N Particles M Groups N/M N/M N/M Gbest Solution N Particles M Groups N/M N/M N/M Gbest N Particles Solution N Particles M Groups N/M N/M N/M Gbest M Groups r% N/M r% N/M Solution r% N/M N Particles M Groups N/M N/M N/M Gbest M Groups r% N/M r% N/M r% Solution N/M M=5, N=1280 Best 5% Others Best 5% Others 0% 840 160 0 888 112 0 10% 884 116 0 875 125 0 20% 874 126 0 866 134 0 30% 880 120 0 870 130 0 40% 874 126 0 886 114 0 50% 872 128 0 874 126 0 60% 875 125 0 889 111 0 70% 883 117 0 874 126 0 80% 877 123 0 866 134 0 910 900 890 880 870 860 Gbest 850 gbest 840 830 820 810 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 90% 885 115 0 866 134 0 100% 896 104 0 886 114 0 M=10, N=1280 Best 5% Others Best 5% Others 0% 892 108 0 904 96 0 10% 887 113 0 890 110 0 20% 902 98 0 901 99 0 30% 881 119 0 899 101 0 40% 886 114 0 903 97 0 50% 898 102 0 899 101 0 60% 900 100 0 909 91 0 70% 899 101 0 905 95 0 920 910 900 Gbest 890 gbest 880 870 860 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 80% 897 103 0 905 95 0 90% 902 98 0 915 85 0 100% 910 90 0 906 94 0 M=15, N=1280 Best 5% Others Best 5% Others 0% 876 124 0 886 114 0 10% 892 108 0 889 111 0 20% 886 114 0 889 111 0 30% 898 102 0 884 116 0 40% 892 108 0 894 106 0 50% 888 112 0 889 111 0 60% 887 113 0 874 126 0 70% 885 115 0 897 103 0 80% 890 110 0 894 106 0 900 895 890 885 Gbest 880 gbest 875 870 865 860 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 90% 875 125 0 894 106 0 100% 886 114 0 898 102 0 M=20, N=1280 Best 5% Others Best 5% Others 0% 858 142 0 878 122 0 10% 864 136 0 854 146 0 20% 858 142 0 876 124 0 30% 869 131 0 854 146 0 40% 867 133 0 864 136 0 50% 832 168 0 880 120 0 60% 861 139 0 858 142 0 70% 867 133 0 855 145 0 80% 858 142 0 861 139 0 890 880 870 860 850 Gbest 840 gbest 830 820 810 800 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 90% 872 128 0 854 146 0 100% 868 132 0 866 134 0 Gbest • M=5, 10, 15, 20 920 900 880 860 0% 50% 840 100% 820 800 780 5 10 15 20 gbest • M=5, 10, 15, 20 920 910 900 890 880 0% 870 50% 100% 860 850 840 830 820 5 10 15 20
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