Community, Political Culture and the Surveillance of

Community, Political Culture and the
Surveillance of Public Places
コミュニティー、政治文化と
公共の場の監視
Street-Level Imaging in Comparative
Perspective
ストリート・レベルイメージの比較
Presentation to the International Society of Criminology, Kobe, Japan
August 5, 2011
What is Political Culture?
• “The sum of the fundamental values, sentiments and knowledge that give
form and substance to political processes” (Lucian Pye)
• “Political culture is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientations
toward politics among the members of a political system. It is the
subjective realm which gives meaning to political actions” (Gabriel
Almond)
– Cognitive aspects
– Affective aspects
– Evaluative Aspects
Social Capital (Robert Putnam)
Refers to “a culture of trust and cooperation which
makes collective action possible and effective…it is the
ability of a community to develop the “I” into the “we.”
A political culture with a fund of social capital enables a
community to build political institutions capable of
solving collective problems.”
Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (1993)
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community
(2000)
Political Culture and Personal Privacy
Alan Westin “Privacy and Freedom”
UK: Deferential Democratic balance
Germany: Authoritarian Democratic balance
US: Egalitarian democratic balance
Barrington Moore “Privacy: Studies in Social and
Cultural History”
Empirical survey data on ‘trust’ in organizations
Harris-Westin surveys
Zureik et al. Surveillance, Privacy and the
Globalization of Personal Information (2010)
Level of Trust in Government and Corporations (IpsosReid 2006)
Comparative attitudes to community surveillance
A possible theoretical relationship
More “subject” or
“deferential political
culture
Higher levels of
trust in government
Higher levels of
trust in institutions
to protect personal
information
Higher
levels of
surveillance
An example: identity cards
Problems with Prior Studies
 Many cultural generalizations based on anecdote:
e.g. “The Englishman’s home is his castle”
Lack of equivalence in survey data
 Abstract notions of trust often divorced from specific practices
Breakdowns by other demographic variables often not possible
Much of our survey data does not address the private sector
The Case of Community Street-View Technology
コミュニティー・ストリートビューテクノロジーとは
 Common set of practices and a common time-frame
 Related to an attribute of privacy that is historically sensitive –
the home
Question: Can we generalize about variable national responses to
street view technology and thereby draw insights into political
culture and community?
ストリートビューテクノロジーに対する様々な国の対応を比較し、
政治文化の違いとの関係性について一定の憶測を測れるか?
Current Products and Services
•
•
•
•
Google Street View
Microsoft Streetside
Mapjack
EveryScape
Google’s Response
http://maps.google.com/help/maps/streetview/privacy.html
http://maps.google.com/help/maps/streetview/privacy.html
http://maps.google.com/help/maps/streetview/privacy.html
Function creep…
Alternative Responses
 A popular and valuable tool that outweighs any
and all privacy considerations because no privacy
in public spaces
 A need to balance the social value against a
limited interest in privacy in public spaces
through blurring and opt-out mechanisms
 The moral equivalent of “staring” constantly and
anonymously requiring resistance – the
“asymmetry of the gaze”
 The “googlization of everything”
Street view, community and political culture
A story of cultural variation being
overwhelmed by a technological imperative
BUT:
The cultural interpretation of identification
The cultural interpretation of public and
private space
The cultural expression of privacy advocacy
www.privacyadvocates.ca
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
どうもありがとうございました
WWW.COLINBENNETT.CA

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