Manufacturing Process
วิศวกรรมการผลิต / กระบวนการ
เขมทัต สุ คนธสิ งห์
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Presentation Topics
• Civilization
• Manufacturing Process
• Development of Manufacturing Industry in
Thailand
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Stone Age
•Primitive peoples used hard things to cut and slice and to tip their
arrows, the most suitable materials being stone (typically, flint) and
animal bone. Prior to the discovery that metals would serve better,
such cultures are typically divided into Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and
Neolithic, for "old stone", "middle stone", and "new stone" ages.
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Bronze Age
•
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and
its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of
some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between
the Stone Age and Iron Age. The term Stone Age implies the inability
to smelt any ore, the term Bronze Age implies the inability to smelt
iron ore and the term Iron Age implies the ability to manufacture
artifacts in any of the three types of hard material. Their
arrangement in the archaeological chronology reflects the difficulty of
manufacture in the history of technology.
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Iron Age
•
The Iron Age is the archaeological period generally occurring after the Bronze Age,
marked by the prevalent use of iron. The early period of the age is characterized by
the widespread use of iron or steel. The adoption of such material coincided with other
changes in society, including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic
styles. The Iron Age as an archaeological term indicates the condition as to civilization
and culture of a people using iron as the material for their cutting tools and weapons.
The Iron Age is the 3rd principal period of the three-age system for classifying ancient
societies and prehistoric stages of progress.
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Age
Period
Palaeolithic
Tools
Economy
Handmade tools and objects
found in nature – cudgel, club,
sharpened stone, chopper,
Hunting and
handaxe, scraper, spear, harpoon, gathering
needle, scratch awl. In general
stone tools of Modes I—IV.
Dwelling Sites
Mobile lifestyle –
A band of ediblecaves, huts, tooth or plant gatherers and
skin hovels, mostly hunters (25–100
by rivers and lakes people)
Intensive hunting
and gathering,
Mode V tools employed in
Temporary villages
Mesolithic
porting of wild
composite devices – harpoon,
at opportune
(other name
animals and seeds
bow and arrow. Other devices
locations for
of wild plants for
Stone age epipalaeolithic) such as fish – basket, boats
economic activities
domestic use and
planting
Neolithic Revolution
- domestication of
Polished stone tools, devices
plants and animals Permanent
useful in subsistence farming and
used in agriculture settlements varying
defense – chisel, hoe, plough,
Neolithic
and herding,
in size from villages
yoke, reaping-hook, grain pourer,
supplementary
to walled cities,
loom, earthenware (pottery) and
gathering, hunting, public works.
weapons
and fishing.
Warfare.
Copper Age
Copper tools, potter's wheel
Urban centers
Civilization,
surrounded by
Bronze Age
including craft, trade politically attached
Bronze Age
Bronze tools
communities
National economy
cities connected by
presided over by the
Iron Age
Iron tools
roads, capital city
government
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Society
Manufacturing Process
Tribes and bands
Religion
Evidence for belief
in the afterlife first
appears in the
Upper Palaeolithic,
marked by the
appearance of burial
rituals and ancestor
worship. Priests and
sanctuary servants
appear in the
prehistory.
Tribes and
formation of
Polytheism presided
chiefdoms in some
over by the mother
Neolithic societies
goddess
the end of the
period
City-states
Ethnic gods, state
religion
One or more
Countries, empires religions sanctioned
by the state
6
Industrial Revolution
•
The first transformation to an industrial economy from an agricultural one is called
the Industrial Revolution and took place from the mid 18th to early 19th century in
certain areas in Western Europe and North America, starting in Great Britain Derby,
followed by Germany, f.i. Bergisches Land and France. This now is called the first
industrial revolution.
•
The Second Industrial Revolution describes the later changes that came about in the
mid 19th century after the invention of steam engine, internal combustion engine,
electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric power lines. The invention
of the assembly line gave this phase a boost.
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Machine Age
•
The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without machine tools,
for they enabled manufacturing machines to be made. They have their origins
in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches
and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small
mechanisms. The mechanical parts of early textile machines were sometimes
called 'clock work' because of the metal spindles and gears they incorporated.
The manufacture of textile machines drew craftsmen from these trades and is
the origin of the modern engineering industry.
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Computer Age – Digital Era
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IT Age and Personalization
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Civilization in the world
Application
• Survival
• Personal Products – ruling class, noble
• Civil Works – religion, believe
Materials
• Bio-material –wood, leather, bone, ivory
• Minerals – stone, metal
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Manufacture
•
something made from raw materials by hand or by machinery
•
a : the process of making wares by hand or by machinery especially
when carried on systematically with division of labor
b : a productive industry using mechanical power and machinery
•
the act or process of producing something
•
Manufacturing is the use of machines, tools and labor to produce
goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity,
from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial
production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods
on a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for manufacturing
other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or
automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers,
who then sell them to end users – the "consumers".
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Classical Manufacturing Processes
• Casting
• Forging
• Moulding
• Sheet forming
• Machining
• Joining
• Finishing
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Casting
• Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material
is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity
of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The
solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or
broken out of the mold to complete the process.
• Casting materials are usually metals or various cold setting
materials that cure after mixing two or more components
together; examples are clay, plaster, concrete, and epoxy.
• Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that
would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other
methods.
• Casting is a 6000 year old process. The oldest surviving
casting is a copper frog from 3200 BC.
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•
In metalworking, metal casting involves pouring liquid metal into a mold,
which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowing it to
cool and solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is
ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process.
•
The casting process is subdivided into two main categories: expendable and
non-expendable casting. It is further broken down by the mold material,
such as sand or metal, and pouring method, such as gravity, vacuum, or low
pressure.
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Ceramics casting
• Plaster itself may be cast, as can other chemical setting materials
such as concrete or plastic resin - either using single-use waste
molds as noted above or multiple-use 'piece' molds, or molds made
of small ridged pieces or of flexible material such as latex rubber.
• By casting concrete, rather than plaster, it is possible to create
sculptures, fountains, or seating for outdoor use. A simulation of
high-quality marble may be made as composite materials, using
certain chemically-set plastic resins with powdered stone added for
coloration, often with multiple colors worked in.
• The latter is a common means of making attractive washstands,
washstand tops and shower stalls, with the skilled working of
multiple colors resulting in simulated staining patterns as is often
found in natural marble or travertine
.
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Forging
•
Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized
compressive forces. Forging is often classified according to the temperature at which it
is performed: "cold", "warm", or "hot" forging. Forged parts can range in weight from
less than a kilogram to 580 metric tons. Forged parts usually require further processing
to achieve a finished part
•
Hammering by using hammer, hardy and anvil tools or bottom tools,
are metalworking tools used in anvils. A hardy has a square shank, which prevents it
from rotating when placed in the anvil's hardy hole. The term "hardy", used alone,
refers to a hot cutting chisel used in the square hole of the anvil. Other bottom
tools are identified by function. Typical hardy tools include chisels and bending drifts.
They are generally used with a matching top tool. Different hardy tools are used to
form and cut metal such as sheet metal forming by hand.
•
The swage is used to make metal round for final use as nails, bolts, rods or rivets. The
fuller is used to help bend metal, and make dents and shoulders. Many hardy shapes
have corresponding hammer shapes to help form metal, for example a "V"-shaped
fuller is used with an inverted "V"-shaped hammer to form iron into an angle shape.
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Cutting, Joining and Finishing
• Cut material by simple machine
– Saw, Drill, Shaper, Lathe, Planner
• Joint by natural adhesive, pin
• Coat by natural enamel
– Lacquer
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Finishing by hand tools
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Finishing by Machines
•
Conventional machining is a form of subtractive manufacturing, in which a
collection of material-working processes utilizing power-driven machine tools, such
as saws, lathes, milling machines, and drill presses, are used with a sharp cutting
tool to physically remove material to achieve a desired geometry. Machining is a part
of the manufacture of many metal products, but it can also be used on materials
such as wood, plastic, ceramic, and composites.
•
A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various
operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation with tools that
are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis
of rotation.
•
Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, and glassworking.
Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potter's
wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce
most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental
lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The material
can be held in place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can be
moved horizontally to accommodate varying material lengths. Other workholding
methods include clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or
collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dogs.
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Basic Machine Tools
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From craft to Agile
• The machine that changed the world
– The challenge of change
• The only certainty is change
– The massive increase in competition with many more
providers of goods and services.
– ‘globalization and Free Trade Area’ means simply handful
of firms in the advanced industrialized nations invading
into largely dependent and captive colonial/imperial
markets.
• Keeping customer satisfaction
– Cost and price still matter
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Industry & Engineer
Industry means any particular branch of productive enterprise or a large
scale business activity. Industry needs skill, cleverness, steady effort and
constant diligence in application of systematic work and habitual employment.
Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and
applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge,
in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials
and processes.
•
An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with
applying scientific knowledge, mathematics and ingenuity to develop solutions
for technical problems. Engineers design materials, structures, machines and
systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, safety and
cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin roots ingeniare ("to
contrive, devise") and ingenium ("cleverness").
•
Engineers are grounded in applied sciences, and their work in research and
development is distinct from the basic research focus of scientists. The work
of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their
subsequent applications to human needs.
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Manufacturing system
• Craft
• Mass Production
• Flexible Manufacturing System
• Mass Customization
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Mass Production
•
Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardized
products, including and especially on assembly lines. The concepts of mass
production are applied to various kinds of products, from fluids and
particulates handled in bulk (such as food, fuel, chemicals, and mined
minerals) to discrete solid parts (such as fasteners) to assemblies of such
parts (such as household appliances and automobiles).
•
The term mass production was defined in a 1926 article in the Encyclopædia
Britannica supplement that was written based on correspondence with Ford
Motor Co. The New York Timesused the term in the title of an article that
appeared before publication of the Britannica article. It was also referenced by
Sir Chiozza Money, the Fabian banker, politician and author, writing in the
London Observer in 1919, comparing the efficiency of mass-production
techniques as used in America with British practice.
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Bio materials
• Wood
• Latex – natural rubber, lacquer, Shellack
• Leather
• Bone, Horn, Ivory
• Biodegradable Plastics – starch, lactic, sugar
ferment
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Mineral material
• Metal & Alloys
– Ferrous Metal & Alloys
– Non ferrous & Alloys – Al Mg Cu Ni Ti
• Polymers
– Thermoplastics
– Thermosetting Plastics
– Elastomers – synthetic rubber, silicon, polyurethane
• Ceramic (compounds of metallic & non metallic elements)
–
–
–
–
Oxide, carbides, nitrides
Silica, Glass
Graphite
Diamond
• Semiconductor – C, Si, Ge, AlSb, AlAs, GaAs, BoAs
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Microelectromechanical System
Eutectics bonding
Nanoelectromechanical System
Dip Pen Nanolithography
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From Hand tools to intelligent
manufacturing
• The trend to integrated automation
– Innovation in manufacturing took place since stone age as new
and better ways of doing things are discovered and developed.
– There is qualitative difference between innovations with ‘doing
what we’ve always done but a little better’.
– The ‘substitution process’ shifts to an ‘intelligent controller’.
• Computer-integrated manufacturing
– Integration of different elements became greater than the sum
of its parts.
– ‘more of the same but a little better’ become faster, more
accurate, a broad front of quality, flexibility, productivity etc.
– ‘NC’ moved to ‘CNC/DNC’ to ‘FMS’ and finally artificial
intelligence.
– EDI is used to speed the flow of information for better decision
and planning.
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Sheet forming
•
Press process
– Stamping, Blanking, shearing, trimming, piercing
– Drawing
– Deep draw, bending
•
Rolling
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Forging Machine
•
Drop forging is a process used to shape metal into complex shapes by dropping a
heavy hammer with a die on its face onto the work piece. The workpiece is placed into
the forge. Then the impact of a hammer causes the heated material, which is very
malleable, to conform to the shape of the die and die cavities. Typically only one die is
needed to completely form the part. The extra space between the die faces is called
the flash. It acts as a relief valve for the extreme pressure produced by the closing of
the die halves but is eventually trimmed off of the finished part.
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•
Die casting is a metal casting process that is characterized by forcing
molten metal under high pressure into a mold cavity. The mold cavity is
created using two hardened tool steel dies which have been machined into
shape and work similarly to an injection mold during the process. Most die
castings are made from non-ferrous metals, specifically zinc, copper,
aluminium, magnesium, lead, pewter and tin based alloys. Depending on the
type of metal being cast, a hot- or cold-chamber machine is used.
•
High Pressure Casting
•
Low Pressure Casting
•
Gravity Casting
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Molding
• Molding or moulding is the process of manufacturing
by shaping pliable raw material using a rigid frame or
model called a pattern.
• A mold or mould is a hollowed-out block that is filled
with a liquid like plastic, glass, metal, or ceramic raw
materials. The liquid hardens or sets inside the mold,
adopting its shape.
• A mold is the opposite of a cast.
• The manufacturer who makes the molds is called the
moldmaker.
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•
Compression molding is a method of molding in which the molding material,
generally preheated, is first placed in an open, heated mold cavity. The mold is closed
with a top force or plug member, pressure is applied to force the material into contact
with all mold areas, while heat and pressure are maintained until the molding material
has cured.
•
The process employs thermosetting resins in a partially cured stage, either in the form
of granules, putty-like masses, or preforms. Compression molding is a high-volume,
high-pressure method suitable for molding complex, high-strength fiberglass
reinforcements. Advanced composite thermoplastics can also be compression molded
with unidirectional tapes, woven fabrics, randomly oriented fiber mat or chopped
strand.
•
The advantage of compression molding is its ability to mold large, fairly intricate parts.
compression molding often provides poor product consistency and difficulty in
controlling flashing, and it is not suitable for some types of parts.
•
Compression molding was first developed to manufacture composite parts for metal
replacement applications, compression molding is typically used to make larger flat or
moderately curved parts. This method of molding is greatly used in manufacturing
automotive parts such as hoods, fenders, scoops, spoilers, as well as smaller more
intricate parts.
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•
Injection molding is a manufacturing process for producing parts from both
thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. Material is fed into a heated
barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the
configuration of the cavity.
•
After a product is designed, molds are made by a moldmaker from metal,
usually either steel or aluminum, and precision-machined to form the features
of the desired part. Injection molding is widely used for manufacturing a
variety of parts, from the smallest component to entire body panels of cars,
one-piece chairs and small tables, storage containers, mechanical parts, and
most other plastic products available today.
•
Injection molding is the most common method of part manufacturing. It is
ideal for producing high volumes of the same object. Some advantages of
injection molding are high production rates, repeatable high tolerances, the
ability to use a wide range of materials, low labor cost, minimal scrap losses,
and little need to finish parts after molding. Some disadvantages of this
process are expensive equipment investment, potentially high running costs,
and the need to design moldable parts.
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•
Blow molding (also known as blow moulding or blow forming) is a
manufacturing process by which hollow plastic parts are formed. In general,
there are three main types of blow molding: extrusion blow molding,
injection blow molding, and stretch blow molding. The blow molding process
begins with melting down the plastic and forming it into a parison or
preform. The parison is a tube-like piece of plastic with a hole in one end in
which compressed air can pass through.
•
The parison is then clamped into a mold and air is pumped into it. The air
pressure then pushes the plastic out to match the mold. Once the plastic has
cooled and hardened the mold opens up and the part is ejected.
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•
Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional
profile. A material is pushed or drawn through a die of the desired crosssection.
•
The two main advantages of this process over other manufacturing processes
are its ability to create very complex cross-sections and work materials that
are brittle, because the material only encounters compressive and shear
stresses. It also forms finished parts with an excellent surface finish.
•
Extrusion may be continuous or semi-continuous The extrusion process can
be done with the material hot or cold.
•
Commonly extruded materials include metals, polymers, ceramics, concrete
and foodstuffs.
.
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Thermoforming is a manufacturing process where a plastic sheet is heated to a pliable
forming temperature, formed to a specific shape in a mold, and trimmed to create a
usable product. The sheet, or "film" when referring to thinner gauges and certain
material types, is heated in an oven to a high-enough temperature that it can be
stretched into or onto a mold and cooled to a finished shape.
In its simplest form, a small tabletop or lab size machine can be used to heat small cut
sections of plastic sheet and stretch it over a mold using vacuum. This method is often
used for sample and prototype parts. In complex and high-volume applications, very
large production machines are utilized to heat and form the plastic sheet and trim the
formed parts from the sheet in a continuous high-speed process, and can produce
many thousands of finished parts per hour depending on the machine and mold size
and the size of the parts being formed.
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Machining center
•
A milling machine is a machine tool used to machine solid materials. Milling machines
are often classed in two basic forms, horizontal and vertical, which refers to the
orientation of the main spindle. Both types range in size from small, bench-mounted
devices to room-sized machines. Unlike a drill press, which holds the workpiece
stationary as the drill moves axially to penetrate the material, milling machines also
move the workpiece radially against the rotating milling cutter, which cuts on its sides as
well as its tip. Workpiece and cutter movement are precisely controlled to less than
0.001 in (0.025 mm), usually by means of precision ground slides and leadscrews or
analogous technology. Milling machines may be manually operated, mechanically
automated, or digitally automated via computer numerical control (CNC).
•
Machining Center is CNC Milling machine with automatic tool changer. Cutter are rotated
vertically or horizontally while workpiece can be controlled to move up to 5 axis
reference with spindle axis. The cutters will be changed by automatic tool changer
mechanism to finish the multi-process cutting.
•
Turning Center is CNC Lathe with automatic tool changer. Work is rotated horizontally or
vertically while the cutters will be fed to cut the workpiece in several position
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•
A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a manufacturing system in which there is some
amount of flexibility that allows the system to react in the case of changes, whether predicted
or unpredicted. This flexibility is generally considered to fall into two categories, which both
contain numerous subcategories.
•
The first category, machine flexibility, covers the system's ability to be changed to produce new
product types, and ability to change the order of operations executed on a part. The second
category is called routing flexibility, which consists of the ability to use multiple machines to
perform the same operation on a part, as well as the system's ability to absorb large-scale
changes, such as in volume, capacity, or capability.
•
Most FMS systems consist of three main systems. The work machines which are often
automated CNC machines are connected by a material handling system to optimize parts flow
and the central control computer which controls material movements and machine flow.
•
The main advantages of an FMS is its high flexibility in managing manufacturing resources like
time and effort in order to manufacture a new product. The best application of an FMS is found
in the production of small sets of products like those from a mass production.
•
Production Cell
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Joining Process
• Welding
–
–
–
–
–
Fusion Welding - Gas, Arc, Electron beam etc.
Solid state welding
Resistance – spot, seam, friction
Brazing (450degree), Soldering (below400degree)
Ultrasonic
• Adhesive Bonding
• Mechanical Fastening
– Bolts and Nuts
– Rivetting
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Seam welding
Friction welding
Laser welding
Plasma welding
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Ultrasonic welding
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Surface Finishing
• Surface treatment
– Mechanical surface treatment
• shot peening, roller burnishing, barrel finishing
– Case Hardening and Hard Facing
• Carburizing, nitriding
– Thermal Spraying, Vapor deposition, ion implantation
• Surface Coating
–
–
–
–
painting
Plating
Anodizing
Porcelain Enamel, ceramics coating
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Shot peening
Burnishing Drill
Barrel Finishing
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Precision shaping process
•
Much of modern day machining is carried out by computer numerical control (CNC).
Computers are used to control the movement and operation of mills, lathes, and
variety of other cutting machines.
•
The precise meaning of the term "machining" has evolved over the past two centuries
as technology has advanced. During the Machine Age, it referred to the "traditional"
machining processes, such as turning, boring, drilling, milling, broaching, sawing,
shaping, planing, reaming, and tapping, or grinding. The term "machining" without
qualification usually implies conventional machining and the removal of material
•
The advent of new technologies such as electrical discharge machining, electrochemical
machining, electron beam machining, photochemical machining, and ultrasonic
machining. These processes can be used to differentiate the classic technologies, the
recent proliferation of additive manufacturing technologies, while conventional
machining has been classified as a subtractive manufacturing method. In narrow
contexts, additive and subtractive methods may compete with each other. Each
method has its own advantages over the other. While additive manufacturing methods
can produce very intricate prototype designs impossible to replicate by machining,
strength and material selection may be limited.
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Advanced Machining Process
•
Electron beam machining is a process where high-velocity electrons
concentrated into a narrow beam are directed toward the work
piece, creating heat and vaporizing the material. EBM can be used
for very accurate cutting or boring of a wide variety of metals.
Surface finish is better and kerf width is narrower than those for
other thermal cutting processes.
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Advanced Machining Process
•
Micromachining starts with a silicon wafer or other substrate and
grows layers on top. These layers are selectively etched by
photolithography and either a wet etch involving an acid or a dry
etch involving an ionized gas, or plasma. Dry etching can
combine chemical etching with physical etching, or ion
bombardment of the material. Surface micromachining can
involve as many layers as is needed with a different mask
(producing a different pattern) on each layer. Modern integrated
circuit fabrication uses this technique and can use dozens of
layers, approaching 100. Micromachining is a younger technology
and usually uses no more than 5 or 6 layers. Surface
micromachining uses developed technology (although sometimes
not enough for demanding applications)which is very repeatable
for volume production.
•
Nanolithography is the branch
of nanotechnology concerned with the study and
application of fabricating nanometer-scale structures,
meaning patterns with at least one lateral dimension
between the size of an individual atom and approximately
100 nm. Nanolithography is used during the fabrication
of leading-edge semiconductor integrated
circuits (nanocircuitry) or nanoelectromechanical systems
(NEMS).
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Manufacturing Process
53
Rapid Manufacturing
•
Rapid prototype – Liquid, Powder, Solid
– Additive processes
– Subtractive processes
•
3D printing is a phrase used to describe the process of creating three
dimensional objects from digital file using a materials printer, in a manner similar to
printing images on paper. The term is most closely associated with additive
manufacturing technology, where an object is created by laying down successive
layers of material. Recently the term is increasingly being used to describe all types
of additive manufacturing processes, or event other types of rapid
prototyping technology.
•
Since 2003 there has been large growth in the sale of 3D printers. Additionally, the
cost of 3D printers has gone down. The technology also finds use in the fields of
jewelry, footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and construction
(AEC), automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries, education, geographic
information systems, civil engineering, and many others.
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Manufacturing Process
54
Unmanned production system
• CAD – to design workpiece or cutter
• CAM – to manufacture workpiece to finish
product
• CAE – to facilitate manufacturing process
as inspection, categorize, logistic handling
etc.
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Manufacturing Process
55
From Hand to high involvement
• ‘manufacture’ means to make by hand.
• Craftsmen produce the things people wanted-shoes,
knives, crockery.
• Population grew and demand increased, creates
opportunities to innovate production methods-tools
used, method even power source.
• Industrial revolution was massive acceleration, fuelled by
steam power and by increasingly smart uses of materials
like cast iron.
• Organizing and managing the process were changed i.e.
the concept of the ‘division of labor’, break task into the
smaller, specialized task performed by a skilled worker
or special machine, productivity could be maximized.
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Manufacturing Process
56
From Hand to high involvement
• Splitting tasks up and then mechanizing the resulting smaller tasks
wherever possible to eliminate variation and enhance overall
managerial control.
• People increasingly involved as only one of several ‘factors of
production’ and in rapidly mechanizing the world, often in a
marginal ‘machine-minding’ role.
• The needs to coordinate different operation in emerging factories
led to a rise in indirect activity and a separation between doing and
thinking/deciding.
• Much work was done to devise ways of producing high-volumes in
reproducible quality and at low prices.
• Developments in manufacturing organization and technology moved
rapidly and the emergence of ‘scientific management approach
meant that skilled specialists were able to analyze and devise ‘the
one best way’ to accomplish a wide range tasks.
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Manufacturing Process
57
Total Management
•
Implements by various departments
•
Involves every single employee, from top management to workers on
the floor
Total Quality Control
Integrate activity of each department involve to quality of product
• Product & Process Design
• Planning & Control
• Manufacturing Process
Total Productive Maintenance
• Total effectiveness
• economic efficiency or profitability
• Total maintenance system
• maintenance prevention, improvement
• Total participation of all employees
• autonomous maintenance by operators through small group activities
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58
From Thing to knowledge
• Design and product development
• Procurement of different components and sub
assemblies.
• Logistics to get all these different bits to the
right place just in time to be put together.
• Sales and distribution
• After sales service support
• Branding – telling a ‘story’ to particular
customer groups.
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Manufacturing Process
59
Lean Manufacturing
•
Just in time (JIT) is a production strategy that strives to improve a business return on
investment by reducing in-process inventory and associated carrying costs. Just-in-time
production method is also called the Toyota Production System. To meet JIT objectives,
the process relies on signals or Kanban (看板 Kanban)between different points in the
process, which tell production when to make the next part. Kanban are usually 'tickets'
but can be simple visual signals, such as the presence or absence of a part on a shelf.
Implemented correctly, JIT focuses on continuous improvement and can improve a
manufacturing organization's return on investment, quality, and efficiency. To achieve
continuous improvement key areas of focus could be flow, employee involvement and
quality.
•
Quick notice that stock depletion requires personnel to order new stock is critical to the
inventory reduction at the center of JIT. This saves warehouse space and costs.
However, the complete mechanism for making this work is often misunderstood.
•
Major activity of JIT
–
Scheduling
• Level Schedule
• Pull System
• Minimum Lot Size
–
Visible Feedback
–
Supplier Involvement
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Integrated Manufacturing
• Suppliers
• Product & Process Design
• Manufacturing Planning & Control
• The production Process
• Distribution
• After sales Service & Support
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Manufacturing Process
61
From SOLO act to network
• Companies operate in a complex web involving a host of different
players – suppliers, customers, competitors, regulators, collaborators
and many others.
• Collective efficiency highlights the power of this model;
– How to manage something we don’t own or control.
– How to see system level effects not narrow self-interest.
– How to build trust and shared risk-taking without tying the process up in
contractual red tape.
– How to avoid ‘free-riders’ and information ‘spillovers’.
• The future of manufacturing innovation
– Manufacturing is a central part of civilization, Industrial revolution is an
exaggeration given huge social and economic transition involved. The
pattern persists today with major challenges in term of globalization,
customization, virtualization etc.
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62
Mass Customization
•
•
•
Mass customization is the new frontier in
business competition for both manufacturing and
service industries. At its core is a tremendous
increase in variety and customization without a
corresponding increase in costs. At its limit, it is
the mass production of individually customized
goods and services. At its best, it provides
strategic advantage and economic value.
Mass customization is the method of "effectively
postponing the task of differentiating a product
for a specific customer until the latest possible
point in the supply network.
The concept of mass customization is "producing
goods and services to meet individual customer's
needs with near mass production efficiency". It
has been called "a strategy that creates value by
some form of company-customer interaction at
the fabrication and assembly stage of the
operations level to create customized products
with production cost and monetary price similar
to those of mass-produced products".
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ระบบการผลิตแบบบูรณาการ
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Manufacturing Process
64
Manufacturing categories sector
•
Chemical industry - Pharmaceutical
•
Construction Ceramics Cement
•
Electrical & Electronics Appliance - Semiconductor
•
Energy industry – Alternate energy, Agrobusiness, Waste Recycle
•
Food and Beverage Agribusiness Brewing industry Food processing
•
Industrial design -Interchangeable parts
•
Metalworking Metalcasting
•
Machinery
•
Plastics
•
Telecommunications
•
Textile manufacturing Clothing industry
•
Pulp and paper industry
•
Transportation
– Aerospace manufacturing
– Automotive industry, Bus manufacturing, Autoparts manufacturing -Tire
– Shipbuilding
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Manufacturing Process
65
Manufacturing Layer
Market
Market
Capital Goods
Consumer Product
Component,Parts
Equipment
Supporting Industry
Primary, secondary raw materials
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
•Food processing
•garment
•construction
•Pharmaceutical
•Automotive
•Electrical,electronic
•Machinery
Machinery, auto,
appliances parts
Chemical, metal work,
Rubber, plastic,
packaging etc
Steel, resin,
petrochemical
66
Value Chain and Supply Chain
• The value chain, is a concept from business management
that was first described and popularized by Michael Porter in
his 1985 best-seller, Competitive Advantage: Creating and
Sustaining Superior Performance.
• A supply chain is a system of organizations, people,
technology, activities, information and resources involved in
moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply
chain activities transform natural resources,raw materials and
components into a finished product that is delivered to the
end customer. In sophisticated supply chain systems, used
products may re-enter the supply chain at any point where
residual value is recyclable. Supply chains link value chains.
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Manufacturing Process
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SMEs Linkage (ceramics Industry)
: Clustering & domestic supply-chain
Raw materials
processing
packaging
High Temp Furnace
machinery
distribution
market
Transport
mixture
Ceremics industry
Kaolin mining
14 มกราคม 2555
Interior design
Design-packaging
Manufacturing Process
68
SMEs Linkage (Food Processing Industry)
: Clustering & domestic supply-chain
processing
Raw materials
packaging
distribution
market
Transport
Refrigerated
Primary process
Hotel, restaurant
Non toxic
agriculture
14 มกราคม 2555
Food processing
Industry
machinery
Testing
Design-packaging
Manufacturing Process
69
One-third theory
100%
80%
60%
40%
14 มกราคม 2555
• subcontractor
Technology&In
terlectual
• Technology and
intellectual owner
Manufacturing
20%
0%
Opportunity
• Knowledge person &
Opportunist
Selling Price
Manufacturing Process
70
Innovative manufacturing
• From craft to Agile
• From Hand to high involvement
• From Thing to knowledge
• From Hand tools to intelligent
manufacturing
• From solo act to network
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การพัฒนาอุตสาหกรรมการผลิตในประเทศไทย
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
®´˜™„¦¦ ¤Åš¥˜ẾŠÂ˜nݦ µ–‹œ™¹Š¥»‡Áž·—ž¦ ³ Áš«
ระยะหลังสงครามโลก (2490-2504)
Ÿ¨·˜·Êœ­ nª œ
° »ž„¦–rš—šœ„µ¦ œµÎ Á…µo (Ÿœ¡ •
´ œµÁ«¦ ¬“„·‹Â¨ ³ ­ Š
´ ‡¤² Œ
´ šȨ́
1 2504-2509)
¦ ³ ¥³ Á¦·É¤ ˜œ
o „µÎ®œ—Ÿœ¡ •
´ œµอุตสาหกรรม (Ÿœ¡ •
´ œµÁ«¦ ¬“„·‹Â¨ ³ ­ Š
´ ‡¤² Œ
´ šȨ́
2 2510-2515)
Á¦nŠ·Êœ­ nª œÄœประเทศ (Ÿœ¡ •
´ œµÁ«¦ ¬“„·‹Â¨ ³ ­ Š
´ ‡¤² Œ
´ šȨ́
3 2515-2519)
¤»nŠ¡•
´ œµÁ¡ ºÉ°„µ¦ ­ nŠ°° „(2520-2523)
ทศวรรษใหม่ของการค้นพบแหล่งพลังงาน (2533-2528)
„µ¦ Á¦·É¤ ˜œ
o …° Š°»˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤„µ¦ Ÿ¨·˜Âš‹
o¦ ·Š(2526-2528)
การย้ายฐานการผลิตเข้ามาในไทย (2529-2533)
ช่วงเศรษฐกิจขยายตัวเร็ว (2534-2538)
‡ªµ¤˜¦³ ®œ„
´ Ĝž´®µ­ ·ÉŠÂª —¨ °o ¤ (˜ẾŠÂ˜n2534)
‡¨ ºÉœ¨ ¼„šȨ́­ µ¤…° Š°»˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤…œµ—„¨ µŠÂ¨ ³ Á̈Ȅ(2537-2540)
วิกฤติเศรษฐกิจ (2540-2542)
มุ่งปรับตัวพัฒนาผลิตภาพ (2542-2544)
สร้างระบบคลัสเตอร์และห่วงโซ่คุณค่า(˜ẾŠÂ˜n2544)
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Manufacturing Process
72
หัตถกรรมไทย
• µ˜·Åš¥ÁžÈœ­ Š
´ ‡¤šȨ́¤¸« ·¨ žª •
´ œ›¦¦ ¤¤µÂ˜nݦ µ–
• ชาติไทยรับการถ่ายทอดวิทยาการผสมผสานระหว่างจีนและอินเดีย
• Ś¥¤¸nµŠ ¸¤º° šȨ́¤¸‡ªµ¤­ µ¤µ¦ ™¤µ¤µ„„ªµn
1,000 ปี
• Šµœ®´˜™„¦¦ ¤Å—ž
o ¨ ¼„ ´Š°¥¼
Änœ‡œÅš¥¤µ˜ẾŠÂ˜nݦ µ–
´ ˜nµŠµ˜·šẾŠ¥»Ã¦ žÂ¨ ³ Á° ÁŽ¥̧
• ˜ẾŠÂ˜n­ ¤ ¥́° ¥»›¥µšȨ́­ ¥µ¤‡µo…µ¥„
­ ¥µ¤¤¸
®´˜™„¦¦ ¤šȨ́¤¸‡»–‡nµ¤µ„®¨ µ¥Åª ‡
oµo…µ¥Â¨ „Áž¨ Ȩ́¥œ
• Šµœ ¸¤º° ˜nµŠÇÁ®¨ nµœȨ̂ÁžÈœŸ¨·˜£ –
´ ”š
r Ȩ́čÁoª ¨ µž¦ ³ —·¬ “
r‡¦Åš¥‹¹ŠšµÎ
เป็ นอุตสาหกรรมไม่ได้
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
73
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
74
ระยะหลังสงครามโลก
(2490-2504)
• Ĝ¦ ³ ®ª µnŠ­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨ „‡¦ẾŠšȨ́­ ° Š
Ś¥¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µ„¨ µÎµ„Äœ‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœ° ¥¼
Án¡ ¦ µ³
­ ·œ‡µošȨ́‹µÎÁžÈœÅ¤n­ µ¤µ¦ ™Ÿ¨·˜ÄœÅš¥
• Á¤ºÉ°­ Š‡¦µ¤Á̈·„¦µ„µ¦ š®µ¦ ŗ˜
oẾŠÃ¦ ŠŠµœŸ¨·˜­ ·œ‡µošȨ́‹µÎÁžÈœÁnœ
Ť …
o¸—Å¢ Ÿµo
ห่ม อาหารกระป๋ อง แก้ว กระดาษ แบตเตอรี โรงฟอกหนัง โรงงานรองเท้า
โรงงานทํายางรถยนต์
• Ÿœ¡ •
´ œµÁ«¦ ¬“„·‹Â¨ ³ ­ Š
´ ‡¤Â®nŠµ˜·Á¦·É¤ ­ nŠÁ­ ¦ ·¤ Ä®oÁ° „œ¤¸‡ªµ¤¦ ¼o—µoœ
อุตสาหกรรม ส่ งเสริ มการสํารวจวัตถุดิบ และรัฐจะไม่ทาํ กิจการแข่งกับเอกชน
• ° »ž„¦–rÁ‡¦ºÉ° Š‹„
´¦ Á‡¦ºÉ° ŠÄÅo¢ ¢oµÄœÁª ¨ µœẾœ¤¸œ°o ¥ž¦ ³ Á£š
¤¸„µ¦ œµÎ Á…µo
รถจักรยาน พัดลมไฟฟ้ า หลอดไฟฟ้ า จักรเย็บผ้า วิทยุหลอด ตูเ้ ย็น
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Manufacturing Process
75
Ÿ¨·˜·Êœ­ nª œ
° »ž„¦–rš—šœ„µ¦ œµÎ Á…µo
(แผนพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจและสั งคมฯ ฉบับที่ 1 2504-2509)
• วิทยุทรานซิสเตอร์ ตูเ้ ย็น โทรทัศน์ เตาแก๊ส รถยนต์(Toyota2505)
รถจักรยานยนต์ (Honda2508)
• อะไหล่รถบรรทุก รถโดยสาร แหนบสปริ ง(2505)
• ° »ž„¦–rÁ‡¦ºÉ° ŠÁ¦º° œ
±µ¦ r—ª ¦ r(สกุลไทย 2489)
• การส่ งเสริ มการสํารวจวัตถุดิบในประเทศ
• การจัดหาแหล่งเงินทุน การจัดเตรี ยมพลังงานด้านไฟฟ้ า
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
76
¦ ³ ¥³ Á¦·É¤ ˜œ
o „µÎ®œ—Ÿœ¡ •
´ œµ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤
(แผนพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจและสังคมฯŒ
´ šȨ́
2 2510-2515)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
จัดแบ่งประเภทอุตสาหกรรม
‹—
´ ®µÂ®¨ nŠÂ¦ n˜nµŠÇÁ¡ ºÉ°œµÎ ¤µ™¨ »ŠÁžÈœª ˜
´ ™»—·
ปั ญหาด้านโครงสร้างอุตสาหกรรม
ž´®µ—µoœÁŠ·œš»œÂ¨ ³ ­ ·œÁºÉ°
ปั ญหาด้านภาษีอากรและการปฏิบตั ิของเจ้าพนักงานภาษี
ž´®µ—µoœ­ ·ÉŠ°µÎœª ¥‡ªµ¤­ ³ —ª„
´ ¦ ³ „µ¦ ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤
¤»nŠÁž¨ Ȩ́¥œÂž¨ Š¦³ Á«¦ ¬“„·‹„µ¦ Á„¬˜¦Ä®o¤ ¸­ ¤—»¨ „
œµÎ š¦ ´¡ ¥µ„¦Â®nŠµ˜·šȨ́¤°̧ ¥¼
¤n µÄÄo®oÁžÈœž¦ ³ Ã¥œršµŠÁ«¦ ¬“„·‹…° Šž¦ ³ Áš«¤µ„
šȨ́­»—
• ­ œ
´ ­ œ»œÄ®o° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤ÁžÈœŸŽ
¼oʺ° šȨ́­ µÎ ‡
´ ­ µÎ ®¦ ´Ÿ¨·˜Ÿ¨ Á„¬˜¦
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Manufacturing Process
77
Á¦nŠ·Êœ­ nª œÄœž¦ ³ Áš«(แผน¦ ³ ¥³ Á¦·É¤ ˜œ
o „µÎ®œ—Ÿœ¡ •
´ œµ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤
(แผนพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจและสังคมฯŒ
´ šȨ́
3 2515-2519)
• รัฐจะยึดถือระบบเศรษฐกิจเสรี เป็ นหลัก
´ Á° „œ
• ¦ ´“‹³Å¤n˜ẾŠ¦´“ª­· µ®„·‹…ʹœÄ®¤nÁ¡ ºÉ°Â…nŠ…œ
´ „
×¥ÁŒ¡ µ³ ° ¥nµŠ¥·Š
ÉĜ—µoœ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤„µ¦
ผลิต (Manufacturing industry)
• รัฐจะไม่โอนวิสาหกิจของเอกชนมาเป็ นของรัฐ
• ¦ ´“‹³­ œ
´ ­ œ»œ„µ¦ čŸ
o ¨ ·˜£ –
´ ”°r »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤…° ŠÁ° „œšȨ́Ÿ¨·˜…ʹœ
• ¦ ´“‹³­ nŠÁ­ ¦ ·¤ ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤šȨ́Ÿ¨·˜Á¡ ºÉ°­ nŠ°° „¨ ³ Á¡ ºÉ°š—šœ­ ·œ‡µoÁ…µošȨ́­ µÎ ‡
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´ ˜ẾŠÄœ£¼¤·£ µ‡Ä®o¤ µ„…ʹœ
• รัฐจะพัฒนาอุตสาหกรรมขนาดย่อมให้เจริ ญก้าวหน้าและส่ งเสริ มในการส่ งเป็ น
­ ·œ‡µo° ° „šȨ́­ µÎ ‡
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• รัฐจะส่ งเสริ มประสิ ทธิภาพการผลิตและลดต้นทุนการผลิตในวิสาหกิจอุตสาหกรรม
• ¦ ´“‹³­ nŠÁ­ ¦ ·¤ „µ¦ Ÿ¨·˜­ ·œ‡µo° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤Ä®oŗ¤o µ˜¦“µœ
¨ ³ …¥µ¥˜¨ µ—šẾŠ£µ¥ÄœÂ¨ ³ œ° „
ประเทศ
• œ° „‹µ„‹³Áœœ
o ®œ„
´ ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤Á¡ ºÉ°­ nŠ°° „¨ ³ ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤¡ ʜ
º “µœÂ¨ ªo
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ความสําคัญแก่การประสานสัมพันธ์กบั สาขาเกษตรเพราะอุตสาหกรรมประเภทแปรรู ปจากผลิตผล
เกษตร
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
78
¤»nŠ¡•
´ œµÁ¡ ºÉ°„µ¦ ­ nŠ°° „(2520-2523)
• จัดโครงสร้างอุตสาหกรรมและให้ความสนับสนุนด้านเงินทุน การ
ลดหย่อนภาษี การหาตลาดต่างประทศและการลดอุปสรรค
• การควบคุมการเปิ ดโรงงานให้มีกาํ ลังผลิตเหมาะสมกับความต้องการ
ของตลาด
´ „¨ »n¤ ° µÁŽ¥̧œ
• Á¦·É¤ œª šµŠ‡ªµ¤¦ nª ¤¤º° „
• การแก้ไขพรบ.ส่ งเสริ มการลงทุน 2520
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ทศวรรษใหม่ของการค้นพบแหล่งพลังงาน
(2533-2528)
• ž¦ ³ Áš«Åš¥¤Â̧®¨ nŠÁÊº° Á¡ ¨ ·Š¢° ­ Ž·¨ œ°o ¥¤µ„¨ ³ ˜°o ŠœµÎ Á…µoÁÊº° Á¡ ¨ ·Š
จากต่างประเทศ
• —µÎÁœ·œ„µ¦ ­ µÎ ¦ ª ‹Â®¨ nŠÁÊº° Á¡ ¨ ·ŠÄœ° nµª Ś¥
• พบแหล่งแก๊สธรรมชาติในอ่าวไทยมีปริ มาณเพียงพอในเชิงพาณิ ชย์
• ˜n° šn° „p­ Á¡ ºÉ°œµÎ „p­ ‹µ„° nµª Ś¥…ʹœ¤µÄo
• Á¦·É¤ ¡ •
´ œµ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤ž·Ã˜¦Á‡¤¸
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80
„µ¦ Á¦·É¤ ˜œ
o …° Š°»˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤„µ¦ Ÿ¨·˜Âš‹
o¦ ·Š(25262528)
• ¦·¬ š
´ ˜nµŠµ˜·Å—Âo„n
Ȩ́žn»œ
Á¥° ¦ ¤ œ
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Á¦·É¤ ­ œÄ‹¤µšµÎæ ŠŠµœŸ¨·˜­ ·œ‡µoĜ
Ś¥Á¡ ¦ µ³ ­ ·š›·ž¦ ³ Ã¥œš
r µŠ£µ¬¸šȨ́‹¼ŠÄ‹
• ­ ·œ‡µošȨ́œµÎ ¤µŸ¨·˜ÁžÈœŸ¨·˜£ –
´ ”š
r Ȩ́ŤnÁ‡¥¤¸„µ¦ Ÿ¨·˜ÄœÅš¥
˜nไทยมี
‡ªµ¤­ µ¤µ¦ ™¡ ° šȨ́‹³Ÿ¨·˜Å—
oŤn¤ ¸­ ·œ‡µošȨ́¤¸‡»–‡nµÁ¡ ·É¤­ ¼Š
• Ÿ¨·˜£ –
´ ”Ár®¨ nµœȨ̂˜°o ŠÄ‡
o ª µ¤¦ ¼ošµŠª·ศวกรรมการผลิตมากกว่าผลิตภัณฑ์
Á—·¤ Ç
ŽÉ¹ŠÁœœ
o „µ¦ ž¦ ¦ ¼ž
• สํานักงานคณะกรรมการส่ งเสริ มการลงทุนได้ส่งเสริ มการลงทุนผลิต
­ ·œ‡µo­ µ¤ž¦ ³ Á£š‡º° Á‡¦ºÉ° Š¥œ˜„
r µ¦ Á„¬˜¦
Á‡¦ºÉ° Š¥œ˜¦r ™‹„
´ ¦ ¥µœ¥œ˜
r
¨ ³ Á‡¦ºÉ° Š¥œ˜¦r ™¦ ¦ š»„Á̈Ȅ
×¥¤¸­ ·š›·ž¦ ³ Ã¥œš
r Ȩ́‹¼ŠÄ‹
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
81
การย้ายฐานการผลิตเข้ามาในไทย
(2529-2533)
• ŸÅ¼o—¦o´„µ¦ ­ nŠÁ­ ¦ ·¤ ĜئŠ„µ¦ Á‡¦ºÉ° Š¥œ˜Ár¦ ·É¤ ¨ Šš»œŸ¨·˜·Êœ­ nª œ˜nµŠÇ
´ ­ ·š›·ž¦ ³ Ã¥œr
ÁœºÉ°Š—ªo¥…°o Ÿ„
¼¡ œ
´ „
• œÃ¥µ¥Áž¨ Ȩ́¥œ­ œµ¤¦ ÁžÈœ­ œµ¤„µ¦ „µ¦ ‡µo…° ŠÅš¥šµÎÄ®oÁ„·—˜¨ µ—
ใหม่ในภูมิภาคอาเซียน
• ¦·¬ š
´ ˜nµŠµ˜·Á®ÈœÃ° „µ­ „µ¦ ¨ Šš»œÄœÅš¥
Á¡ ¦ µ³ ¤¸ŸŽ
¼oʺ° šȨ́—
´ Á‹œ
• „µ¦ œµÎ ®¨ nŠ¡ ¨ Š
´ Šµœ‹µ„° nµª Ś¥…ʹœ¤µÄš
o µÎÄ®o˜œ
o š»œ¡ ¨ Š
´ Šµœ
สามารถแข่งขันได้
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
82
ช่วงเศรษฐกิจขยายตัวเร็ ว
(2534-2538)
• „µ¦ ¥o°œ„¨ 
´ …° Šš§¬‘¸Ã—¤·ÃœÂ¨ ³ „µ¦ šȨ́‹¸œž¦ ³ „µ«Áž·—ž¦ ³ Áš«šµÎÄ®o
ตลาดภูมิภาคอาเซียนมีศกั ยภาพสู งมาก
• การประกาศรวมกลุ่มประชาคมกาเซียนและเขตการค้าเสรี อาเซียน (AFTA)
• „µ¦ Ÿ¨·˜Äœž¦ ³ Áš«Åš¥‹³ÁžÈœœ
´ ŗŞ­ n¼„µ¦ Ÿ¨·˜Äœ° µÁŽȨ́¥œ
• Ś¥¤¸‡ªµ¤¡ ¦ o° ¤Äœ—µoœ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤­ œ
´ ­ œ»œšȨ́ŗ¦o´„µ¦ ¡ •
´ œµ¤µ„ªµn
สิ บปี
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
83
‡ªµ¤˜¦³ ®œ„
´ Ĝž´®µ­ ·ÉŠÂª —¨ °o ¤ (˜ẾŠÂ˜n2534)
• การผลิตสิ นค้าจะเกิดการของเหลือจากการใช้วตั ถุดิบและของเสี ยจาก
กระบวนการผลิต
• การผลิตโดยใช้เทคโนโลยีจะช่วยให้ผลิตได้มากแต่กส็ ร้างปัญหา
­ ·ÉŠÂª —¨ °o ¤¤µ„…ʹœ—ªo¥
• การขยายตัวอย่างรวดเร็ วของอุตสาหกรรมทําให้ผผู ้ ลิตมุ่งผลิตให้ได้มาก
และเร็ ว
´ œ„
• Ÿ
¼o¦ ·®µ¦ ­ £µ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤¦ nª ¤„
´ ª ·µ„µ¦ šẾŠ­nª œ‡ª‡»¤ ¨ ³
สถาบันการศึกษาวิจยั ตระหนักถึงปัญหาและผลักดันรัฐบาลให้ออกพรบ.
­ ·ÉŠÂª —¨ °o ¤
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
84
‡¨ ºÉœ¨ ¼„šȨ́­ µ¤…° Š°»˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤…œµ—„¨ µŠÂ¨ ³ Á̈Ȅ(25372540)
• °˜
´ ¦ ¨ „Áž¨ Ȩ́¥œ­ „¨» Á¥œ…° ŠȨ́žn»œÁ¡ ·É¤‡nµ­ ¼ŠšµÎÄ®oæ ŠŠµœ…œµ—Á̈ȄĜ
´ ˜nµŠž¦ ³ Áš«
Ȩ́žn»œÅ¤n­ µ¤µ¦ ™Â…nŠ…œ
´ ŗ„
o
• ประเทศไทยมีวฒั นธรรมการทํางานและขีดความสามารถในการผลิต
´ ĜȨ́žn»œ
­ ·œ‡µo…° Š°»˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤Á®¨ nµœȨ̂šȨ́Ą¨ Áo‡¥̧Š„
• ¤¸˜¨ µ—šȨ́ÁžÈœ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤ž¨ µ¥œÊµÎ ÁžÈœŸŽ
¼oʺ° šȨ́œnœ° œ
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
85
วิกฤติเศรษฐกิจ
(2540-2542)
• ไทยไม่มีทรัพย์สินทุนในการลงทุนจึงต้องผูเ้ งินจากต่างประเทศมา
ลงทุน
• „µ¦ ¨ Šš»œšȨ́­¼ŠÂ¨ ³ Á¦ÈªÁ„·œÅžÃ—¥Å¤nŗ˜
o µÎœ¹Š™¹Š°»ž­ ¦ ¦ ‡šȨ́Á„·—…ʹœ
นอกเหนือการควบคุม
• „µ¦ ¦·®µ¦ ° ˜
´ ¦ µÂ¨ „Áž¨ Ȩ́¥œÁŠ·œ˜¦µ˜nµŠž¦ ³ Áš«šȨ́Ÿ—
· ¡ ¨ µ—¨ ³ „µ¦
‡ª‡»¤ ÁŠ·œš»œÅ®¨ Á…µošȨ́Ťn¦´—„¤»
• „µ¦ …µ—ª·œ¥́„µ¦ ÁŠ·œÂ¨ ³ „µ¦ šȨ́˜°o Š¡ÉŠ
¹ ˜¨ µ—˜nµŠž¦ ³ Áš«¤µ„Á„·œÅž
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
86
มุ่งปรับตัวพัฒนาผลิตภาพ
(2542-2544)
• Ÿ¨·˜£µ¡ ®¤µ¥™¹Šž¦ ³ ­ ·š›·£ µ¡ …° Š„µ¦ Ÿ¨·˜Äœ®œÉ¹Š®œnª ¥Áª ¨ µ
• ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤Åš¥Áœœ
o Á¦ºÉ° Š˜œ
o š»œšȨ́…nŠ…œ
´ ŗ
o˜nŤnŗ‡
o µÎœ¹Š™¹Š„µ¦ ­ ¦ oµŠ
¤¼¨‡nµÁ¡ ¤·ÉÄ®o­ ·œ‡µošȨ́Ÿ¨·˜
‹¹Š¤¸„µ¦ Ÿ¨·˜­ ·œ‡µoÁ—·¤ Ç
• ° »˜­ µ®„¦¦ ¤…œµ—„¨ µŠÂ¨ ³ …œµ—¥n° ¤¥´ŠÅ¤nÁ…¤o …Š
ȚẾŠšȨ́¤Ã̧° „µ­ ­ ¼Š
• „µ¦ ¨ Šš»œ¨ nªŠ®œµo„n° œÁ„·—ª·„§˜·­ µ¤µ¦ ™œµÎ ¤µž¦ ´ž¦»ŠÁ¡ ºÉ°Á¡ ¤·ÉŸ¨·˜£µ¡ ŗÁo¦ Ȫ
• การจัดทําแผนปรับโครงสร้สงอุตสาหกรรมไทยในปี 2541 ทําให้เกิดการ
ž¦ ´˜ª́„Åo…‹»—° n° œÂ¨ ³ ¤»nŠÁœœ
o ­ ·œ‡µošȨ́Ś¥Á…¤o …Š
È
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
87
สร้างระบบคลัสเตอร์และห่วงโซ่คุณค่า(˜ẾŠÂ˜n
2544)
• จากแผนปรับโครงสร้างอุตสาหกรรมได้นาํ มาสู่ ความคิดการสร้าง
¤¼¨‡nµÁ¡ ·É¤Â„n­ ·œ‡µoŚ¥
„µ¦ ¦ nª ¤¤º° ¦ ³ ®ª µnŠÁ° „œÂ¨ ³ …nŠ…œ
´ Ĝ
กรอบความร่ วมมือ
• „µ¦ „µÎ®œ—˜ª´ Á° ŠÄœ˜µÎ®œnŠšȨ́Á®¤µ³ ­ ¤Äœ®nª ŠÃŽn° »žšµœ
(Supply Chain) ทําให้ผลิตภาพและประสิ ทธิ ภาพได้รับการ
¡•
´ œµÄ®o—¸…ʹœ° ¥nµŠ˜n° ÁœºÉ°Š
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
88
Nut Cracker Effect
Technology&Design capability
leader
follower
Product design & Italy
Product differentation
Change product
positioning
China
Low cost
14 มกราคม 2555
Japan
Design Leader
• Skill labor
• High productivity
Thai industry
• aim to product
Thai’ cultural products differentiation
Low cost competitor
Vietnam
Product variation
Competitiveness
Manufacturing Process
Cost Leader
• Huge domestic market
• Cheap labor&material
89
SMEs Economy Landscape in 1998
High
Tech
LEVEL OF SOPHISTICATION
Software
Bio-technology
E-commerce
Low
Tech
Investing
Strategy
Engineering products
Multimedia
Strengthening
Strategy
electronic
auto parts
wood furniture
agro-industry
rubber products
Tourist
Jewelry
Plastic
Textile
Extending
Strategy
Thai Handicrafts
Low
Touch
14 มกราคม 2555
LEVEL OF CUSTOMIZATION
Manufacturing Process
High
Touch
90
Creative Economy Landscape 2010
•High
Tech
• Bio-technology
•New Service
•Renewable
Energy
•Nanotechnology
•LEVEL OF SOPHISTICATION
•Low
Tech
•Investing
Strategy
• Health Care
• Multimedia
•Thai Cuisine
• electronic
• auto parts
•New Materials
•New Process • Plastic
• Textile
•wood furniture
•agro-industry
•rubber products
•Strengthening
Strategy
• Tourist
• Jewelry
•Extending
Strategy
• Thai Handicrafts
•Low
Touch
14 มกราคม 2555
•LEVEL OF CUSTOMIZATION
Manufacturing Process
•High
Touch
91
Changing face of manufacturing
• Location
• Operations
• Number and arrangement of players
• Drivers
• Technology
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
92
Location
• Location for specific categories move gradually but
accelerating in the recent years.
• Location shift to the rich sources of materials.
• Location of manufacturer change to the lowest cost
efficiency area.
• Location also move nearby the market place.
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
93
Operations
• Move from direct physical manufacturing and
assembly to an extended network of activities
ranging from design at early stage through
various physical processes and assembly and out
to distribution and after sales service.
• The emerging images changed from ‘making’ to
‘design/make/serve’.
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
94
Number and arrangement of players
• Manufacturing requires a number of specialist
suppliers of ideas, goods and services which need
to be configured and coordinated rather
tributaries to a large river.
• Product like automobile are comprising of ten of
thousands of components, we have to deal with
multiplayer of multilayer.
• There are both vertical and horizontal integration
to organizing and managing extended and
globally sourcing and distributing networks.
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
95
Drivers
• Manufacturing was originally satisfying cost and
quality by the users. Pricing was the dominant
factor shaping competitiveness in the
marketplace for manufactured goods
• The role of ‘non-price factor’ like design, choice
delivery speed, after-sales service and indirect
quality aspects are concerned.
• The manufacturers have to differentiate and
prepare themselves by playing several games
simultaneously.
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
96
Technology
• The earliest manufactures made use of simple physical tools.
• In this days the world of physical equipment has become
immensely sophisticated.
• Recent developments in information and communication
technology in the competition increasingly and played out of
virtual space.
• Most design activity is done via computer and manufacturing is
also dominated by computer control.
• Complex support activities – coordinating of receiving, delivery,
payments for parts and materials, sales-order processing and
customer invoicing are all done with the new technology.
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
97
Generic Manufacturing
• Product & Process Design
• Planning & Control
• Manufacturing Process
‘Process Data to convey information’
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
98
Major Causes of Quality Problems
• Marketing Information
• Design Capability
• Testing Capability
• Production Engineering knowledge
• Manufacturing Technology
• Shop Floor Management Technology
• Total Quality Management Concept
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Manufacturing Process
99
Manufacturing Strategy Objective
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Shorter new-product lead time
More inventory turn over
Shorter manufacturing lead time
Highest quality
More flexibility
Better customer service
Less waste
Higher return on assets
14 มกราคม 2555
Manufacturing Process
100

บทความวิจัย การตรวจสอบปริมาณสารประกอบฟีโนลิก

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Your partner for machining and complete parts

Study and analysis of Compound Die Manufacturing Using wc-edm

For personal use only - Australian Securities Exchange

後藤精工株式会社

Document 7340155

Here is one way to buy tickets on the Metropolitan Opera website

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