l e rs o l ln i c h t„ f e r t i g eE r g e bn i s s eüb e rm i t t e l t “b e komm e n ,s on d e r n „ i nd eme rv e r an l a s s tw i rd ,d e nV o r g an gd e sE rk e nn en sun dV e r s t e h e n si n s i c hs e l b s tz uvo l l z i e h e n ,s o l li ni hmd i eF ä h i g k e i tz ue i g e n e r ,s e l b s t v e r a n t w o r t l i c h e rE n t s c h e i d u ngg ew e c k tw e r d e n . “D i e s eF ä h i g k e i te r g e b es i c ha b e r vo ra l l emdu r c hd a si n t e l l e k t u e l l e Ab a rb e i t e nan„W i d e r s t änd e n “( n e b e nb e i e in e rw i ch t ig e nF o rmd e r Ch a r a k t e r b i l du ng ) ,u nd W i s s en s v e rm i t t l unga l s S e l b s t zw e c ks e is ch äd l i c h :„ d a sV i e l e r l e is t um p f td i eS i nn eun dd en W i s s en s t r i e ba b ,e rm üd e td e nV e r s t a nd ,l ä hm td i eW i l l e n s k r a f t “ .„E i nS i c hv e r l i e r e n i ns t o f f l i c h eN i c h t i g k e i t e nun de i n eu n nö t i g eB r e i t ed e sU n t e r r i c h t s g a ng e s s i nd Z e i t v e r g e ud u ngu n dl ä hm end i eA r b e i t s l u s t . “D i e„L e r n s c h u l ea l t e n S t i l s “i s tp a s s é .U n t e r r i c h t s g r un d s a t zi std e rA r b e i t s u n t e r r i c h t(w i ee rs c ho n ind e rW e im a r e rV e r f a s s ungs t and )–a l l e s ,w a s„ d i eS e l b s t t ä t i gk e i td e sS c hü l e r sf ö r d e r t ,i h nz ue i g e n em D en k e nun dU r t e i l e nf üh r t “ .W a sh eu t eM e t ho d enw e c h s e lh e i ß t ,l i e s ts i ch19 3 8so :„Du r chl e b e nd i g en W e ch s e ld e rA r 10 Ind e rSk a l ad e s An s eh en sv on B e ru f end e sA l l en s b a ch In s t i tu t ss indd i eG rund s chu l l eh r e r / inn enand i eSp i t z eau fg e s t i eg en ,undd i eS t ud i en r ä t er a ng i e r enb e id enS ch lu s s l i ch t e r n . Fü rL eh r e rin sg e s am te r g ib ts i chd em zu fo lg ee in( i r r e füh r end e r )m i t t l e r e rP l a t z . 24 ·P ä d ag o g i s c h eK o r r e s po n d e n z·5 0 / 1 4 b e i t sw e i s em u s sd a fü rg e so r g tw e rd e n ,d a s sd e rJu g e ndi h r eu r s p r ü ng l i c h e F r i s c h eun di h rn a t ü r l i c h e rB i l du n g s t r i e be r h a l t e nb l e i b t . “D e rU n t e r r i c h ts o l l d em S chü l e rM u tm a ch en ,s e i nS e l b s t v e r t r au e nh e b e nu ndi hmn i ch td i e F r e ud ea nd e re i g en e nL e i s t u ngr au b e n :„ J e d es e l b s t ä nd i g eD en k l e i s t u ngi s t a l sso l c h ez u wü rd i g e n . “Ü b e r f o r d e r u ngs e izuv e rm e i d en ,j e do c hs e i e nd i e L e i s tung s -a l s„M ind e s t anf o rd e ru n g en “z uv e r s t eh e n .„B e id e r An f e r t i gu n g vo nK l a s s e n a r b e i t e ns i ndd e nS c h ü l e r ns c h r i t tw e i s ed i eH i l f sm i t t e li nd i e H an dz ug e b e n ,d i ei h n ena u c himL eb enzu rV e r f üg u ngs t eh enw e r d e n .D i e D u r c h s i c h tu n dB e u r t e i l un gd e rA r b e i t e nd a r fn i c h tim V e r u r t e i l e ns t e c k e n b l e i b en ,s on d e rnh a tw i ea l l eE r z i eh un gd e rFö r d e ru n gzud i en e nu n dd a h e r du r c ha u f b a u e nd eK r i t i ku n d An e r k e n nu n gvo nL e i s t u ng e nz u rW e i t e r a r b e i t zue rm u t ig en . “„W a ch s e n l a s s e nundFüh r en “so l l es i che rg än z en–e inimp l i z i t e sT h e od o rL i t t -Z i t a t(L i t t19 65 ) ,e i n e sb e k a n n t e nR e g im e -G e gn e r s ,d e r 19 3 7m i tR e d ev e r b o tun dEn t l a s sun g(Un i v e r s i t ä tL e i p z i g )m und t o tg em a ch t wo rd enw a r .E sw i r d( o hn eN e nn u ng , w e i ldu r c hs e in e„g e i s t e sw i s s en s ch a f t l i c h e n “S c h ü l e ru n e rw ü n s c h t )D i l t h e yz i t i e r t :S c h u l r e f o rmf i nd e tn u rdu r c h d i ep ä d a go g i s c h eA r b e i ti nd e rS c h u l s t ub es t a t t ,„R i c h t l i n i e nk ö nn e nn u rd i e u c hH a t t i e( „A u fd e nL e h r e rk omm te sa n ! “ )a v a n tl a W eg ed a z ueb n en . “11 A l e t t r ef eh l tn i ch t ,f r ag ts i chn u r ,w i e :„O hn ed i el e b en d i g eL eh r e r p e r s ö n l i c h e r su sF a c h l i c hk e i t ?U n dim k e i ti s td e rb e s t eL e h r p l a nt o t . “P e r s ö n l i c hk e i tv Üb r i g e ni s td e r„w i r ku n g s v o l l s t eH e l f e r “d i eL e h r e r -S c hü l e r -B e z i e h un g„ i n i n e An s p i e l u ng G e f o l g s c h a f tu ndr i c h t i gv e r s t a nd e n e rK am e r ad s c h a f t “12 –e au fd a sL e i t b i l dd e r1 92 5i n sL e b eng e r u f en e ns o z i a l p ä d ag o g i s ch r e fo rm p äd a g og i s c h e nG i l d eSo z i a l eA r b e i t(v g l .D ud e k19 8 8 ) .W i rs ag e nh e u t ed a zu „B e z i ehung “od e r„B indung “od e r„S p i e g e l u ng “o d e r„R e son a n z “(B au e r 20 0 7 ,S .2 6 f f . )( u n db e a c h t e nh o f f e n t l i c ha u c hd e r e np r i n z i p i e l lm a n i pu l a t i v e nC h a r a k t e r ,d e rG e f ä h r du n g e nu n dÜb e r g r i f f ee rm ög l i c h t ) . Am1 .S ep t em b e r193 9b e g an nN a z i -D e u t s ch l a ndd en Zw e i t e n W e l t k r i e g .D i ea ch t j äh r i g e Hö h e r eS ch u l ew u r d eN eb e n s a c h eun dh a t t ei n f o l g e d e rb a l de i n t r e t e nd e nK r i e g s f o l g e nk e i n eE r p r o bu n g s -o d e rB ew äh r u ng s c h an c e .Z un e hm end m e h r Un t e r r i ch tm u s s t eau s f a l l e n ,un da l s1 94 4 / 4 5s e l b s t Ob e r s t u f e n s c h ü l e ra l sF l a k h e l f e ru n dF r on t s o l d a t ene i nb e r u f e nw u r d e n ,t rö s 11 D i l th ey1890 /19 62 ,S .83 -89 :„W i rk l i ch eR e fo rm en w e rd ennu rd u r che in es t e t ig es chw e r e A rb e i tind enS chu l s tub envo l lb r a ch t .R eg l em ent skön n enn u rd i eW e g ezuih rebn en . “(S . 85 )–ImÜb r i g ene inhö ch s tl e s en sw e r t e rT ex t ,d e r189 0imZ u s amm enh ang m i td e rB e r l i n e rGym n a s i a l -R e fo rm -Kon f e r en zfü rP r euß enen t s t and eni s t .D i l th eyg e iß e l td enK l a s s en ch a r ak t e rd e s Gym n a s ium seb en so w i ed en„A lp t r aum “d e r Ab i tu rp rü fung ;e rk r i t i s i e r te i n enUn t e r r i ch t sb e t r i eb ,d e rd e n„ f r e i enF lüg e l s ch l agd e rjug end l i ch enS e e l eb eh ind e r t “und p l äd i e r tfü r„p äd a g og i s ch eV e r su ch s an s t a l t e n “ :W a sk annd ennimGym n a s iumind env e r s ch i ed en enF ä ch e r nüb e r h aup te r r e i ch tw e r d en ?Ohn ed i e s eem p i r i s ch eG rund l ag eh a b ed e r S t r e i tz .B .üb e rd en B i ldung s s innd e rm od e r nenSp r a ch enund / od e rd end e rN a tu rw i s s en s ch a f t en„n a chg e r ad ee tw a sL ä ch e r l i ch e s “ . 12 „F üh rung “und„G e fo lg s ch a f t “a l sA u sd ru cke in e rf r e iw i l l ig enG e s e l l ung s fo rmh a t t eind e r Jug end b ew egunge in enand e r e nS i n na l sim NS :S i eg f r i ed B e r n f e ld w i dm e t es e in Bu ch „D a sjüd i s ch e Vo l kunds e i n eJug en d “( 19 19 ,j e t z tin: D e r s . :W e r k e ,Bd .3 ,G i eß en2011 ) s e in em„Füh r e r “(M en to r ) Gu s t av Wy n ek en„ i nt r eu e rG e fo lg s ch a f t “(W idm ung s ex em p l a r im Wy n ek en -NLimA r ch ivd e rd eu t s c h enJug end b ew egungBu r gL udw ig s t e in ) . Z u rA k t u a l i t ä tv on W i l h e lmF l i t n e r·25 t e t em a ns i edu r c hV e rw a l t u ng s v e r f ü gu n gm i td em„No t -A b i t u r “( d a ss i ch n a c hK r i e g s e n d eh ä u f i ga l sw e r t l o sh e r a u s s t e l l t e ) .–I nd e nW e s t z on e nk e h r t e m a nzumn eun j äh r i g e nGym n a s i umzu rü ck ,i nd e rSBZ /DDRb l i e be sb e id e r s ch l i e ß l i c ha ch t j äh r i g e nE rw e i t e r t enOb e r s c hu l e(EOS ,m i td r e iP ro f i l e n )un d wu rd en a c hd e rW e nd ez .B .i nd e nF r e i s t a a t e nS a ch s enun dT hü r i n g e nb i s h eu t eb e i b eh a l t e n . IV W a sf o l g ta u sa l l e d emf ü rd a sT h em a„S c h u l z e i t v e r k ü r z u n g “ ?D i eS c h u l b e s u c h s d a u e re i n e rj ew e i l i g e nS c h u l a r tu n dS c h u l s t u f em u s ss c h em a t i s c hf ü re i n e n„N o rm a l f a l l “a n g e n omm e nu n df e s t g e l e g tw e r d e n ,d am i td e rS c h u l t r ä g e r d i ee r f o r d e r l i c h e np e r s o n e l l e nu n ds ä c h l i c h e nA u fw e n d u n g e nf ü rd a s„N o rm a n g e b o t “e r r e c h n e n ,e t a t i s i e r e nu n db e r e i t s t e l l e nk a n n .I n s o f e r ne r g i b ts i c hd i e j ew e i l sv o r g e s e h e n eS c h u l b e s u c h s d a u e rs c h em a t i s c ha u se i n e rK om b i n a t i o n v o nS c h u l zw e c kb zw .z i e l(A b s c h l u s su n dA n s c h l u s s )u n dd e ns a c h l i c h i n h a l t l i c h e nE rw a r t u n g e n /A n f o r d e r u n g e na nA b -u n dA n s c h l ü s s e .A u s n a hm e n b e s t ä t i g e n ,d a s sd i eR e g e la n d e r sl a u t e t :e n tw i c k l u n g s b e d i n g t eE i n s c h u l u n g e n z uu n t e r s c h i e d l i c h e nZ e i t p u n k t e n( amB e g i n nd e s5 .o d e r6 .L e b e n s j a h r e s ) ,u n t e r s c h i e d l i c h e se n tw i c k l u n g s -u n dl e i s t u n g s b e d i n g t e sE r f ü l l e nd e rN o rm e rw a r t u n g e n ,„S i t z e n b l e i b e n “o d e re i n e„K l a s s e “ü b e r s p r i n g e nu . a .m . Umd i e s e No rm ang ebo t ee t ab l i e r en z uk ön n e n ,m ü s s e nd i eS c hü l e r s t rö m ek an a l i s i e r tw e r d e n( v g l .F r i e d r i c h20 0 6 ) ,u ndd i e sg e s c h i eh tüb l i c h e rw e i s e en t l a ngv o nB e g ab u ng e n(n i e d r i g e ,m i t t l e r e ,h öh e r e ) .B e g ab u ng e ns i ndj e do c hP o t e n t i a l e ,d i efü ri h r eE n tw i c k l u ngu ndE n t f a l t u n ga u fF ö r d e ru n ga n g ew i e s e ns i n d ;d en ns i es t eh enn i ch tf e s t .D a r au se rg i b ts i chd e rG r un d k on f l i k tu n s e r e sö f f e n t l i c h e ns t a a t l i c h e nS c hu l s y s t em s :P e r s o nv e r s u sI n s t i t u t i on e r s u sB ü ro k r a t i e .D i eP e r s on(S chü l e r )m u s sd i e od e rau c h :P äd ag o g i kv S c h u l ea b s o l v i e r e n ,a b e rd i eI n s t i t u t i onS c h u l ee r zw i n g t(m i te i n e rg ew i s s e n V a r i a t i o n sb r e i t e )d i e M o d a l i t ä t e n .I ns o f e r ni s td a sö f f e n t l i c h es t a a t l i c h e S ch u l sy s t em ,d a sim19 .J a h r h un d e r te n t s t a nd ,b i sh e u t en o chn i c h ti nd e r D em ok r a t i ean g ek omm en ,w a sn äm l i c him B i l du ng s -u n dS c h u l b e r e i chb e d eu t e nw ü rd e :Vo r r a n gd e rM e n s c h en -u n dBü r g e r r e ch t ev o rd e nR e g l em en t i e run g e ndu r c hd i eB ü ro k r a t i e . V B i l dun go d e rB e s ch l eu n i g un g ? Zu n ä c h s ti s tzus ag en ,d a s ss i ch B i l dun g– s c h u l i s c ha n g e r e g t ,v e rm i t t e l t ,b e f e s t i g t–„ e r e i g n e t “ :du r c he i g e n e sI n t e r e s s e , e i nA ng e b o t ,Z e i td e rM u ß e ,d e rB e s i nn u n g ,d e rH e r a u s f o r d e r u ng ,d e rB e w äh rungu sw . ,eb enn i ch tdu r c he f f i z ien z -o r i e n t i e r t e Ko s t en /Nu t z en -od e r Au fw a n d /E r t r a g -B e r e ch n un g e n ,s o nd e rnd u r chd i eE f f e k t i v i t ä tvo nE r f a h ru n g s ,A r b e i t s -u n dR e f l e x i o n sp r o z e s s e n ,d i eg e bu n d e ns i n da nd e nF a k t o r– Z e i t!D e rZ e i tb ed a r ff ü rL e r n e nu n dM em o r i e r en ,E r i nn e rnun dV e r s t e h eni s t i nd i v i du e l lun t e r s ch i e d l i c h ,s od a s ss i ch„B i l dun god e rB e s ch l eu n i g u ng “i n - 26 ·P ä d ag o g i s c h eK o r r e s po n d e n z·5 0 / 1 4 s ow e i ta l sr e a l i t ä t s f r em d eA l t e r n a t i v ee n t p u pp t .U nds e l b s tw e n nm a ns i c h a u fs i ee i n l i e ß e :W e rw o l l t ee i nl a n gw e i l e nd e sG 9e i n emb e l e b e n d e nG 8v o r z i eh en ?W e r wü rd en i ch te i na rb e i t s s c hu l o r i e n t i e r t e sG 9e i n em m em o r i e r f i x i e r t e n G8v o r z i e h en ?B e i d e Gym n a s i a l fo rm e nkö n n enr i ch t i gu ndf a l s ch , ä r g e r l i c hun df ö r d e r l i c ha u s g e s t a l t e tw e r d e n .A u fd i eS c hu l l e i t u ngu n dd a s K o l l e g i umkomm te sa n !–s o z u s a g e nH a t t i e -p l u s. D i eG r i f f i gk e i tvo n„B i l d un god e rB e s c h l e un i gu n g “s o l l t evo ra l l em n i c h tv ome i g e n t l i c h e nG 8 -P r ob l ema b l e n k e n :d e r„V e r d i c h t u ng “d e sgym n a s i a l en„P en s um s “i nd en K l a s s en5 9(K l emm201 4 ,S .11 0 ) .D e rüb l i c h e Ab i t u r -L e i s t un g sv e r g l e i chG8 /G9b e s a g tn i c h t s :E rk a nnd e ri nb e i d e ng l e i ch l a ng e nd r e i j ä h r i g e n Ob e r s t u f eg a rk e i n eg ro ß e n Un t e r s c h i e d ez e i g e n ,au s w e l c h e nG rü n d en w ä r e ns i ed en nau c h zue rw a r t eng ew e s en ?D i e„V e r d i ch t un g “i nd e rU n t e r -un dM i t t e l s t u f ew i r db e l e g t( n e b e nd e rB e ob a c h t un gd e r K i n d e r - un dJ ug e n d ä r z t e )d u r c hd i es ub j ek t i v e W ah r n e hm ung d e rS c hü l e r / i nn e n ,L e h r k r ä f t eu ndE l t e rn ,d i es i chi nob j e k t i v en D a t e nn i e d e r s c h l ä g t : W e n nd i eÜ b e r t r i t t s qu o t e nv ond e rG r un d s c hu l ei n sa l l g em e i nb i l d e n d eG ym dd a sn e un j ä h r i g eGym n a s ium n a s i umi nd r e iB un d e s l ä n d e rn ,d i ed a sa ch t -un anb i e t en(B ad en -Wü r t t em b e rg ,N o r d rh e i n -W e s t f a l e n un dS ch l e sw i g -Ho l s t e i n ) ,zu s amm e ng en omm en w e rd e n ,e r g i b ts i ch ,d a s sn u r6 , 5%d e rS c hü l e r / i nn e na u sG8 -S c hu l e n ,a b e r1 8 , 9%d e rS ch ü l e r / i n n enau sG9 -S c h u l enk e i n eG ym n a s i a l em p f e h l un gh a b e n( e b d . ,S .1 03 ) .D i e( v e rm u t l i c h )w e n i g e r l e i s tung s f ä h ig e nS c hü l e r / inn e ns o l l t env ond enHöh e r e nS c hu l e nf e rng e h a l t en w e r d e n ,h a t t eM i n i s t e rR u s t19 3 8v e r l a u t b a r t–j e t z tw i r de b e nd i e sm i tG 8 s y s t em i s c hr e a l i s i e r t ,s o f e r nd i eA b s o lv e n t end e rS e k un d a r s tu f eIn i ch td i e M ög l i c h k e i th a b e n ,i ne i n e rG 9 -V a r i a n t ed e sA l l g em e i nb i l d e nd e nG ym n a s i um s– W i r t s c h a f t s ,T e c h n i s c h e s ,S o z i a lw i s s e n s c h a f t l i c h e sG ym n a s i um – 1 3 eb en f a l l sd i ea l lg em e i n eHo c h s chu l r e i f ez ue r l ang en . V I D i eA l t e r n a t i v e nG 8o d e rG9od e rG8u n d G9s i n dau f g r u ndh i s t o r i s ch e run d a k t u e l l e rE r f a h r u n g e nl e i c h tz ul ö s e n .Im W i l h e lm i n i s c h e nK a i s e r r e i c h ,a l s o vo r1 91 8 ,e r f o l g t ed i eV e r s e t z un gimG ym n a s i umimH a l b j a h r e s t a k t ,s od a s s b e iN i c h t -V e r s e t z un gd e rZ e i t v e r l u s t( d i e„Eh r e n rund e “ )e r t r äg l i c hundfü r s Üb e r s p r i ng e ne i n e sH a l b j a h r e sd i eH e r a u s f o r d e r u ngü b e r s ch a ub a rw a r .J e d en f a l l sw a re i n eA b i t u r p r ü fu ngzw i s ch e nd em17 .u nd19 .L eb e n s j a h rm ög l i ch .D i e s e Gym n a s i ena l s„Ob e r r e a l gym n a s i en m i tR e a l s chu l e “w a r enau ch son s td e re r fo l g r e i c h s t eS ch u l t y pd e rd e u t s ch e nS c hu l g e s ch i ch t e ;d e n ne r ko n n t ed ef a c t ob i sz um„m i t t l e r en “A b s ch l u s sa l sG em e i n s ch a f t s s c hu l e fu n k t i on i e r e nsow i egym n a s i a l eg r un d s t ä n d i g eb zw .A u f b au p ro f i l ej en a c h B e d a r fun d Wü n s c h e ni nd e rE l t e rn s c h a f tan b i e t en .D i e Od e nw a l d s c hu l e (g e g r .1 9 09 )b e iH ep p en h e imand e rB e r g s t r aß e wu rd ed i eb ek a nn t e s t eR e 13 I nB a d e n -W ü r t t em b e r g imm e r h i n3 0%a l l e rS t u d i e n b e r e c h t i g u n g e nü b e rd i eG 9 -V a r i a n t ed e rB e r u f l i c h e nG ym n a s i e n ;T a b e l l ed e rB u n d e s l ä n d e rb e iK l emm2 0 1 4 ,S .1 0 0 . Z u rA k t u a l i t ä tv on W i l h e lmF l i t n e r·27 f o rm s c hu l ed e rW e im a r e rZ e i t ,w e i ls i ee in Ku r s sy s t emanbo t ,d a sd a s Ab so l v i e r e nd e sg e s am t en B i l du ng sp l a n sk on s eq u e n ti nd i v i du a l i s i e r t e :d e r „Vo r z ugd e s Ku r s sy s t em sl i eg td a r i n ,d a s se i nS ch ü l e r ,d e re i n e nK u r soh n e g en ü g en d e nE r f o l gb e s u c h tod e rw eg e nK r an k h e i tv e r s ä um th a t ,nu rd i e s en Ku r sw i ed e rho l en m u s s ,w äh r ende rb e id em K l a s s en sy s t emen tw ed e rm i t Lü c k enau f r ü c k to d e re i ng a n z e sJ a h rzu r ü ckb l e i b t . “(E r dm a nn19 1 4 / 2 0 10 , S .16 0 ) .A u ß e r d eme n t f ä l l tdu r c hd i e s e sS y s t emd i es t a r r eF e s t l e g u ngvo n P ro f i l e nu n d Ab s c h l ü s s e n :„D e re i n eZ ög l i ngk a nns i chvo rw i eg e n dA l t e n Sp r a ch e n ,d e rand e r eN eu e nSp r a ch e nz uw e nd e n .E rk an ni ng an zv e r s ch i e d en emAu sm aß m a t h em a t i s ch eN a t u rw i s s e n s c h a f t e nod e rB i o l og i eb e t r e i b en , kü n s t l e r i s c h eod e rt e ch n i s ch e Ku r s eb e su c h en ,o h n ed a s sd ad u r chd i eG e s ch l o s s e n h e i td e rg a n z enS c hu l en o t l e i d e t . “(E r dm a nn1 93 0 / 2 0 10 a ,S .16 4 ) . Un di nd r e iB e ru f enk an nm anb i sh e u t ed i eG e s e l l e np rü fu nga b l e g e n .S c hu l e ni nF r e i e rT r äg e r s c h a f tn e hm enb i sh e u t eS c hü l e r / i n n enzuj e d emZ e i t pu n k tw ä h r e n dd e sS c hu l j a h r e sa u f .D a sL a nd h e imS c ho n do r f( am Amm e r s e e )b e t r e i b te i ns t a a t l i c hg e n e hm i g t e sG ym n a s i um ,d a sv ond e rA u f n a hm e un dV e r s e t z un g so r dn u ng d e sF r e i s t a a t e sB a y e rna u s g e n omm e ni s t :j e d e r S c h ü l e ra b s o l v i e r te i n eA b s c h l u s s p r ü f un g( g l e i c hü b e rd e nS c h u l h o fims t a a t l i c han e r k a nn t en Gym n a s i umd e sL an dh e im s )imS ekun d a r b e r e i c hz ue i n em Z e i t pu nk tu n dm i te i n em An s p r u c h s n i v e a u ,d i ee rs e l b e rvo r g i b t .L e t z t l i ch s o l l t ea l l e sa u fd a sK o n z e p t„A b i t u rime i g e n e nT a k t “h i n a u s l a u f e n ,h e r vo r g eg a n g ena u se i n emS chu lL abo rd e rR ob e r tB o s c hS t i f t un g( v g l .S t ö f f l e r / Fö r t s c h2 01 4 ) ,m i tR e g e l un g e nf ü rd a s Ab i t u r ,w i es i es owo h ld em Ku r sb e t r i e bv o r1 0 0J ah r e na l sa u c hd e na k t u e l l e n Em p f eh l un g e nd e r„ zw e iG e s c hw i n d i g k e i t e n “e n t s p r e c h e nw ü r d e n :z e i t l i c h eE n t ko p p e l un gd e rP r ü f u n g s 1 4 , t e i l eimA b i t u r ,h a l b j ä h r l i c h eP r ü f un g e n ,i n d i v i du e l l e rK o r r i do rz umA b i t u r W i e d e rh o l b a r k e i tvo nT e i l p r ü fu n g en( vg l .B a um ann2 0 14 ,S .64 f . ) . B i l dun god e rB e s ch l eu n i g un g ?S c hu l e n ,H o ch s ch u l e nu n dU n i v e r s i t ä t e n h ab e nh i e r z u l a nd ed e nA u f t r a g ,„B i l d un g s a n s t a l t e n “zus e i nu ndn i ch tnu r Ag e n t u r e nf ü rKom p e t en z e rw e rb .E sg i b tgu t eG r ün d e ,f ü rd i eB e su c h s d a u e r m i tf l ex i b l e nR a nd z o n en M i n d e s t -un dH ö c h s t z e i t e nf e s t z u l e g e n ,d am i tjun g e L eu t es e lb e rl e r n e n ,m i ti h r e rL e b e n s z e i tv e r a n tw o r t l i c hum z ug e h e n .W o l l e n S ch u l e ni h r eB i l dun g s z i e l ee r r e i c h e n– P e r sö n l i c h k e i t s en tw i c k l un gs ow i e v e r t i e f t eK e nn t n i s s eu n dF e r t i gk e i t e n– ,d a nn m ü s s ens i eimm e rau ch O r t e d e rE n t s ch l e u n i g un g ,d e rB e s i nn u ngs e i n(v g l .R e h e i s20 0 7 ) . Wo l l e ns i e Üb e r -un dU n t e r f o r d e r u ngv e rm e i d en ,m ü s s ens i ed i eL e r n -u ndS t ud i e nw eg e f l ex i b e lh a l t e n .U nd w e nns i eM ög l i c h k e i t e nzu rE n t f a l t un gun dB e r e i c h e ru n gv o nI n t e r e s s en g eb i e t e nun dfü rd enb e rü hm t e n„B l i ckü b e rd e nT e l l e r r and “anb i e t enso l l en ,m ü s s enau c hd a fü rZ e i t f en s t e rz u rV e r f ü gu n gs t e h e n . Un dg en a ud i e s es t eh enimG8 -Gym n a s i umun dimBA -S t u d i umi nd e rR e g e l n i ch tm e h rzu rV e r f ü gu n g–d e rB i l du n g s a u f t r a gi s timP r i n z i pa u fd e rS t r e ck eg eb l i e b en . 14 D a zud i eÜb e r l egung enu ndB e r e chn ung enz u„Zw e iG e s chw ind igk e i t eni nd e rOb e r s tu f e “ b e iK l emm2014 ,S .108 111 . 28 ·P ä d ag o g i s c h eK o r r e s po n d e n z·5 0 / 1 4 L i t e r a tu r o .V . :E r z i e h u n gu n dU n t e r r i c h ti nd e rH ö h e r e nS c h u l e ,i n : Am t s b l a t t :D e u t s c h eW i s s e n s c h a f t ,E r z i e h u n gu n dV o l k s b i l d u n g Am t s b l a t td e sR e i c h sm i n i s t e r i um sf ü rW i s s e n s c h a f t ,E r z i e h u n gu n dV o l k s b i l d u n gu n dd e rU n t e r r i c h t s v e rw a l t u n g e nd e rL ä n d e r4 (1938 ) ,S .48 -56 . A e b l i ,H a n s :D e n k e n ,d a sO r d n e nd e sT u n s ,2B d e . ,S t u t t g a r t1 9 8 0 / 8 1 . B a u e r ,J o a c h im :L o bd e rS c h u l e ,H am b u r g2 0 0 7 . B aum a n n ,J o h a n n e s :D i e KMKs o l l t ed a s Abi t u rn e ud e n k e n–n i c h tn u rw eg e nd e s Ab i t u r s ,i n :S t ö f f l e r /F ö r t s c h(H r s g . )2 0 1 4 ,S .6 2 6 6 . D i l t h e y ,W i l h e lm :S c h u l r e f o rm e nu n dS c h u l s t u b e n( 1 8 9 0 ) ,i n :D e r s . :G e s amm e l t eS c h r i f t e n ,B d .V I ,S t u t t g a r t /G ö t t i n g e n1 9 6 2 ,S .8 3 8 9 . Dud ek ,P e t e r :L e i t b i ld :K am e r adundH e l f e r .So z i a lp äd agog i s ch eB ew egungind e rW e im a r e rR e p u b l i kamB e i s p i e ld e r„G i l d eS o z i a l eA r b e i t “ ,F r a n k f u r t /M a i n1 9 8 8 . E r dm a n n ,O t t o :D i eA r b e i t s o r g a n i s a t i o nd e rO de nw a l d s c h u l e( 1 9 1 4 ) ,j e t z ti n :U l r i c hH e r r m a n n(H r s g . ) :P a u lG e h e e b :D i eO d e nw a l ds chu l e19 09 -1934 .T ex t ev onP au lG eh e eb , B e r i ch t eundD i sku s s ion envon M i t a rb e i t e rnundS c hü l e rn ,J en a20 10 ,S .155 -161 . E r dm a n n ,O t t o :D i eK u r s o r g a n i s a t i o nd e rO d e nw a l d s c h u l ea l sM o d e l ld e rk ü n f t i g e nG e s t a l t u n gd e sö f f e n t l i c h e nS c h u lw e s e n s( 1 9 3 0 ) ,j e t z tin :U l r i c hH e r rm a n n(H r s g . ) :P a u l G eh e eb :D i e Od e nw a ld s chu l e190 9 -1934 .T ex t evo nP au lG eh e eb ,B e r i ch t eund D i s ku s s ion envon M i t a rb e i t e rnundS c hü l e rn ,J en a20 10 a ,S .162 -16 5 . E r l a s sv om2 0 . 3 . 1 9 3 7 ,imAm t s b l a t t :D e u t s c h eW i s s e n s c h a f t ,E r z i e h u n gu n dV o l k s b i l d u n g . Am t s b l a t td e sR e i c h sm i n i s t e r i um sf ü rW i s s e n s c h a f t ,E r z i e h u n gu n dV o l k s b i l d u n gd e r Un t e r r i ch t sv e rw a l tung end e rL än d e r3(193 7 ) ,N r .17 9 ,S .155 f . F l i t n e r , W i l h e lm :G e s amm e l t eS c h r i f t e n ,h r s g .v o nK a r lE r l i n g h a g en ,B a n d1 0 ,P a d e r b o r n1 9 9 7 . F r i ed e r i ch ,G e rd :D i eb e t rog en enS chü l e r ,Don a uwö r th2006 . G ru s chk a ,And r e a s :V e r s t eh enl eh r en .E inP lä d o y e rf ü rg u t e nU n t e r r i c h t ,S t u t t g a r t2 0 1 1 . H e r rm ann ,U l r i ch(H r sg . ) :„D i eFo rmungd es Vo lk sg eno s s en “ .D e r„E r z i ehung s s t a a t “d e s D r i t t e nR e i c h e s ,W e i n h e im /B a s e l1 9 8 5 . H e r rm a n n ,U l r i c h /N a s s e n ,U l r i c h(H r s g . ) :F orm a t i v eÄ s t h e t i kim N a t i o n a l s o z i a l i sm u s .I n t e n t i o n e n ,M e d i e nu n dP r a x i s f o rm e nt o t a l i t ä r e rä s t h e t i s c h e rH e r r s c h a f tu n dB e h e r r s c h u n g ,W e i n h e im /B a s e l1 9 9 4 . K l emm ,K l a u s :E x p e r t i s ez u rD i s k u s s i o numd i eD a u e rd e rg ym n a s i a l e nS c h u l z e i ti nB a y e r n ,i n :S t ö f f l e r /Fö r t s c h(H r sg . )20 14 ,S .84 -11 1 . L a r g o ,R em o :L e r n e ng e h ta n d e r s .B i l d u n gu n dE r z i e h u n gv om K i n dh e rd e n k e n ,H am b u r g2 0 1 0 . L i e s sm a n n ,K o n r a dP a u l :T h e o r i ed e rU n bi l d u n g .D i eI r r t üm e rd e rW i s s e n s g e s e l l s c h a f t , W i e n2 0 0 6 . L i t t ,T h e o d o r :F ü h r e no d e rW a c h s e n l a s s e n .E i n eE r ö r t e r u n gd e sp ä d a g o g i s c h e nG r u n d p r o b l em s( 1 9 2 7 ) ,1 2 .A u f l a g e ,S t u t t g a r t1 9 6 5 . N i d a -R üm e l i n ,J u l i a n : H um a n i sm u sa l sL e i tk u l t u r .E i nP e r s p e k t i v e nw e c h s e l , M ü n ch en2 006 . R e h e i s ,F r i t z :B i l d u n gc o n t r aT u r b o s c h u l e ! ,F r e i b u r gi .B r .2 0 0 7 . R o t h ,G e r h a r d :B i l d u n gb r a u c h tP e r s ö n l i c h k ei t .W i el e r n e ng e l i n g t ,S t u t t g a r t2 0 1 1 . R u s t ,B e r n h a r d :N e u o r d n u n gd e sh ö h e r e nS c h u lwe s e n s ,i n : Am t s b l a t t :D e u t s c h eW i s s e n s ch a f t ,E r z i ehun gund Vo lk sb i ldun g . Am t s b l a t td e sR e i c h sm i n i s t e r i um sf ü rW i s s e n s c h a f t ,E r z i e h u n gu n dV o l k s b i l d u n gu n dd e rU n t e r r i c h t s v e rw a l t u n g e nd e rL ä n d e r4 (1938 ) ,S .46 f . S c h a v a n ,A n n e t t e :i n :L a n d t a gvo nB a d e n -W ür t t emb e rg ,13 .W a h lp e r iod e ,46 .S i t z ung , 2 5 . 6 .2 0 0 3 ,P r o t o k o l l ,S .3 1 6 3 f f . Z u rA k t u a l i t ä tv on W i l h e lmF l i t n e r·29 S c h o l t z ,H a r a l d :P ä d a g o g i s c h eR e f o rm p r a x i simS o ge i n e rt o t a l i t ä r e nB ew e g u n g .V e r s u c h e z u rA n p a s s u n gu n dI n s t r um e n t a l i s i e r u n g ,i n :H e r rm a n n ,U l r i c h /O e l k e r s ,J ü r g e n (H r s g . ) :P ä d a g o g i ku n dN a t i o n a l s o z i a l i sm u s ,W e i n h e im /B a s e l1 9 8 9 ,S .2 2 1 2 4 1 . S t ö f f l e r ,F r i e d em a n n /F ö r t s c h ,M a t t h i a s(H r s g . ) : Ab i t u rime i g e n e nT a k t .D i ef l e x i b l eO b e r s t u f ezw i s c h e nG 8u n dG 9 ,W e i n h e im /B a s e l2 0 1 4 . S t r a u c h ,B a r b a r a :W a r ums i es os e l t s ams ind .G eh i rn en tw i ck lungb e iT e en ag e rn ,B e r l in 2 0 0 7 .
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