光散乱の古典理論
• 光散乱の古典理論
– 誘電率の揺らぎによる光散乱
• 液体の光散乱
– 空間相関と構造因子
臨界タンパク光
混合液体系(Binary Liquid system)の例
温度計
Hexane(C6H14)
: Methanol(CH3OH)
= 6 : 4 (in mol ) ~ 5 : 1 (in volume)
Hexane-rich phase
2成分の界面
Methanol-rich phase
臨界タンパク光 - Opalescence
光の波長程度の粒径に液滴が成長したときに、強く光が散乱され
る。
Partially Miscible Binary Systems
hexane and methanol
Begin with pure A (left side of graph).
Only have one phase.
As B is added:
Below the saturation limit, there will
only be one phase
Above the saturation limit, there will be
two phases.
Mole fraction of methanol,
In this diagram, the composition of one
of the phases is a’ and the composition
of the other phase is a”.
Eventually enough B is added such that A
is actually dissolved in B and you once
again only have one phase.
Above Tuc (the upper critical temperature),
the two liquids are miscible in all
proportions.
No phase separation occurs.
風景の変化
Q: Does aerosol have anything to do with the difference?
ステンドガラス
金属・半導体微粒子の分散による光吸収・散乱
火星の夕焼け
NASA MARS PATHFINDER
粒径による散乱の違い
粒径 a
光の波長 λ
a<< λ
a~ λ
a>> λ
Geometric scattering
Mie-scattering
Exact solution of scattering by spheres similar in size
to wavelength of radiation results in larger scattering in the
forward direction.
Coherent vs. Incoherent light scattering
Coherent light scattering: scattered wavelets have nonrandom relative
phases in the direction of interest.
Incoherent light scattering: scattered wavelets have random relative phases
in the direction of interest.
Example:
Forward scattering is coherent—
even if the scatterers are randomly
arranged in space.
Path lengths are equal.
Off-axis scattering is incoherent
when the scatterers are randomly
arranged in space.
Path lengths are random.
Coherent vs. Incoherent Scattering
Coherent scattering:
Total complex amplitude,
. Irradiance, I∝ µ A2. So:
Ic ∝µ N2
Incoherent scattering: Total complex amplitude,
The irradiance
qm=qn
So incoherent scattering is weaker than coherent scattering, but not zero.
The equations of optics are
Maxwell’s equations.
E r /e
B 0
B
E
t
E
B me
t
B the magnetic field, r is
where E is the electric field, is
the charge density, e is the permittivity, and m is the
permeability of the medium.
誘電率の揺らぎによる電磁波の散乱
D
Rr
R
3
d r
ni , E0
r
ki , i
O
V
e (r , t ) e 0 (eI e (r , t ))
I : unit tenso r,
ni : unit vecto r
Ei (r , t ) ni E0 exp{i(ki r i t )}
e ( R) e 0eI
入射波と散乱波
D 0
B 0
B
E
t
D
H
t
Ei , Di , H i , Bi
ES , DS , H S , BS
E Ei ES
D Di DS
H Hi H S
B Bi BS
0th order solution
• Maxwell equation
Di 0
Di ee0 Ei
Bi 0
ki ni 0
Bi
Ei
t
Di
Hi
t
2 Di
Ei m0 2
t
A ( A) 2 A
Ei
2
e 2 Ei
c
2
t
2
0
ki
e
c
i
1st order solution (1)
• Maxwell equation
2 DS
ES m 0
t 2
e (r , t ) e 0 (eI e (r , t ))
D e (r , t ) E e 0 (eI e (r , t ))( Ei ES )
e 0eEi e 0eES e 0e (r , t ) Ei o( 2 )
DS e 0eES e 0e (r , t ) Ei
e (r , t )
ES
DS
Ei
e 0e
e
1
2 DS
e 2 DS
c
2
t
2
{e 0e (r , t ) Ei }
1st order solution (2)
• Hertz vector
DS
2
e 2
c t
1
( R, t )
4
2
2
dr
3
e 0e (r , t ) Ei
e 0e (r , t ' ) Ei (r , t ' )
V
Rr
t' t
1
DS ( R, t ) R R
4
V
3
d r
e
c
Rr
e 0e (r , t ' ) Ei (r , t ' )
Rr
st
1
order solution (3)
• Scattering field
1
3 e ( r , t ' ) Ei ( r , t ' )
E S ( R, t ) R R
d r
V
Rr
4e
E0
d 3r
i ( ki r i t ')
R R
(e (r , t ' ) : ni )e
V
4e R r
Fourier component of the fluctuation e(r,t)
1
e (r , t ' )
2
it '
d
e
(
r
,
)
e
E0
E S ( R, t )
R R
4e
d 3 r iki r 1
i (i ) t '
e
d (e (r , ) : ni )e
V
2
R r
1st order solution (4)
Far field approximation
R r R r kˆS
t' t
e
c
kˆS R / R
( R r kˆS )
E0 iit
d 3 r i ( k i i
E S ( R, t )
e R R (
e
V
4e
Rr
1
it
d
e
(e (r , ) : ni )e
2
i
e
c
(i ) R
)
e
c
(i ) kˆS ) r
1st order solution (5)
• Scattering wave
S i ,
e
e
ˆ
kS
(i )k S
S kˆS , q ki k S
c
c
• Slow fluctuation approximation
E0 iit
d 3 r i ( k i i
E S ( R, t )
e R R (
e
V Rr
4e
i
1
it
de (e (r , ) : ni )e
2
e
c
(i ) R
e
c
(i ) kˆS ) r
)
ω積分の外に出す。
3
E 0 i i t
d
r iqr
ikS R
E S ( R, t )
e R R (e
e (e (r , t ) : ni ))
V Rr
4e
1st order solution (6)
Far field approximation again
Rr
1
R 1 ,
ik
in R -1 order
E0 i ( k S R i t )
E S ( R, t )
e
k S k S d 3 re iqr (e (r , t ) : ni )
V
4eR
Fourier transformation of e in r-space
e (q, t ) d 3reiqre (r, t )
V
nS : unit vecto r of ES
nS k S 0,
ES E0S nS
E0 i ( k S R it )
E ( R, t )
e
nS k S k S (e (q, t ) : ni )
4eR
A ( B C ) B( A C ) C ( A B)
S
0
1st order solution (7)
2
E0 k S i ( k S R i t )
S
E0 ( R, t )
e
eSi (q, t )
4eR
• 誘電率の揺らぎテンソル
eSi (q, t ) nS (e (q, t ) : ni )
• Scattering amplitude
i ( k S R i t )
e
E0S ( R, t )
R
E0S ( R, t ) E0e Si (q, t )
E0S ( R, t ) 0
球面波
入射振幅、揺らぎに比例
形応答
線
Power spectrum of the scattering wave
• Wiener-Khinchin theorem
I S (q, S ) C (t )e iS t dt
2
C (t ) ES (t t0 ) ES (t0 ) ES
*
1
lim
T T
ES (t ) ES (0)
*
T
0
ES (t s ) ES ( s )ds
*
エルゴード性が成り立つときはア
ンサンブル平均になる。
2
kS
*
i i t
ES (t ) ES (0) E0
eSi (q, t )eSi (q,0) e
4eR
4
I 0 i
*
I S (q, ) 2 2 5 dt eSi (q, t )eSi (q,0) eit
8 R c
2
*
2
等方的媒質による散乱
• 誘電率の揺らぎテンソル
eSi (q, t ) nS (e (q, t ) : ni ) (nS ni )e (q, t )
e
e
r
e
T
通常小さい
T r
r T
密度揺らぎ 温度揺らぎ
I 0 i
I S (q, ) 2 2 5
8 R c
4
e
(nS ni ) 2 dt r* (q, t )r(q,0) eit
r T
2
空間フーリエ変換
r(q, t )r(q,0) V d 3re iqr r(r, t )r(0,0)
V
密度揺らぎの時間空間相関関数
動的構造因子
• 動的構造因子
S (q, ) d 3re iqr dteit r(r , t )r(0,0)
V
I 0V i
I S (q, ) 2 2 5
8 R c
4
• 構造因子
• 散乱強度
e
(nS ni ) 2 S (q, )
r T
d
S (q)
S ( q, )
2
I (q) S (q)
2
光散乱の性質
I 0V i
I S (q, ) 2 2 5
8 R c
4
e
(nS ni ) 2 S (q, )
r T
2
• 散乱のパワースペクトルは動的構造因子のフーリエ変換に比例
する。
– 動的構造因子を実験的に決定可能
• 散乱光強度は入射周波数の4乗に比例
– 青い空、夕焼け
• 偏光
– 空の偏光
• 密度ゆらぎの増大によって大きく散乱される。
– 臨界タンパク光
• エネルギー保存
散乱の角度依存性について
• 散乱角
I 0V i
I S (q, ) 2 2 5
8 R c
4
ki
2 e
(nS ni ) S (q, )
r T
kS
q
2
q
I1 1
I 2| cos 2 q
I 1 cos 2 q
密度空間相関関数
Critical Opalescece (臨界タンパク光)をどう理解するか?
G (r ) r(r )r(0) r (r ) r (0) r
2
• レナードジョーンズポテンシャル
V (r )
12
6
r0
r0
V (r ) V0 2
r
r
r0
r
• Hard core model
r0
G (r )
V (r )
r0
G (r )
r
r
r0
r
密度空間相関関数1
等温圧縮率との関係
G (r ) r(r )r(0) r (r ) r (0) r
(N N )
N
2
N
G ( r ) 0 ( r )
N drr (r )
粒子の全数に対する揺らぎ
2
2
2
1
2
N
N
exp( E N mN )
pN
rd
d
L
3N
N 0 N !h
1
1
1
N
N
d rd pN exp( E N mN )
L
3N
N 0 N !h
2
2
2
( PV / kT )
)
L
(ln
2
2
(kT )
(kT )
2
2
m
T ,V
m T ,V
ln L
PV
(Huang, 1963)
kT
密度空間相関関数2
等温圧縮率との関係
( N N )2
2
2
(
PV
/
kT
)
P
2
(kT )
kTV 2
2
m
T ,V
m T ,V
( N / V )
kT N V
kTV
V m T , N
m
T ,V
N
P
n
m
V
T ,V
(F m N )
w w w z
y x y z z y y x
1 2F
1 V
1 V
T 2
V P T , N
V P T , N
N m T , N
( N N ) 2 N rkT T
密度空間相関関数3
等温圧縮率との関係
T
• 理想気体の等温圧縮率
( N N )2
N
• 一方、
T
0
T
0
1
をつかうと
rkT
N drr (r )
( N N )2
dr dr 'r(r )r(r ' )
T
1
r
drG (r )
0
T
V drG(r )
密度空間相関関数4
等温圧縮率との関係
T
1
r
drG (r )
0
T
一方、臨界点近傍では、
T
(
T
T
)
C
0
T
1.圧縮率の増大
2.密度揺らぎの増大
2.密度空間相関関数のおよぶ範囲(相関長)の増大
I (q) S (q)
相関長の逆数がqに近づいたとき散
乱強度が増大。
S (q) d 3re iqr r(r )r(0) d 3re iqrG(r )
V
V
Critical Opalescence
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